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уская български brezhoneg català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ čeština deutsch zazaki ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français frysk gaeilge galego 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית hrvatski magyar bahasa indonesia ilokano ido italiano 日本語 jawa ქართული 한국어 latina македонски मराठी bahasa melayu مازِرونی nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский sicilianu srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili tagalog türkçe українська اردو tiếng việt winaray 吴语 yorùbá 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikisource wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia head of the catholic church from 1086 to 1087 victor iii redirects here not to be confused with victor iii bishop of chur or victor class submarine pope blessed victor iii bishop of rome desiderius of montecassino in a contemporary manuscript church catholic church papacy began 24 may 1086 papacy ended 16 september 1087 predecessor gregory vii successor urban ii previous posts cardinal deacon of santi sergio e bacco 1058 59 abbot of montecassino 1058 59 cardinal priest of santa cecilia 1059 86 legate to constantinople 1059 orders consecration 9 may 1087 by otho de lagery created cardinal 6 march 1058 by pope nicholas ii rank cardinal deacon 1058 1059 cardinal priest 1059 1086 personal details born dauferio epifani del zotto c 1026 benevento duchy of benevento died 16 september 1087 aged c 61 monte cassino papal states holy roman empire sainthood feast day 16 september roman martyrology 16 october roman proper venerated in catholic church beatified 23 july 1887 rome kingdom of italy by pope leo xiii 1 attributes papal vestments papal tiara crozier patronage montecassino abbots other popes named victor pope victor iii c 1026 16 september 1087 born dauferio epifani del zotto was the head of the catholic church and ruler of the papal states from 24 may 1086 to his death he was the successor of pope gregory vii prior to becoming pope he had held the important post of abbot of the great monastery of montecassino under his monastic name of desiderius and during those years played a historically important role he is the most recent lawfully elected pope to have taken the pontifical name victor note 1 in contrast with his early public life as pope victor as he had become he made a less significant contribution his failing health was the chief factor that made him so reluctant to accept election as pope and that his health was in fact seriously impaired was clear when he fell ill during the ceremony of his coronation as pope family edit daufer was born in c 1026 2 the catholic encyclopedia states his father died in 1047 in battle he obtained permission to enter the monastery of st sophia at benevento abbacy edit the life at st sophia was not strict enough for the young monk who betook himself first to the island monastery of tremite san nicolo 3 in the adriatic and in 1053 to the hermits at majella in the abruzzi about this time he was brought to the notice of pope leo ix and it is probable that the pope employed him at benevento to negotiate peace with the normans after the fatal battle of civitate somewhat later desiderius attached himself to the court of pope victor ii at florence there he met two monks of the renowned benedictine monastery of monte cassino with whom he returned in 1055 he joined the community and was shortly afterwards appointed superior of the dependent house at capua in 1057 pope stephen ix who had retained the abbacy of monte cassino came to visit and at christmas believing himself to be dying ordered the monks to elect a new abbot their choice fell on desiderius the pope recovered and desiring to retain the abbacy during his lifetime appointed the abbot designate his legate for constantinople it was at bari when about to sail for the east that the news of the pope s death reached desiderius having obtained a safe conduct from robert guiscard the norman count later duke of apulia he returned to his monastery and was duly installed by cardinal humbert on easter day 1058 4 pope nicholas ii elevated him into the cardinalate as the cardinal deacon of santi sergio e bacco on 6 march 1058 he opted to be the cardinal priest of santa cecilia in 1059 desiderius rebuilt the church and conventual buildings perfected the products of the scriptorium and re established monastic discipline so that there were 200 monks in the monastery in his day on 1 october 1071 the new basilica of monte cassino was consecrated by pope alexander ii desiderius reputation brought gifts and exemptions to the abbey the money was spent on church ornaments including a great golden altar front from constantinople adorned with gems and enamels and nearly all the church ornaments of victor ii which had been pawned here and there throughout the city 5 peter the deacon gives 6 a list of some seventy books desiderius had copied at monte cassino including works of augustine of hippo ambrose bede basil of caesarea jerome gregory of nazianzus and cassian the histories of josephus paul warnfrid jordanes and gregory of tours the institutes and novels of justinian the works of terence virgil and seneca cicero s de natura deorum and ovid s fasti desiderius had been appointed papal vicar for campania apulia calabria and the principality of beneventum with special powers for the reform of monasteries so great was his reputation with the holy see that he was allowed by the roman pontiff to appoint bishops and abbots from among his benedictine brethren in whatever churches or monasteries he desired of those that had lost their patron 7 within two years of the consecration of the cassinese basilica alexander ii died and was succeeded by hildebrand as pope gregory vii desiderius was able to call forth the help of the normans of southern italy repeatedly in favour of the holy see already in 1059 he had persuaded robert guiscard and richard of capua to become vassals of st peter for their newly conquered territories now gregory vii immediately after his election sent for him to give an account of the state of norman italy and entrusted him with the negotiation of an interview with robert guiscard on 2 august 1073 at benevento in 1074 and 1075 he acted as intermediary probably as gregory s agent between the norman princes themselves and even when the latter were at open war with the pope they still maintained the best relations with monte cassino at the end of 1080 desiderius obtained norman troops for gregory in 1082 he visited the italian king and future holy roman emperor henry iv at albano while the troops of the imperialist antipope clement iii were harassing the pope from tivoli in 1083 the peace loving abbot joined hugh of cluny in an attempt to reconcile pope and emperor and his proceedings seem to have aroused some suspicion in gregory s entourage in 1084 when rome was in henry s hands and the pope besieged in castel sant angelo desiderius announced the approach of guiscard s army to both emperor and pope 4 papacy edit main article papal election 1086 though certainly a strong partisan of the hildebrandine reforms desiderius belonged to the moderate party and could not always see eye to eye with pope gregory vii in his most intransigent proceedings yet when the latter lay dying at salerno on 25 may 1085 the abbot of monte cassino was one of those whom he recommended to the cardinals of southern italy as fittest to succeed him the roman people had expelled the antipope clement iii from the city and hither desiderius hastened to consult with the cardinals on the approaching election finding however that they were bent on forcing the papal dignity upon him he fled to monte cassino where he busied himself in exhorting the normans and lombards to rally to the support of the holy see when autumn came desiderius accompanied the norman army on its march to rome however when he became aware of the plot between the cardinals and the norman princes to force the papal tiara on him he would not enter rome unless they swore to abandon their design they refused to do that and the election was postponed at about easter 8 the bishops and cardinals assembled at rome summoned desiderius and the cardinals who were with him at monte cassino to come to rome to treat concerning the election on 23 may a great meeting was held in the deaconry of st lucy and desiderius was again importuned to accept the papacy but persisted in his refusal threatening to return to his monastery in case of violence on the next day the feast of pentecost the same scene was repeated very early in the morning the roman consul cencius now suggested the election of odo cardinal bishop of ostia afterwards pope urban ii but this was rejected by some of the cardinals on the grounds that the translation of a bishop was contrary to ecclesiastical law desiderius was finally elected on 24 may 1086 in the deaconry of st lucia in septisolis he took the name victor iii 9 four days later pope and cardinals had to flee from rome due to the presence of the antipope clement iii 10 and at terracina in spite of all protests victor laid aside the papal insignia and once more retired to monte cassino where he remained nearly a whole year in the middle of lent 1087 the pope elect assisted at a council of cardinals and bishops held at capua as papal vicar of those parts letter of hugh of lyons together with the norman princes cencius the consul and the roman nobles here victor finally yielded and by the assumption of the cross and purple confirmed the past election 11 how much his obstinacy had irritated some of the prelates is evidenced in the letter of hugh of lyons preserved by hugh of flavigny 12 after the normans had driven the soldiers of the antipope clement iii out of st peter s victor iii was finally consecrated and enthroned on 21 march 1087 he only remained eight days in rome and then returned to monte cassino though with the help of matilda and jordan he took back the vatican hill before may was out he was once more in rome in answer to a summons for the countess matilda of tuscany whose troops held the leonine city and trastevere by the end of june clement iii once more gained possession of st peter s victor again withdrew at once to his monte cassino abbey synod and death edit in august 1087 a synod was held at benevento which renewed the excommunication of the antipope clement iii the condemnation of lay investiture proclaimed a crusade against the saracens in northern africa and anathematised hugh of lyons and richard abbot of marseilles 13 after three days victor became seriously ill and retired to monte cassino to die he had himself carried into the chapter house issued various decrees for the benefit of the abbey appointed with the consent of the monks the prior cardinal oderisius to succeed him in the abbacy just as he himself had been appointed by stephen ix and proposed odo of ostia to the assembled cardinals and bishops as the next pope he died on 16 september 1087 and was buried in the tomb he had prepared for himself in the abbey s chapter house odo was duly elected his successor as pope urban ii writings edit pope victor s only existing literary work dialogues is on the miracles wrought by benedict and other saints at monte cassino in his de viris illustribus casinensibus peter the deacon ascribes to him the composition of a cantus ad b maurum and letters to king philip i of france and to hugh of cluny which no longer exist victor is the probable author of a letter to the empress mother anna dalassene concerning the molestation of pilgrims to the holy land in the byzantine empire 14 there is also a letter to the bishops of sardinia where since c 1050 brought under pisan and genoan control he sent monks while still abbot of monte cassino posthumous legacy edit vincenzo carducci the vision of pope victor iii 1626 1632 the cult of blessed victor iii seems to have begun not later than the pontificate of pope anastasius iv about six decades after his death acta sanctorum loc cit in 1515 victor iii s body was relocated to the main abbey church in monte cassino with many pilgrims visiting his tomb in 1727 the abbot of monte cassino obtained from pope benedict xiii permission to keep his feast 15 pope leo xiii beatified victor iii in 1887 at which point his body was once again moved to the chapel of st victor during world war ii his body was removed and placed in rome for safekeeping the main abbey at monte cassino was destroyed in february 1944 by us bombing victor s body was moved back to the rebuilt abbey in 1963 see also edit biography portal christianity portal history portal list of popes notes edit two antipopes gregorio dei conti in 1138 and octavianus from 1159 to 1164 both took the style victor iv but neither has ever been recognised as a lawful pope references edit kleinheinz christopher december 17 2003 medieval italy an encyclopedia routledge p 295 isbn 978 0415939294 mcbrien 2000 p 189 the new schaff herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge 12 p 178 1 2 catholic encyclopedia pope blessed victor iii www newadvent org retrieved 2021 12 15 chron cass iii 18 20 chron cass iii 63 chron cas iii 34 chron cass iii 66 miranda salvador papal elections of the 11th century 1061 1099 election of may 24 1086 victor iii the cardinals of the holy roman church florida international university oclc 53276621 grant 2016 p 995 chron cass iii 68 monumenta german history script viii 466 468 robinson 1999 p 264 h e j cowdrey 1992 pope victor and the empress a byzantinische zeitschrift 84 85 1 2 43 48 doi 10 1515 bz 1992 1 211 tosti luigi 1888 storia della badia di montecassino in italian getty research institute roma l pasqualucci ed in tutte le scritture di quel tempo il nome di lui non va mai scompagnato di qualche lode il suo corpo fu poi conservato con grande venerazione come di santo uomo sì che nel 1727 l abate di montecassino don sebastiano cadaleta ottenne da papa benedetto xiii con sentenza della santa congregazione de riti potersi celebrare nella basilica cassinese la festività di papa san vittore quale festività è pur celebrata nella badia cavense e nell isola di tremiti sources edit grant alasdair c 2016 pisan perspectives the carmen in victoriam and holy war c 1000 1150 the english historical review 131 no 552 october 552 983 1009 doi 10 1093 ehr cew343 mcbrien richard p 2000 lives of the popes harpercollins robinson i s 1999 henry iv of germany 1056 1106 cambridge university press external links edit media related to victor iii at wikimedia commons works by or about victor iii at wikisource dialogues a complete albeit ...