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le like the donkin heritage trail to familiarise visitors with the local culture and history including the apartheid era history the city could be considered to be the country s leading centre of art deco style architecture due to its european heritage many buildings display the intricate stonework wrought iron and stained glass of that era which are prominently visible in the central historical areas of the city combinations of art nouveau and colonial styles are seen in residences along cape road the area also boasts a collection of cape dutch style architecture as well as the victorian and edwardian styles resulting from the arrival of the 1820 british settlers although influenced by dutch architecture the cape dutch style is unique to south africa and examples can be seen all over the eastern and western cape hydrology the city has a long marine coastline on its outskirts particularly southwards beaches like kings beach hobie beach bluewater bay sardinia bay just outside the city near schoenmakerskop and the beaches along marine drive are abundant kings beach is adjacent to the harbour and the longshore drift from cape recife provides a plentiful supply of sea sand on the north westerly coastline the contours tends to be rockier than the area between cape recife and the port of ngqura there are a few rivers of which the baakens river is the most prominent this river usually floods when a reasonable amount precipitation is observed especially at low level crossings north end lake in north end is the largest natural freshwater 58 body in the city but has experienced a form of contamination 59 from industry it is not recommended to ingest anything from this lake also numerous smaller lakes are in the surrounding area namely lake farm the eastern cape has been experiencing a devastating drought since 2015 60 and a disaster was declared in the region in october 2019 60 on 14 june 2022 a virtual special council meeting of nelson mandela bay municipality council approved an emergency intervention plan by the national department of water and sanitation 61 62 the plan includes drilling more boreholes pumping water from the east of the metropolitan area to the west of the area and using floatation pumps to extract more water from some reservoirs 62 the meeting approved the appointment of tlhologelo mogoatlhe a water and sanitation production engineer as the interim infrastructure and engineering executive director 62 city officials asked residents to consume no more than 50 litres 11 imp gal of water per person per day 61 63 in mid june 2022 luvuyo bangazi spokesperson for the municipality s joint operations crisis committee said that the city was losing about a third of its water because of leaks in pipes and had a backlog of 3 000 leaks to fix 61 joseph tsatsire bay water distribution director said that nelson mandela bay municipality repaired 9 719 leaks over a three week period ending in mid july 2022 leaving a backlog of 712 leaks reported 64 though some residents claimed that the taps only work a few hours a day bangazi said that water was only shut off when maintenance was being done 61 water consumption for the nelson mandela bay municipality was as follows target 230 megalitres per day measured on 17 june 2022 292 megalitres per day measured on 19 july 2022 261 megalitres per day 64 demographics population density in the nelson mandela metro 1 km² 1 3 km² 3 10 km² 10 30 km² 30 100 km² 100 300 km² 300 1000 km² 1000 3000 km² 3000 km² geographical distribution of home languages in the nelson mandela metro afrikaans english xhosa none dominant in the 2011 census gqeberha was the most populous city in the eastern cape in 2011 65 area 251 03 square kilometres 96 92 sq mi population 312 392 1 244 44 inhabitants per square kilometre 3 223 1 sq mi households 99 794 397 54 per square kilometre 1 029 6 sq mi gender population female 162 255 51 94 male 150 137 48 06 race population white 118 220 37 4 black 95 589 30 60 coloured 84 419 27 02 asian 9 847 3 15 other 4 317 1 38 first language population isizulu 1 541 0 51 isixhosa 67 154 22 24 afrikaans 121 344 40 19 sepedi 472 0 16 setswana 1 312 0 43 english 100 375 33 25 sesotho 1 469 0 49 xitsonga 291 0 10 siswati 171 0 06 tshivenda 390 0 13 isindebele 1 183 0 39 other 10 469 3 35 historical population year pop 1985 272 844 1991 303 353 11 2 2001 237 503 21 7 2011 312 392 31 5 2020 967 767 209 8 66 ethnic makeup of gqeberha port elizabeth 1855 1936 ethnic group 1855 1865 1875 1891 1904 1911 1921 1936 number percent number percent number percent number percent number percent number percent number percent number percent white 4 000 66 67 7 000 63 63 9 000 69 23 14 000 58 33 23 000 54 76 20 000 48 78 27 000 50 00 54 000 47 37 black 1 000 16 67 2 000 18 18 2 000 15 38 4 000 16 67 7 000 16 67 8 000 19 51 12 000 22 22 30 000 26 31 coloured 1 000 16 67 2 000 18 18 2 000 15 38 6 000 25 00 10 000 23 81 12 000 29 27 14 000 25 92 28 000 24 56 indian asian 2 000 4 76 1 000 2 44 1 000 1 85 2 000 1 75 67 ethnic makeup of gqeberha port elizabeth 1951 1985 ethnic group 1951 1960 1970 1980 1985 number percent number percent number percent number percent number percent black 71 000 35 32 121 000 42 01 167 000 43 15 296 000 56 10 233 000 46 41 white 80 000 39 80 95 000 33 00 120 000 31 00 120 000 22 73 131 000 26 10 coloured 46 000 22 89 68 000 23 61 95 000 24 55 106 000 22 73 131 000 26 10 indian asian 4 000 2 00 4 000 1 40 5 000 1 30 6 000 1 14 7 000 1 40 67 ethnic makeup of nelson mandela bay metro 2001 2011 ethnic group 2001 2011 number percent number percent black african 593 410 59 691 269 60 coloured 231 329 23 276 507 24 white 170 982 17 161 296 14 indian asian 10 057 1 23 042 2 68 economy the economy is primarily oriented towards automotive assembly manufacturing and export industries and the city is also a major south african and sub saharan african destination for investment foreign direct investments of 19 8 billion has been secured over the past decade 69 70 several fortune 500 companies are present or have their african operations headquartered in the city 71 72 73 74 trade and industry further information port of gqeberha and port of ngqura historically the majority of trade in the region came through gqeberha in the 1830s at least five ships regularly transported goods to europe 34 it became a free port in 1832 75 in 1833 about 50 vessels had moved through the port in 1828 55 201 pounds 25038 kg of goods were imported through the port increasing by 1832 to 112 845 pounds 51185 kg imported in that year gqeberha exported 41 290 lbs 18738 kg in 1828 with a large increase to 86 931 lbs 39431 kg goods exported in 1829 exports included wine brandy vinegar ivory hides and skins leather tallow butter soap wool ostrich feathers salted beef wheat candles aloe barley and more 34 home of south africa s motor vehicle industry the city boasts most vehicle assembly plants general motors ford volkswagen continental tyres and many other automotive companies as of 2018 after gm s exit from south africa isuzu took over their production plant in struandale in 2016 chinese state owned automotive manufacturer baic and south africa s industrial development corporation announced a r11 billion joint venture for the establishment of a semi knock down vehicle assembly plant in coega 76 it is anticipated that the plant will go online in 2020 77 the faw also have built a multi billion rand plant in the region most other industries are geared towards the motor vehicle industry providing parts such as wiring harnesses catalytic converters batteries and tyres to the vehicle manufacturers the largest economic sectors in nelson mandela bay metro are manufacturing finance community services and transport community services trade and manufacturing sectors are the sectors that create the most employment in the metro the city offers a wealth of tourism and recreation opportunity due to its biodiversity beaches and open spaces 78 further still nelson mandela bay is a preferred region for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals flour meat frozen vegetables soft drinks chocolates cheese yoghurt ice cream paper and leather products 79 the city is also a major seaport with the most significant car loading facilities in the southern hemisphere as part of the ongoing development a new industrial development zone with expanded port facilities has been built at coega tourism the donkin reserve taken in september 2014 it portrays both the older and parts of the newer sections of the monument located at the end of the picturesque garden route along the cape coast the city has beaches in and near it the most popular swimming beaches include king s beach and hobie beach many local historic attractions are linked by the donkin heritage trail these include the campanile bell tower built in 1923 to commemorate the arrival of the 1820 settlers and offering a viewpoint over the city the city hall 1862 the donkin reserve park and monument and the old stone fort frederick itself 1799 the cbd also boasts the towering eastern cape post office headquarters route 67 is a walking trail consisting of 67 public artworks symbolising 67 years which nelson mandela dedicated to the freedom of south africa the artwork is a celebration of south african culture and history and is scattered along the route as it starts from the campanile up the stairs to the vuysile mini market square and to the large south african flag at the donkin reserve the artworks were created by local eastern cape artists 80 other attractions include the gardens at st george s park the nelson mandela metropolitan art museum formerly known as the king george vi art gallery the museum and oceanography room at humewood and the new boardwalk waterfront complex the wider area surrounding pe also features game viewing opportunities including the addo elephant national park 72 kilometres 45 mi to the north near the zuurberg mountain range it is also a destination for whale watching with humpback whales sighted between june and august and again between november and january southern right whales sighted between july and november and bryde s whales sighted all year round citation needed property development coega industrial development zone idz nelson mandela bay has experienced a construction boom led by the baywest mall and coega development corporation cdc baywest mall which opened in may 2015 is the largest shopping centre in the eastern cape located on the western outskirts of the city and forms part of the baywest city baywest city is a planned mixed use development area and is striving to become a major development hub in the city s western suburbs 81 82 83 84 coega located just outside of the city once an industrial development zone idz has now deemed the status of a special economic zone sez it also houses the second and the newest port of nelson mandela bay and south africa port of ngqura this multi billion rand project aims to drive local and foreign direct investments in export oriented industries and position south africa as the hub for southern african trade 85 culture there is only one foreign cultural centre the alliance française of port elizabeth 86 a french language school and a francophone cultural centre sports the nelson mandela bay stadium in 2009 it is the location of the st george s park cricket ground which holds test cricket matches st george s park is the oldest cricket ground in south africa and was the venue for the first test match played outside of australia or england between south africa and england on 12 and 13 march 1889 the warriors a franchise cricket team in south africa is based in gqeberha as is the sa20 franchise sunrisers eastern cape the stadium is also known for its band that entertains fans at the proteas games in december 2011 nelson mandela bay stadium became the new home of the south africa sevens the country s leg of the annual irb sevens world series in rugby sevens the event had previously been held in three other cities most recently in george in the western cape from 2002 to 2010 as of 2015 is hosted annually in cape town in the western cape the headquarters of the southern spears rugby franchise was in gqeberha the long standing eastern province rugby union now commonly known as the eastern province elephants formed the basis of the spears franchise together with east london s border bulldogs the remnants of the spears were later reconstituted into the southern kings also based in gqeberha which joined super rugby in 2013 the southern kings did not participate in super rugby in 2014 or 2015 and returned to super rugby in 2016 2017 but were dropped for economical reasons by saru the team now competes in the guinness pro14 the eastern province rugby union play their home matches at nelson mandela bay stadium built for the 2010 fifa world cup the biggest sporting events in the city is the annual ironman triathlon and the herald cycle tour the tuna classic deep sea fishing competition attracts anglers from all over the world there are cricket rugby union athletics association football field hockey and many other sports facilities its coastal location also makes it a base for some watersports the city s main football club is chippa united they currently use the nelson mandela bay stadium as their home ground previous clubs to play in the country s top tier were bay united michau warriors port elizabeth blackpool hotspur f c port elizabeth city and westview apollon the algoa bay yacht club operates out of the port government gqeberha had its own municipality from 1843 to 2000 since then it has formed part of the nelson mandela bay metropolitan municipality and also serves as the seat for the surrounding cacadu district municipality it has a magistrate s court a local seat of the eastern cape division of the high court and a branch of the labour court as a result of the presence of a high court several other related organs of state such as a masters office and a director of public prosecutions are present in the city all government mostly provincial departments maintain branches or other offices in the city coat of arms port elizabeth coat of arms the port elizabeth municipality assumed a coat of arms on 9 january 1878 87 88 the design prepared by bradbury wilkinson and company of london was a simplified version of the arms of sir rufane donkin gules on a chevron argent between two cinquefoils in chief and a bugle horn stringed in base or three buckles sable a chief embattled argent thereon an elephant statant proper the crest was a sailing ship and the motto in meliora spera in layman s terms a red shield displaying from top to bottom an elephant on a silver horizontal strip whose lower edge is embattled two gold cinquefoils a silver chevron bearing three black buckles and a gold bugle horn eighty years later in 1958 the council made slight changes to the arms and had them granted by the college of arms the changes consisted of adding...