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eter by pyotr drozhdin 1795 peter is depicted with the order of st andrew ribbon and star the portrait was donated by catherine the great in 1795 to the alexander nevsky lavra from where it entered the russian museum peter s legacy has always been a major concern of russian intellectuals peter is a more complex character than he is sometimes given credit for some believe peter s reforms divided the country socially and weakened it spiritually riasanovsky points to a paradoxical dichotomy in the black and white images such as god antichrist educator ignoramus architect of russia s greatness destroyer of national culture father of his country scourge of the common man 104 for old believers he was the antichrist because of the calendar changes and poll tax peter compared himself with king david or noah with a divine mission 105 at his funeral prokopovich compared him with moses and solomon 15 voltaire s 1759 biography gave 18th century russians a man of the enlightenment while alexander pushkin s the bronze horseman poem of 1833 gave a powerful romantic image of a creator god 106 107 108 slavophiles in mid 19th century deplored peter s westernization of russia western writers and political analysts recounted the will of peter the great it supposedly revealed his grand evil plot for russia to control the world via conquest of constantinople afghanistan and india it was a forgery made in paris at napoleon s command when he started the invasion of russia in 1812 nevertheless it is still quoted in foreign policy circles 109 the communists executed the last romanovs and their historians such as mikhail pokrovsky presented strongly negative views of the entire dynasty stalin however admired how peter strengthened the state and wartime diplomacy industry higher education and government administration stalin wrote in 1928 when peter the great who had to deal with more developed countries in the west feverishly built works in factories for supplying the army and strengthening the country s defenses this was an original attempt to leap out of the framework of backwardness 110 as a result soviet historiography emphasizes both the positive achievement and the negative factor of oppressing the common people 111 after the fall of communism in 1991 scholars and the general public in russia and the west gave fresh attention to peter and his role in russian history his reign is now seen as the decisive formative event in the russian imperial past many new ideas have merged such as whether he strengthened the autocratic state or whether the tsarist regime was not statist enough given its small bureaucracy 112 modernization models have become contested ground 113 he initiated a wide range of economic social political administrative educational and military reforms which ended the dominance of traditionalism and religion in russia and initiated its westernization his efforts included secularization of education organization of administration for effective governance enhanced use of technology establishing an industrial economy modernization of the army and establishment of a strong navy 114 historian y vodarsky said in 1993 that peter did not lead the country on the path of accelerated economic political and social development did not force it to achieve a leap through several stages on the contrary these actions to the greatest degree put a brake on russia s progress and created conditions for holding it back for one and a half centuries 115 the autocratic powers that stalin admired appeared as a liability to evgeny anisimov who complained that peter was the creator of the administrative command system and the true ancestor of stalin 116 in the period from 1678 to 1710 however the population grew 2 times 117 according to encyclopaedia britannica he did not completely bridge the gulf between russia and the western countries but he achieved considerable progress in development of the national economy and trade education science and culture and foreign policy russia became a great power without whose concurrence no important european problem could thenceforth be settled his internal reforms achieved progress to an extent that no earlier innovator could have envisaged 118 while the cultural turn in historiography has downplayed diplomatic economic and constitutional issues new cultural roles have been found for peter for example in architecture petrine baroque and dress james cracraft argues the petrine revolution in russia subsuming in this phrase the many military naval governmental educational architectural linguistic and other internal reforms enacted by peter s regime to promote russia s rise as a major european power was essentially a cultural revolution one that profoundly impacted both the basic constitution of the russian empire and perforce its subsequent development 119 the iconic representations of dead saints typical for centuries of russian visual culture suddenly give way to naturalistic portraiture 65 in popular culture tomb of peter the great in the peter and paul fortress st petersburg peter i at krasnaya gorka lighting a fire on the shore to signal to his sinking ships the russian baltic fleet first went to sea in full force to help the russian troops besieging viborg the fleet got caught in a storm 120 painting by ivan aivazovsky 1846 peter has been featured in many histories novels plays films monuments and paintings 121 122 they include the poems the bronze horseman and poltava and the unfinished novel the moor of peter the great all by alexander pushkin the former dealt with the bronze horseman an equestrian statue raised in peter s honour aleksey nikolayevich tolstoy wrote a biographical historical novel about him named peter i in the 1930s the 1922 german silent film peter the great directed by dimitri buchowetzki and starring emil jannings as peter in 1929 a n tolstoy s play was true to the party line depicting peter as a tyrant who suppressed everyone and everything as if he had been possessed by demons sowed fear and put both his son and his country on the rack 123 the 1937 1938 soviet film peter the great the 1976 film how czar peter the great married off his moor starring aleksey petrenko as peter and vladimir vysotsky as abram petrovich gannibal shows peter s attempt to build the baltic fleet peter was played by jan niklas and maximilian schell in the 1986 nbc miniseries peter the great the 2007 film the sovereign s servant depicts the unsavoury brutal side of peter during the campaign a character based on peter plays a major role in the age of unreason a series of four alternate history novels written by american science fiction and fantasy author gregory keyes peter is one of many supporting characters in neal stephenson s baroque cycle mainly featuring in the third novel the system of the world peter was portrayed on bbc radio 4 by isaac rouse as a boy will howard as a young adult and elliot cowan as an adult in the radio plays peter the great the gamblers 124 and peter the great the queen of spades 125 written by mike walker and which were the last two plays in the first series of tsar the plays were broadcast on 25 september and 2 october 2016 a verse in the engineers drinking song references peter the great there was a man named peter the great who was a russian tzar when remodeling his the castle put the throne behind the bar he lined the walls with vodka rum and 40 kinds of beers and advanced the russian culture by 120 years peter was played by jason isaacs in the 2020 antihistory hulu series the great 126 peter is featured as the leader of the russian civilization in the computer game sid meier s civilization vi 127 peter was played by ivan kolesnikov in the 2022 russian historical documentary film peter i the last tsar and the first emperor 128 ancestors ancestors of peter the great 16 nikita romanovich 129 8 feodor nikitich romanov 130 17 princess eudoxia alexandrovna gorbataya shuyskaya 129 4 michael i of russia 130 18 ivan vasiljevich shestov 9 kseniya shestova 130 2 alexis of russia 130 10 lukyan stepanovich streshnyov 130 5 eudoxia streshneva 130 22 konstantin romanovich volkonsky 130 11 anna konstantinovna volkonskaya 130 1 peter i of russia 24 ivan ivanovich naryshkin 12 poluekt ivanovich naryshkin 130 6 kirill poluektovich naryshkin 130 3 natalya naryshkina 130 14 leonti dmitrievich leontiev 130 7 anna lvovna leontieva 130 15 praskovia ivanovna raevskaya 130 see also government reform of peter the great history of russia 1721 96 history of the administrative division of russia military history of the russian empire peter the great on the modernization of the russian military under peter the great peter the great statue censorship in the russian empire peter i s reforms russian battlecruiser pyotr velikiy named after peter the great notes russian пётр і russian пётр великий the leave all story first appears in h f de bassewitz russkii arkhiv 3 1865 the russian historian e v anisimov contends that bassewitz s aim was to convince readers that anna not empress catherine was peter s intended heir references cracraft 2003 driessen van het reve 2006 p 264 peter the great ordered to establish january 1st as the new year s day countrywide presidential library retrieved 7 may 2024 cracraft james 1988 the petrine revolution in russian architecture by james cracraft university of chicago press isbn 978 0 2261 1664 8 ryan judith thomas alfred 2013 cultures of forgery making nations making selves routledge isbn 978 1 1354 5827 0 driessen van het reve jozien j 2006 de kunstkamera van peter de grote de hollandse inbreng gereconstrueerd uit brieven van albert seba en johann daniel schumacher uit de jaren 1711 1752 in dutch hilversum verloren p 336 isbn 978 9 0655 0927 7 massie 1980 pp 25 26 museums of the moscow kremlin armoury chamber armoury chamber kreml ru archived from the original on 8 december 2024 retrieved 8 december 2024 riasanovsky 2000 p 214 1 2 riasanovsky 2000 p 218 massie 1980 pp 96 106 collis robert 2015 the petrine instauration religion esotericism and science at the court of peter the great 1689 1725 via www academia edu 1 2 riasanovsky 2000 p 216 collis 2015 p 365 1 2 feofan prokopovich s funeral sermon on peter i shsu edu stählin 1785 pp 92 94 gordon 1755 p 318 peter the great history hanover edu retrieved 7 may 2024 1 2 3 anisimov y v 16 june 2023 13 december 2022 пётр i great russian encyclopedia archived from the original on 30 november 2024 retrieved 23 january 2024 evgenii v anisimov the reforms of peter the great progress through violence in russia routledge 2015 montefiore 2016 p 187 the history of peter the great emperor of russia to which is prefixed a printed by and for f douglass and w murray sold by c hitch and l hawes london by thebooksellers of edinburghand glasgow and ataberdeen by the said f douglass and w murrayat their shops 26 may 1755 via internet archive peter the great royal museums greenwich www rmg co uk briefly about the great embassy of peter the great history 2024 vogue industry retrieved 7 may 2024 miate liana the grand embassy of peter the great world history encyclopedia retrieved 7 may 2024 wilson d 2006 peter the great p 45 peter the great part 1 of 3 the carpenter czar archived 28 october 2020 at the wayback machine radio netherlands archives 8 june 1996 retrieved 8 may 2020 tsaar peter de grote bezoekt zaandam onh in dutch retrieved 7 may 2024 massie 1980 pp 183 188 driessen van het reve j 1996 tsaar peter de grote en zijn amsterdamse vrienden p 8 1 2 tsaar peter de grote in utrecht in 1697 en 1717 oud utrecht in netherlands dutch 7 july 2023 retrieved 7 may 2024 11 dingen die je nog niet wist over tsaar peter de grote onh in dutch retrieved 7 may 2024 visited by tsar peter the great of russia lens on leeuwenhoek lensonleeuwenhoek net tsar peter the great was on extremely bad terms with the dutch regents university of groningen 22 may 2013 1 2 3 cross anthony 2000 peter the great through british eyes perceptions and representations of the tsar since 1698 cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 78298 2 via google books boss valentin 26 may 1972 newton and russia the early influence 1698 1796 cambridge massachusetts harvard university press via internet archive 1 did peter the great meet newton newton and russia harvard university press 2013 pp 9 18 doi 10 4159 harvard 9780674733527 c4 isbn 978 0 674 73352 7 via www degruyter com peter the great www royalmintmuseum org uk retrieved 7 may 2024 dead link moriarty gerald patrick 1896 perry john dictionary of national biography vol 45 pp 35 36 clerk halley s 20 june 2013 halley and peter the great halley s log retrieved 7 may 2024 peter the great trashed here www shadyoldlady com retrieved 7 may 2024 thomas pym cope passages from the life and writings of william penn 1882 p 436 peter the great s favourite yacht found in the baltic sea retrieved 7 may 2024 massie 1980 p 191 a gordon 1755 p 307 riasanovsky 2000 p 220 d or o l russia as an empire the moscow news weekly pp russian archived from the original php on 3 june 2006 retrieved 21 march 2008 riasanovsky 2000 p 221 abbott peter 1902 peter the great project gutenberg online edition dmytryshyn 1974 p 21 russian grand priory timeline 2004 archived from the original on 8 february 2008 retrieved 9 february 2008 oudard 1929 p 197 massie 1980 p 883 dmytryshyn 1974 p 52 lentin antony 1985 enlightened absolutism 1760 1790 a documentary sourcebook avero p 36 isbn 978 0 907977 11 7 retrieved 17 january 2026 1 2 miate liana the reforms of peter the great world history encyclopedia retrieved 7 may 2024 1 2 3 глава вторая образование кутузов лидия леонидовна ивченко sv scena ru monopolie retrieved 7 may 2024 1 2 3 verblijf van tsaar peter de grote en tsarina catharina 1 op hofstede hout en duynzigt vredenhof petersburg in nederhorst пётр i большая российская энциклопедия in russian 13 december 2022 archived from the original on 3 september 2025 retrieved 7 may 2024 driessen van het reve 2006 pp 60 61 костецкая е в суслова л н аксенова в а 7 october 2023 следствие по делу князя м п гагарина в контексте развития системы государственного контроля в первой четверти xviii века научный диалог in russian 12 7 346 373 doi 10 24224 2227 1295 2023 12 7 346 373 issn 2227 1295 dbnl cornelis de bruijns reizen over moskovie reizen over moskovie cornelis de bruyn dbnl in dutch retrieved 7 may 2024 10 major accomplishments of peter the great learnodo newtonic 21 february 2023 palmer colton 1992 pp 242 243 dmytryshyn 1974 pp 10 11 home court pharmacy famous buildings петербург 24 petersburg24 ru retrieved 7 may 2024 1 2 russia s cultural revolution archive nytimes com retrieved 7 may 2024 e v anisimov 2002 p 56 massie 1980 p 453 1 2 riasanovsky 2000 p 224 rory finnin 2022 blood of others stalin s crimean atrocity and the poetics of solidarity toronto university of toronto press isbn 978 1 4875 3700 5 oclc 1314897094 stählin 1785 p 119 ayton e j 1985 leibniz a biography p 308 peter th...