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mained unable to convince the infuriated imperial authorities to drop 11 12 the arrest orders could not be carried out for more than three years on 17 june 653 martin was arrested in the lateran along with maximus the confessor 13 he was hurried out of rome and conveyed first to naxos greece and subsequently to constantinople where he arrived on 17 september 653 he was saved from execution by the pleas of patriarch paul ii of constantinople who was himself gravely ill 14 martin hoped that a new pope would not be elected while he lived but the imperial byzantine government forced the romans to find a successor eugene i was elected on 10 august 654 and martin apparently acquiesced 15 thus as his successor is considered a valid pope martin s papacy ended at the latest on 10 august 654 after suffering an exhausting imprisonment and reportedly many public indignities martin was banished to cherson 16 where he arrived on 15 may 655 he died there on 16 september 14 legacy edit portrayal at st martin the confessor s church in moscow a selection of documents recording the trial and exile of pope martin i was translated into latin in rome in the ninth century by anastasius bibliothecarius 17 page needed since the 1969 revision of the general roman calendar the memorial of saint martin i which earlier versions of the calendar place on 12 november is on 13 april celebrated as the formal anniversary of his death 18 19 in the byzantine rite churches his feast day is 14 april 27 april new style 20 21 pope pius vii made an honourable reference to martin in his 1800 encyclical diu satis indeed the famous martin who long ago won great praise for this see commends faithfulness and fortitude to us by his strengthening and defense of the truth and by the endurance of labors and pains he was driven from his see and from the city stripped of his rule his rank and his entire fortune as soon as he arrived in any peaceful place he was forced to move despite his advanced age and an illness which prevented his walking he was banished to a remote land and repeatedly threatened with an even more painful exile without the assistance offered by the pious generosity of individuals he would not have had food for himself and his few attendants miniature from the menologion of basil ii although he was tempted daily in his weakened and lonely state he never surrendered his integrity no deceit could trick no fear perturb no promises conquer no difficulties or dangers break him his enemies could extract from him no sign which would not prove to all that peter until this time and forever lives in his successors and exercises judgment as is particularly clear in every age as an excellent writer at the council of ephesus says 22 the breviary of the byzantine churches states glorious definer of the orthodox faith sacred chief of divine dogmas unstained by error true reprover of heresy foundation of bishops pillar of the orthodox faith teacher of religion thou didst adorn the divine see of peter and since from this divine rock thou didst immovably defend the church so now thou art glorified with him 8 notes edit mackie 1996 suggests two of these martyrs were the salonitan bishops venantius and domnius incorporating an impressive sanctuary mosaic the project was completed under pope theodore i carlo rainaldi was commissioned by the ceva grimaldi family in 1674 to restore the chapel nowadays after restoration in 1967 the interior is mostly in bare brick the martyr cult offers insight into a significant chunk of early christian belief and practice informing how many christians viewed society and themselves in the early centuries of christianity is the veneration of martyrs in the old testament martyr theology teaches that suffering and deaths by jewish martyrs were examples to be imitated by fellow jews 2 maccabees 6 30 in the new testament st peter likewise taught in first epistle of peter 18 25 that jesus died as an example prominent in both texts are the concepts of honour see below endurance exemplary suffering persecution and resolute trust in god st peter instructed christians that if unjust suffering could be endured it would be imitating christ s example were they to do so they would receive a reward from god on the day of judgment 2 maccabees likewise taught that devout jews enduring unjust suffering would receive honour from god after death within both these texts the modern everyday use of honour fails adequately to convey the sense of being saved from condemnation despite a life led imperfectly the roman empire is also known as the byzantine empire 330 1204 and 1261 1453 and the latin empire 1204 1261 its eastern domains after 1453 became the ottoman empire until 1922 harris 2020 portrays an inefficient imperial court in constantinople to offset weak defence on its syria arabia frontier the empire had for centuries managed the feuding arab tribes by sponsoring the christian ghassanids and various compliant non christian arabs held in check by the ghassanids was the sasanian s lakhmid vassal state while constantinople made it worth their while the ghassanids would remain loyal by 630 constantinople had ceased making the payments there followed some defection to the lakhmids it seems some instalments may have resumed within six years because the empire was able to draw on ghassanid allies for the battle of the yarmuk constantinople s faltering strategy was symptomatic of internal malaise fruit of religious sectarianism factions jostling for the imperial succession profligate finances and territory again slipping away after the byzantine sasanian war of 602 628 to serve as the new capital of the roman empire in 324 the ancient city of byzantium had been chosen its straddled the bosporus strait and lay in both europe and asia its location between the golden horn and the sea of marmara minimised the need for defensive walls the emperor constantine renamed the city nova roma or new rome it was again renamed constantinople city of constantine on 11 may 330 seven years before his death the city was built intentionally to rival rome there then followed the economic and military collapse of the empire s western half and with it rome s importance in the late 5th century by the seventh century constantinople was well established as the administrative and political capital of the whole empire as the gateway between two continents europe and asia and between two seas the mediterranean and the black sea prosperity was guaranteed from the mid 5th century it was the largest and wealthiest city in europe and remained so until the early 13th century its massive and complex ramparts were famous the most sophisticated defensive architecture of its time the theodosian walls consisted of a double wall the second fortification lying about 2 km 1 2 mi west of the first in front was a moat with palisades constantinople s defenses proved impenetrable for nearly nine hundred years despite being besieged by various armies on numerous occasions the council did not achieve ecumenical status but represented the first attempt of a pope to assemble an ecumenical council without it being headed by the emperor references edit citations edit st martin i icn icn retrieved 17 june 2026 jonathan keates 1991 umbria p 85 the catholic encyclopedia an international work of reference on the constitution doctrine discipline and history of the catholic church vol 9 1913 p 724 1 2 mershman 1913 škunca stanko josip 5 september 2006 pope john iv from zadar and the mission of abbot martin in 641 radovi zavoda za povijesne znanosti hazu u zadru 48 187 198 mackie 1996 richards 1979 pp 186 187 1 2 foley leonard ofm st martin i saint of the day franciscan media san martino i norwich john j 1988 byzantium the early centuries london penguin pp 317 318 isbn 0 670 80251 4 kaegi 2006 p 79 kaegi 2006 p 89 bury 2005 p 294 1 2 richards 1979 p 190 attwater 1939 p 72 siecienski 2010 p 74 west 2019 calendarium romanum libreria editrice vaticana 1969 p 90 martyrologium romanum libreria editrice vaticana 2001 isbn 978 88 209 7210 3 p 220 st martin the confessor the pope of rome православие ru sanidopoulos john saint martin the confessor pope of rome 655 pius vii 1800 diu satis papal encyclicals online sources edit attwater donald 1939 a dictionary of the popes from peter to pius xii london catholic book club oclc 5978402 bury john bagnell 2005 history of the later roman empire vols i ii london macmillan co ltd isbn 978 1402183683 ekonomou andrew j 2007 byzantine rome and the greek popes eastern influences on rome and the papacy from gregory the great to zacharias a d 590 752 lexington books pietro conte 1993 martin i papst 649 653 lexikon des mittelalters vi lukasbilder bis plantagenêt in german stuttgart and weimar j b metzler col 341 isbn 3 7608 8906 9 harris andrew 9 april 2020 save thy people and bless thine inheritance consolidation of gains the roman persian war and the rashidun conquest ad 622 637 report fort leavenworth ks army command and general staff college kaegi walter e 2006 the early muslim raids into anatolia and byzantine reactions under emperor constans ii in grypeou emmanouela swanson mark n thomas david eds the encounter of eastern christianity with early islam the history of christian muslim relations 1570 7350 leiden brill pp 73 93 isbn 978 90 04 14938 0 kaegi walter emil 2010 muslim expansion and byzantine collapse in north africa cambridge cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 19677 2 kreuzer georg 1993 martin i in bautz traugott ed biographisch bibliographisches kirchenlexikon bbkl in german vol 5 herzberg bautz cols 907 910 isbn 3 88309 043 3 mackie gillian 1996 the san venanzio chapel in rome and the martyr shrine sequence racar revue d art canadienne canadian art review 23 1 2 1 13 issn 0315 9906 mershman francis 1913 pope st martin i in herbermann charles ed catholic encyclopedia new york robert appleton company richards jeffrey 1979 the popes and the papacy in the early middle ages routledge kegan paul siecienski anthony edward 2010 the filioque history of a doctrinal controversy oxford university press isbn 9780195372045 west charles 2019 and how if you are a christian can you hate the emperor reading a seventh century scandal in carolingian francia in kellermann karina plassmann alheydis schwermann christian eds criticising the ruler in pre modern societies possibilities chances and methods göttingen v r unipress pp 411 430 isbn 978 3 8471 1088 0 external links edit biography portal christianity portal history portal media related to martin i at wikimedia commons works by or about martin i at wikisource pope saint martin i in patron saints index pope martin i archived in prof salvador miranda the cardinals of the holy roman church 604 701 colonnade saints in st peter s square martin i in the ecumenical lexicon of saints catholic church titles preceded by theodore i pope 649 654 succeeded by eugene i v t e popes of the catholic church list of popes graphical canonised papal names tombs extant non extant antipope pope emeritus papal resignation pope elect apocryphal pope donus ii 1st 4th centuries peter linus anacletus clement i evaristus alexander i sixtus i telesphorus hyginus pius i anicetus soter eleutherius victor i zephyrinus callixtus i urban i pontian anterus fabian cornelius lucius i stephen i sixtus ii dionysius felix i eutychian caius marcellinus marcellus i eusebius miltiades sylvester i mark julius i liberius damasus i siricius anastasius i 5th 8th centuries innocent i zosimus boniface i celestine i sixtus iii leo i hilarius simplicius felix iii gelasius i anastasius ii symmachus hormisdas john i felix iv boniface ii john ii agapetus i silverius vigilius pelagius i john iii benedict i pelagius ii gregory i sabinian boniface iii boniface iv adeodatus i boniface v honorius i severinus john iv theodore i martin i eugene i vitalian adeodatus ii donus agatho leo ii benedict ii john v conon sergius i john vi john vii sisinnius constantine gregory ii gregory iii zachary stephen ii paul i stephen iii adrian i leo iii 9th 12th centuries stephen iv paschal i eugene ii valentine gregory iv sergius ii leo iv benedict iii nicholas i adrian ii john viii marinus i adrian iii stephen v formosus boniface vi stephen vi romanus theodore ii john ix benedict iv leo v sergius iii anastasius iii lando john x leo vi stephen vii john xi leo vii stephen viii marinus ii agapetus ii john xii benedict v leo viii john xiii benedict vi benedict vii john xiv john xv gregory v sylvester ii john xvii john xviii sergius iv benedict viii john xix benedict ix sylvester iii gregory vi clement ii damasus ii leo ix victor ii stephen ix nicholas ii alexander ii gregory vii victor iii urban ii paschal ii gelasius ii callixtus ii honorius ii innocent ii celestine ii lucius ii eugene iii anastasius iv adrian iv alexander iii lucius iii urban iii gregory viii clement iii celestine iii innocent iii 13th 16th centuries honorius iii gregory ix celestine iv innocent iv alexander iv urban iv clement iv gregory x innocent v adrian v john xxi nicholas iii martin iv honorius iv nicholas iv celestine v boniface viii benedict xi clement v john xxii benedict xii clement vi innocent vi urban v gregory xi urban vi boniface ix innocent vii gregory xii martin v eugene iv nicholas v callixtus iii pius ii paul ii sixtus iv innocent viii alexander vi pius iii julius ii leo x adrian vi clement vii paul iii julius iii marcellus ii paul iv pius iv pius v gregory xiii sixtus v urban vii gregory xiv innocent ix clement viii 17th 21st centuries leo xi paul v gregory xv urban viii innocent x alexander vii clement ix clement x innocent xi alexander viii innocent xii clement xi innocent xiii benedict xiii clement xii benedict xiv clement xiii clement xiv pius vi pius vii leo xii pius viii gregory xvi pius ix leo xiii pius x benedict xv pius xi pius xii john xxiii paul vi john paul i john paul ii benedict xvi francis leo xiv history of the papacy antiquity and early middle ages during the roman empire until 493 under constantine 312 337 ostrogothic papacy 493 537 byzantine papacy 537 752 frankish papacy 756 857 saeculum obscurum 904 964 crescentii era 974 1012 high and late middle ages tusculan papacy 1012 1044 1048 conflicts with the hre 1048 1257 wandering papacy viterbo 1257 1281 orvieto 1262 1297 perugia 1228 1304 avignon papacy 1309 1378 western schism 1378 1417 early modern and modern era papacy during the renaissance 1417 1534 papacy during the reformation 1534 1585 baroque papacy 1585 1689 age of enlightenment c 1640 1740 revolutionary papacy 1775 1848 roman question 1870 1929 vatican city 1929 present world war ii 1939 1945 cold war 1945 1992 category portal v t e popes who are saints of the catholic church dicastery for the causes of saints stages of canonization servant of god venerable blessed saint adeodatus i adeodatus ii adrian iii agapetus i agatho alexander i anacletus anastasius i anicetus anterus benedict ii boniface i...