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Text of the page (random words):
polci language wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 dialects 2 history of scholarship 3 phonology toggle phonology subsection 3 1 consonants 3 2 vowels 3 3 tones 4 nouns toggle nouns subsection 4 1 plurality 4 2 pronouns 4 3 numbers 5 syntax toggle syntax subsection 5 1 conditionals 6 references 7 further reading 8 external links toggle the table of contents polci language 8 languages fulfulde hausa hrvatski igbo piemontèis português русский kiswahili edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia afro asiatic language of nigeria zul language redirects here not to be confused with zulu language mbaram language redirects here not to be confused with mbabaram language polci barawa 1 region bauchi state nigeria native speakers 22 000 cited 1995 2 language family afro asiatic chadic west barawa b 3 zaar polci cluster polci dialects zul mbarmi barma baram mbaram barang dir diir dra baram dutse buli langas nyamzak lundur polci posa polshi palci luri language codes iso 639 3 variously ldd luri nzr dir nyamzak mbarimi pze pesse uly buli zlu zul glottolog nyam1284 buli1260 lund1276 polc1243 zull1239 elp polci luri zule 3 person nya zule people man zule language bi zule polci pəlci posə is an afro asiatic language of bauchi state nigeria it is part of the barawa cluster which is in turn part of the west chadic language family dialects edit the polci language is one of six dialect clusters of the zaar subgroup of the barawa branch of the chadic languages the polci dialects are zul baram mbaram dir buli nyamzak langas and polci proper 4 3 an extinct dialect called luri was possibly a dialect of polci as well but it is not well attested 2 history of scholarship edit there have been several attempts to clarify the linguistic situation in the southern and southwestern part of bauchi state nigeria of which the polci cluster and polci language are a part in 1971 john ballard working with the department of linguistics and nigerian languages university of ibadan did an extensive linguistic survey of the nigerian middle belt published historical inferences from the linguistic geography of the nigerian middle belt as a result it came to light that there was a narrow corridor occupied by the speakers of chadic languages in the southwest of bauchi 1 in the same year neil campbell and james hoskison from the summer institute of linguistics carried out a linguistic survey of the bauchi area the survey bauchi area survey report and published in 1972 listed the names location and population of twenty four chadic languages which are very closely related to each other and are spoken to the south and west of bauchi they also collected word lists however no detailed analysis of linguistic data or language classification was included in either of these surveys 1 also in 1971 c hoffman published provisional check list of chadic languages which contained 17 languages divided into two sub groups this list was revised and amplified by kay williamson in a document handed out to students at the university of ibadan titled chadic languages of nigeria in 1972 to include 21 languages classified into three subgroups 1 with this information k shimizu set out in 1974 to list the languages belonging to the southern bauchi group to examine their geographical distribution and to use valid linguistic data to come up with sub classifications the survey published in 1978 and titled a survey report of the south bauchi group of chadic languages came to the conclusion that not all languages listed under the dialect continuum of the south bauchi group belonged there and came up with a much more extensive new classification this is also the work from which the barawa subgroup name came from which was found to be the term used locally in this area to denote the speakers of this dialect continuum 1 much of the research done on barawa languages the polci cluster and polci itself use this survey as an important reference in 1999 ronald cosper published barawa lexicon a wordlist of eight south bauchi west chadic languages boghom buli dott geji jimi polci sayanci and zul it considered most of the languages to be endangered and found that most individuals who spoke any of these languages were also bilingual in hausa which may have had influence on their lexicons and grammars the book contains a lexicon of 852 words from the different barawa languages the words are organized based on semantic and syntactic categories semantic noun categories are followed by adjectives numerals pronouns prepositions conjunctions and a number of categories of verbs 5 however cosper s work was seriously defective since then the majority of the research on south bauchi west b 3 languages has been conducted by bernard caron a faculty member at the french national centre for scientific research llacan caron s research has focused on south bauchi west and polci cluster languages in particular many of his papers are available online and include topics such as linguistic classification syntactic structures such as conditionals and noun classes such as pronominal and number systems phonology edit consonants edit polci contains 35 consonant phonemes 5 ɓ and ɗ are implosive consonants which are common in the languages of sub saharan africa table 1 polci consonants labial alveolar palatal velar nasal m n ŋ plosive prenasal ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ plain p b t d k ɡ implosive ɓ ɗ affricate t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ fricative prenasal ᶬv ⁿz ⁿʒ plain f v s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ lateral ɬ ɮ approximant w l j rhotic r vowels edit polci contains six vowels qualities 5 which can be pronounced as short or long short vowels a e i o ə and u long vowels aː eː iː oː əː and uː table 2 polci vowels short long front central back front central back close i u iː uː mid e ə o eː əː oː open a aː tones edit polci is a three tone language low à mid a high á 6 nouns edit plurality edit polci being a south bauchi west language does not possess grammatical gender or nominal classes and as a rule few nouns form a plural morpho lexical plural the plural inside the np noun phrase is expressed through the noun modifiers there is no agreement between the verb and its arguments however plurality appears in the verb phrase in two places i the formation of the imperatives ii a verbal derivation forming what has come to be called pluractionals 7 pronouns edit table 3 polci independent pronouns 7 singular plural 1st person ám mì 2nd person kí kì 3rd person tí wún numbers edit polci has a decimal numeral system 8 table 4 polci number system 8 base numeral 10 20 10 1 nɨ̀m 11 zup ɬiyè nɨ̀m 21 zì rop ɬiyè ni nɨ̀m 10 zup 2 rǒp 12 zup ɬiyè ròp 22 n a 20 zì rop 3 miyèn 13 zup ɬiyè miyèn 23 n a 30 zì miyèn 4 wupsɨ̀ 14 zup ɬiyè wupsɨ̀ 24 zì rop ɬiyè ni wupsɨ̀ 40 zì wupsɨ̀ 5 nə̀mtəm 15 zup ɬiyè nə̀mtəm 25 zì rop ɬiyè ni nə̀mtəm 50 zì nə̀mtəm 6 maɣà 16 zup ɬiyè maɣà 26 n a 60 zì maɣà 7 wusɨ̀rmìyen 17 zup ɬiyè wusɨ̀rmìyen 27 n a 70 zì wusɨ̀rmìyen 8 wɨsɨpsɨ̀ 18 zup ɬiyè wɨsɨpsɨ̀ 28 n a 80 zì wɨsɨpsɨ̀ 9 nàtoropsɨ̀ 19 zup ɬiyè nə̀topsi 29 n a 90 zì nàtoropsɨ̀ 10 zup 20 zì rop n a 100 zì zup syntax edit conditionals edit conditionals generally are assumed to share their structure with topics however in chadic south bauchi west languages such as polci conditionals share their structure with focus not topic in polci specifically focused constituents and conditional clauses appear on the left periphery marked by the identifying copula kɶn it is 9 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 shimizu k 1978 the southern bauchi group of chadic languages a survey report in africana marburgensia spec iss 25 49 1 2 luri at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required dir nyamzak mbarimi at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required pesse at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required buli at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required zul at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required 1 2 blench roger 2019 an atlas of nigerian languages 4th ed cambridge kay williamson educational foundation blench 2006 the afro asiatic languages classification and reference list ms 1 2 3 cosper ronald 1999 barawa lexicon a wordlist of eight south bauchi west chadic languages boghom buli dott geji jimi polci sayanci and zul pdf vol 39 muenchen lincom europa archived from the original pdf on 28 september 2019 caron b 2005 polci languages paper presented at 3rd biennial international colloquium on the chadic languages villejuif 1 2 caron b 2011 number in south bauchi west languages paper presented at number in africa and beyond grammar semantics and social deixis cologne 1 2 kraft 2007 polci number system caron b 206 condition topic and focus in african languages why conditionals are not topics zaspil berlin 2006 46 69 82 further reading edit caron b 2003 barawa the pronominal system of south bauchi west chadic languages paper presented at cil 17 prague caron b 2009 documenting linguistic varieties of the south bauchi group towards polylectal grammars of african languages hamburg germany cosper r gital g 2004 genitive constructions in south bauchi west chadic languages zul and polchi with comparisons to ancient egyptian egyptian and semito hamitic afro asiatic studies in memoriam w vycichl leiden brill external links edit bernard caron at academia edu polci at the endangered languages project words of life bible stories in polci at the global recordings network polci dictionary v t e languages of nigeria official languages english national languages hausa igbo yoruba recognised languages berom ebira edo efik ibibio fulfulde gbagyi idoma igala ijaw isoko izere jju jukun kanuri nupe karai karai tiv tyap ukwuani urhobo indigenous languages indigenous languages grouped by nigerian state adamawa baa bacama bali bata boga bura chamba leko daba daka dong fali of mubi ga anda gaa gude gudu holma huba hwana hya kamwe kanakuru kirya konzəl kofa koma kpasam kugama kumba lamang longuda margi margi south mumuye ngwaba nyong nzanyi psikyɛ sukur taram teme tso vere waja wom yendang zizilivakan akwa ibom anaang ekit ibibio obolo oron bauchi ɓeele bole bure ciwogai dass dazawa deno dikaka dulbu galambu gera geruma giiwo guruntum jalaa jarawa jimi karekare kariya kir balar kubi kushi kusur myet kutto kwaami labir longuda mangas mburku miya pa a piya polci shiki siri tso warji zangwal zumbun bayelsa izon epie urhobo isoko southeast ijo benue eggon igede borno afade bura cibak cineni dghwede glavda gude guduf gava gvoko jara jilbe kamwe kanakuru lamang maaka mafa margi margi south nggwahyi putai tera wandala yedina cross river abanyom efik mbe mbembe delta urhobo isoko ika izon isoko ukwuani uhrobo edo afenmai ishan bini gombe awak bangwinji bole dadiya jara kamo ngamo pero tangale tera tula waja jigawa bade teshenawa kaduna adara ahwai anib atsam ayu berom bu ninkada bina bishi cori doka dungu duya ekhwa gbagyi gbari gwandara gyong hasha hausa hyam ikulu jju kaivi kinuku koonu kuzamani mada mala nghan nikyob nindem ninzo numana nungu nyankpa ruma sambe sha shamang t kurmi timap tiseni tivori toro tugbiri niragu tumi tyap fantswam gworog sholyio takad tyap mabatado tyecharak tyuku vono wachi zhire kano ɗuwai hausa tikurmi kebbi cipu damakawa hun saare kogi basa benue bassa nge igala nupe oworo kwara kakanda kupa nupe nasarawa ake alumu basa benue duhwa eggon hasha jili toro niger asu bariba cipu gbagyi gwandara jijili kakanda nupe pongu ondo itsekiri izon ukaan plateau barkul berom bogghom bole cakfem mushere dass fyam fyer goemai horom izere jorto koenoem kofyar kulere miship montol mundat mwaghavul ngas pe pyapun rigwe ron sha sur tal tambas tarok tyap takad yankam yiwom rivers abua baan biseni defaka degema ekpeye eleme engenni gokana ijaw ikwerre kalabari khana kugbo nkoroo o chi chi obolo obulom odual ogba ogbogolo ogbronuagum ogoni okodia oruma tee ukwuani aboh ndoni taraba baissa fali bete buru dadiya donga kholok kpati laka lufu mumuye nyam nyingwom pangseng rang tarok waja waka yendang yoti yobe bade bole ɗuwai karekare ngamo ngizim sign languages nigerian sign language bura sign language hausa sign language scripts pan nigerian alphabet nigerian braille medefaidrin v t e west chadic languages hausa gwandara a 1 gwandara hausa bole tangale a 2 bole ɓeele bole bure daza deno galambu gera geruma giiwo karai karai kubi ngamo maaka pali tangale goji kanakuru kholok kulung kutto kwaami nyam pero piya kwonci tangale angas a 3 belnəng cakfem mushere chakato jorto goemai jibyal koenoem miler miship montol mwaghavul ngas nteng pan pyapun tal yiwom ron a 4 duhwa fyer kulere mundat ron bokkos daffo butura shagawu sha tambas bade b 1 auyokawa bade shirawa ɗuwai ngizim teshenawa north bauchi warji b 2 ajawa ciwogai diri kariya mburku miya paʼa siri warji zumbun south bauchi barawa b 3 zaar dass geji polci saya zari zeem guruntum guruntum mbaaru ju tala zangwal boghom boghom jimi jum kir balar mangas others poki italics indicate extinct languages see also chadic languages retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title polci_language oldid 1354614358 categories chadic languages languages of nigeria endangered afroasiatic languages hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata pages containing links to subscription only content language articles citing ethnologue 18 language articles with old ethnologue 18 speaker data language articles with manual elp links pages with plain ipa this page was last edited on 17 may 2026 at 11 45 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents polci language 8 languages add topic