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me the amount had diminished by a factor of 2 million 129 forensic scientist dave barclay stated in my opinion it is absolutely certain that the cause of his illness was polonium poisoning what we have got is the smoking gun the thing that caused his illness and was given to him with malice 126 127 subsequently french and russian teams claimed that the elevated 210 po levels were not the result of deliberate poisoning and did not cause arafat s death 130 131 it has also been suspected that russian businessman roman tsepov was killed with polonium he had symptoms similar to litvinenko s 132 treatment edit it has been suggested that chelation agents such as british anti lewisite dimercaprol can be used to decontaminate humans 133 in one experiment rats were given a fatal dose of 1 45 mbq kg 8 7 ng kg of 210 po all untreated rats were dead after 44 days but 90 of the rats treated with the chelation agent hoetttc remained alive for five months 134 detection in biological specimens edit polonium 210 may be quantified in biological specimens by alpha particle spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation the baseline urinary excretion of polonium 210 in healthy persons due to routine exposure to environmental sources is normally in a range of 5 15 mbq day levels in excess of 30 mbq day are suggestive of excessive exposure to the radionuclide 135 occurrence in humans and the biosphere edit polonium 210 is widespread in the biosphere including in human tissues because of its position in the uranium 238 decay chain natural uranium 238 in the earth s crust decays through a series of solid radioactive intermediates including radium 226 to the radioactive noble gas radon 222 some of which during its 3 8 day half life diffuses into the atmosphere there it decays through several more steps to polonium 210 much of which during its 138 day half life is washed back down to the earth s surface thus entering the biosphere before finally decaying to stable lead 206 136 137 138 as early as the 1920s french biologist antoine lacassagne using polonium provided by his colleague marie curie showed that the element has a specific pattern of uptake in rabbit tissues with high concentrations particularly in liver kidney and testes 139 more recent evidence suggests that this behavior results from polonium substituting for its congener sulfur also in group 16 of the periodic table in sulfur containing amino acids or related molecules 140 and that similar patterns of distribution occur in human tissues 141 polonium is indeed an element naturally present in all humans contributing appreciably to natural background dose with wide geographical and cultural variations and particularly high levels in arctic residents for example 142 tobacco edit polonium 210 in tobacco contributes to many of the cases of lung cancer worldwide most of this polonium is derived from lead 210 deposited on tobacco leaves from the atmosphere the lead 210 is a product of radon 222 gas much of which appears to originate from the decay of radium 226 from fertilizers applied to the tobacco soils 58 143 144 145 146 the presence of polonium in tobacco smoke has been known since the early 1960s 147 148 some of the world s biggest tobacco firms researched ways to remove the substance to no avail over a 40 year period the results were never published 58 food edit polonium is found in the food chain especially in seafood 149 150 see also edit chemistry portal polonium halo list of chemical elements named after places references edit 1 2 thayer john s 2010 relativistic effects and the chemistry of the heavier main group elements relativistic methods for chemists challenges and advances in computational chemistry and physics vol 10 p 78 doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 9975 5_2 isbn 978 1 4020 9974 8 greenwood norman n earnshaw alan 1997 chemistry of the elements 2nd ed butterworth heinemann p 28 doi 10 1016 c2009 0 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