Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

and, precautionary, principle, strong, vs, contents, origins, theory, formulations, application, criticisms, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, weak, international, agreements, declarations, environment, health, animal, sentience, internal, inconsistency, applying, pp, risks, causing, harm, blocking, innovation, progress, generally, vagueness, plausibility, the, dilemma, approach, european, union, france, united, states, australia, philippines, corporate,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (580), and (180), #principle (179), precautionary (149), that (96), for (65), should (43), from (42), risk (42), environmental (39), environment (36), harm (34), not (34), are (31), scientific (29), european (28), law (27), edit (27), health (26), may (24), sentience (24), evidence (23), archived (22), which (22), has (22), policy (21), this (21), retrieved (21), pdf (21), action (20), uncertainty (20), decision (20), there (20), measures (20), union (19), application (19), animal (19), march (18), safety (17), with (17), court (17), technology (17), states (16), approach (16), science (16), new (16), doi (16), damage (16), other (15), 2006 (15), potential (15), strong (15), some (15), 2013 (14), its (14), when (14), such (14), international (13), machine (13), precaution (13), 2004 (13), was (12), 2016 (12), public (12), network (12), cost (12), original (12), threat (12), risks (12), serious (12), one (12), wayback (11), impact (11), weak (11), 2002 (11), also (11), where (11), formulations (11), legal (10), use (10), united (10), regulation (10), act (10), analysis (10), commission (10), only (10), article (10), threats (10), future (10), philippines (10), been (10), used (10), order (10), shall (10), september (9), all (9), october (9), management (9), economic (9), based (9), world (9), 2005 (9), 2011 (9), press (9), 2000 (9), january (9), what (9), 2008 (9), birch (9), possible (9), but (9), activity (9), those (9), irreversible (9), wikipedia (8), neural (8), systems (8), human (8), general (8), development (8), economics (8), assessment (8), more (8), than (8), journal (8), sunstein (8), s2cid (8), any (8), version (8), rio (8), declaration (8), uncertain (8), example (8), most (8), into (8), sufficient (8), innovation (8), animals (8), significant (8), their (8), lack (8), costs (8), text (7), under (7), links (7), august (7), effect (7), knowledge (7), self (7), artificial (7), earth (7), responsibility (7), benefit (7), concept (7), cass (7), university (7), fear (7), making (7), reason (7), food (7), review (7), greenpeace (7), does (7), appeals (7), protection (7), can (7), modified (7), have (7), applied (7), according (7), will (7), must (7), certainty (7), level (7), activities (7), proof (7), available (6), page (6), december (6), 2017 (6), nations (6), ethics (6), learning (6), history (6), fields (6), communication (6), applying (6), first (6), isbn (6), nanotechnology (6), july (6), could (6), stewart (6), 2003 (6), pmid (6), recuerda (6), our (6), current (6), 2015 (6), genetically (6), limited (6), charter (6), eur (6), lex (6), progress (6), factors (6), because (6), air (6), requires (6), even (6), certain (6), means (6), question (6), species (6), due (6), protect (6), taking (6), effects (6), taken (6), burden (6), search (5), apply (5), english (5), social (5), term (5), david (5), people (5), rule (5), reasoning (5), large (5), laws (5), model (5), context (5), source (5), engineering (5), industrial (5), full (5), group (5), safe (5), 2007 (5), wingspread (5), 2001 (5), technological (5), beyond (5), riordan (5), treaty (5), dilemma (5), philosophy (5), over (5), until (5), 2021 (5), february (5), vaccine (5), how (5), research (5), irreversibility (5), between (5), face (5), pollution (5), thus (5), required (5), then (5), two (5), form (5), fact (5), proposed (5), generally (5), without (5), itself (5), causing (5), his (5), before (5), would (5), sentient (5), considered (5), postponing (5), prevent (5), often (5), case (5), avoid (5), proponent (5), areas (5), declarations (5), 1992 (5), toggle (4), contents (4), about (4), terms (4), articles (4), external (4), 2020 (4), different (4), doubt (4), republic (4), france (4), applications (4), government (4), state (4), john (4), models (4), diffusion (4), protocol (4), humanity (4), open (4), ecology (4), sustainable (4), ecological (4), design (4), waste (4), polluter (4), life (4), tools (4), 2010 (4), november (4), via (4), idea (4), against (4), blood (4), 1998 (4), early (4), prevention (4), times (4), standard (4), regulatory (4), issues (4), decisions (4), conference (4), versions (4), paragraph (4), basis (4), collider (4), www (4), through (4), global (4), products (4), southeast (4), asia (4), department (4), council (4), 191 (4), definitions (4), jonas (4), see (4), stronger (4), out (4), including (4), time (4), power (4), adverse (4), cause (4), being (4), less (4), benefits (4), become (4), main (4), concerns (4), low (4), high (4), potentially (4), requirement (4), once (4), evidential (4), bar (4), indicator (4), concern (4), whether (4), caution (4), formulation (4), they (4), matter (4), need (4), actions (4), fully (4), consideration (4), degradation (4), various (4), preclude (4), account (4), particular (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), you (3), non (3), organization (3), dead (3), british (3), short (3), wikidata (3), convention (3), climate (3), change (3), principles (3), data (3), control (3), generative (3), center (3), long (3), james (3), language (3), image (3), recognition (3), intelligence (3), agent (3), automated (3), gradient (3), lists (3), pays (3), eco (3), report (3), better (3), philosophical (3), debate (3), free (3), responsible (3), link (3), age (3), cambridge (3), introduction (3), april (3), 1016 (3), bibcode (3), earthscan (3), publications (3), trade (3), community (3), arrow (3), internal (3), further (3), 2014 (3), 2009 (3), guilty (3), proven (3), innocent (3), books (3), paralyzing (3), thousands (3), oxford (3), lies (3), warming (3), controversies (3), jonathan (3), administration (3), strategy (3), talong (3), release (3), supreme (3), bans (3), manila (3), bureau (3), natural (3), resources (3), europa (3), dangerous (3), interpretations (3), origins (3), treasury (3), critics (3), pope (3), brand (3), reliability (3), read (3), innovations (3), study (3), similar (3), harms (3), both (3), same (3), extreme (3), outcomes (3), very (3), practice (3), rational (3), society (3), plausible (3), while (3), credible (3), experiments (3), consequences (3), plausibility (3), product (3), deaths (3), factor (3), defined (3), impacts (3), blocking (3), made (3), provide (3), number (3), who (3), regard (3), basic (3), criticisms (3), regarding (3), aim (3), include (3), within (3), legislation (3), these (3), presence (3), criteria (3), exist (3), create (3), joy (3), much (3), least (3), says (3), conditions (3), hand (3), effective (3), argued (3), changes (3), trials (3), eggplant (3), field (3), following (3), adopted (3), proportionate (3), preventative (3), reference (3), far (3), occurrence (3), noted (3), widely (3), capabilities (3), require (3), makes (3), established (3), great (3), described (3), present (3), treaties (3), german (3), languages (2), table (2), statement (2), code (2), contact (2), privacy (2), last (2), edited (2), categories (2), url (2), description (2), framework (2), https (2), org (2), title (2), authority (2), visual (2), art (2), video (2), architecture (2), winter (2), opposition (2), autoencoder (2), rnn (2), recurrent (2), vision (2), transformer (2), computer (2), turing (2), architectures (2), daniel (2), alex (2), fei (2), andrew (2), paul (2), bernard (2), claude (2), von (2), five (2), ibm (2), list (2), generation (2), speech (2), synthesis (2), physical (2), superintelligence (2), symbolic (2), method (2), quasi (2), descent (2), concepts (2), projects (2), companies (2), urban (2), metabolism (2), modernization (2), production (2), related (2), cradle (2), met (2), cycle (2), integrated (2), unesco (2), interdepartmental (2), liaison (2), sorry (2), methods (2), civile (2), online (2), kenneth (2), american (2), institute (2), handbook (2), late (2), lessons (2), warnings (2), agency (2), bill (2), 1515 (2), jibl (2), biotechnology (2), andorno (2), roberto (2), girela (2), feed (2), raffensperger (2), tickner (2), eds (2), 1999 (2), protecting (2), implementing (2), cameron (2), 1995 (2), interpreting (2), brian (2), 1038 (2), nature (2), century (2), consolidated (2), official (2), 5259 (2), 1126 (2), 272 (2), 221 (2), market (2), working (2), governance (2), reading (2), 2024 (2), 2019 (2), 1079 (2), objection (2), 1080 (2), lhc (2), lawsuit (2), get (2), hadron (2), pmc (2), plant (2), reports (2), penguin (2), 978 (2), deutsch (2), point (2), helpful (2), direction (2), medicine (2), bruno (2), issn (2), aversion (2), adam (2), astrazeneca (2), clots (2), june (2), claims (2), faunce (2), australian (2), nanoparticles (2), sunscreens (2), analyzed (2), advanced (2), nick (2), bostrom (2), body (2), shop (2), chemicals (2), elaw (2), justice (2), preston (2), telstra (2), corporation (2), hornsby (2), shire (2), nswlec (2), 133 (2), 125 (2), nsw (2), 1991 (2), constitutional (2), cases (2), versus (2), publication (2), zealand (2), illinois (2), regrets (2), michael (2), 5468 (2), 288 (2), 979 (2), francis (2), laudato (2), cartagena (2), communities (2), chapter (2), gollier (2), fischer (2), 1974 (2), 1883074 (2), jstor (2), 2307 (2), epstein (2), 1980 (2), 283 (2), 2526180 (2), tim (2), imperative (2), tfeu (2), relating (2), fundamental (2), rights (2), elishakoff (2), interrelation (2), forest (2), des (2), 1729 (2), friends (2), unscientific (2), part (2), studies (2), biological (2), rupert (2), references (2), sustainability (2), complex (2), clinical (2), centre (2), best (2), sense (2), carry (2), catastrophic (2), reduced (2), nuclear (2), lead (2), bad (2), fails (2), crops (2), permissible (2), trivial (2), truism (2), necessary (2), groups (2), above (2), hold (2), injury (2), wagner (2), speculative (2), constitute (2), calls (2), threshold (2), acts (2), might (2), invoke (2), wrote (2), included (2), vagueness (2), presents (2), way (2), biggest (2), living (2), diseases (2), given (2), disease (2), block (2), advantages (2), negative (2), leaving (2), supporting (2), another (2), provisions (2), onus (2), now (2), showing (2), distinction (2), clean (2), covid (2), response (2), seen (2), million (2), vaccination (2), program (2), results (2), larger (2), yet (2), plants (2), easily (2), suggested (2), inconsistency (2), seriously (2), scope (2), words (2), deliberately (2), extent (2), content (2), largely (2), depend (2), designed (2), pain (2), happiness (2), former (2), whenever (2), legally (2), separately (2), orders (2), since (2), concerning (2), relation (2), philosopher (2), inconclusive (2), cannot (2), protections (2), pose (2), whose (2), humans (2), status (2), party (2), scientist (2), contained (2), genetic (2), though (2), specifically (2), cite (2), requiring (2), show (2), test (2), informed (2), biosafety (2), organisms (2), possibility (2), corporate (2), petition (2), filed (2), saying (2), granted (2), scientifically (2), balanced (2), stopped (2), researchers (2), appropriate (2), degree (2), seriousness (2), reality (2), shifts (2), involve (2), local (2), take (2), findings (2), evaluation (2), definition (2), detailed (2), australia (2), city (2), ordinance (2), contributed (2), ensure (2), adoption (2), had (2), situations (2), preventive (2), special (2), although (2), every (2), agreements (2), likelihood (2), grounds (2), justify (2), liability (2), establish (2), argue (2), reversal (2), proposing (2), prove (2), implies (2), substances (2), absence (2), holds (2), insufficient (2), reasonable (2), cancelling (2), relevant (2), freeman (2), dyson (2), course (2), concluded (2), unless (2), shows (2), appreciable (2), minimize (2), margin (2), interests (2), variability (2), information (2), makers (2), result (2), beliefs (2), induce (2), theory (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), norsk (2), subsection (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statistics, developers, conduct, contacts, disclaimers, additional, using, site, agree, registered, trademark, profit, wikimedia, foundation, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, 2026, utc, hidden, cs1, unfit, webarchive, template, dmy, dates, written, doctrines, index, php, precautionary_principle, oldid, 1375473918, yale, lux, israel, czech, bnf, national, gnd, databases, category, workplace, warfare, military, games, marketing, chatbot, psychosis, healthcare, fiction, education, engine, optimization, explainable, competition, arms, race, anthropomorphism, slop, literacy, infrastructure, bubble, boom, centers, propaganda, virtual, politician, nationalism, elections, takeover, alignment, cold, war, political, graph, gnn, adversarial, gan, variational, vae, mamba, highway, residual, convolutional, cnn, multilayer, perceptron, mlp, echo, gated, unit, gru, memory, lstm, vit, differentiable, françois, chollet, kokotajlo, jan, leike, mustafa, suleyman, schulman, aidan, gomez, noam, shazeer, ashish, vaswani, andrej, karpathy, silver, demis, hassabis, ian, goodfellow, quoc, oriol, vinyals, ilya, sutskever, krizhevsky, goodnight, graves, stephen, grossberg, lotfi, zadeh, yoshua, bengio, yann, lecun, jürgen, schmidhuber, hopfield, geoffrey, hinton, werbos, seppo, linnainmaa, seymour, papert, joseph, weizenbaum, widrow, frank, rosenblatt, oliver, selfridge, herbert, simon, cliff, shaw, allen, newell, nathaniel, rochester, mccarthy, marvin, minsky, takeo, kanade, kunihiko, fukushima, shun, ichi, amari, shannon, christopher, manning, neumann, walter, pitts, warren, sturgis, mcculloch, alan, yago, dbpedia, conceptnet, bases, opencog, lida, clarion, soar, cognitive, semantic, reasoners, procedural, logic, programs, inference, engines, expert, deductive, classifiers, robot, autogpt, selection, muzero, driving, car, openai, alphazero, alphago, decisional, watsonx, watson, project, debater, oasis, genie, udio, suno, riffusion, music, veo, seedance, sora, kling, hailuo, runway, gen, dream, stable, recraft, midjourney, imagen, ideogram, gpt, flux, firefly, dall, aurora, alphafold, facial, whisper, elevenlabs, ocr, hwr, wavenet, alexnet, audio, implementations, agent2agent, hypothetical, asi, agi, lethal, autonomous, weapons, exam, companion, intelligent, nmt, deep, game, playing, theorem, proving, actor, critic, algorithm, situated, neuro, sovereign, blended, vibe, coding, word, embedding, hallucination, recursive, improvement, reflection, supervised, rlhf, llm, post, training, uncanny, valley, rag, adversary, autoregression, latent, imitation, sarsa, reinforcement, prompt, augmentation, datasets, regularization, weight, initialization, gating, rectifier, sigmoid, softmax, activation, batchnorm, normalization, convolution, attention, backpropagation, conjugate, newton, sgd, clustering, overfitting, double, bias, variance, tradeoff, regression, loss, functions, hyperparameter, parameter, representation, constraint, satisfaction, planning, software, proprietary, institutions, algorithms, glossary, timeline, portals, green, chemistry, cleaner, valorization, minimisation, hierarchy, rebound, symbiosis, extended, producer, exergy, efficient, energy, park, efficiency, dematerialization, circular, economy, stakeholder, matrix, material, flow, iso, 14000, chain, input, output, eio, lca, system, accounting, footprint, ecolabel, dpsir, perils, max, experts, ilgra, umberto, izzo, precauzione, nella, responsabilità, analisi, concetto, sul, tema, del, danno, contagio, per, trasfusionale, book, reprint, tort, backdrop, tainted, litigation, unitn, prints, edition, padua, cedam, gary, marchant, mossman, 8447, 4189, enterprise, arbitrary, capricious, courts, 1896, assumes, cure, spiked, durodié, reckless, mind, believe, appell, york, institutional, volume, 126, sandin, ricci, rice, ziagos, cox, causation, 12605931, s0160, 4120, 00191, 2003enint, environ, int, seguridad, alimentaria, nuevos, alimentos, régimen, jurídico, administrativo, thomson, aranzadi, cizur, menor, rees, martin, final, hour, island, washington, london, harremoës, poul, gee, malcolm, macgarvin, andy, stirling, jane, keys, wynne, sofia, guedes, vaz, 6906, 433, 4354366, 419433a, 419, 20th, 21st, comprehensive, proposals, recommendations, 4th, ministerial, organisation, establishing, c325, xix, 174, brusells, 1996, role, 167753400, 8602504, behavioural, wageningen, papers, kai, purnhagen, 52241337, 2202, 1553, 3832, economists, voice, steel, 340, 56089605, 21550085, 844570, 2013epole, 321s, 321, geography, symmetry, magazine, dismissed, highfield, roger, telegraph, scientists, death, bailey, ronald, tale, van, den, belt, 12857792, 526264, 1104, 103, 023531, 1122, 132, physiol, debating, sirc, beware, jimenez, arias, luis, libros, red, 9781597543804, biothics, morris, 504, 18516083, 2427373, embor, 500, embo, directive, deficiencies, spillane, viking, 7139, 9274, beginning, infinity, cato, goldstein, carruth, implications, 15212219, 153, occupational, waterfield, 0140, 0460, lives, miller, cbc, canada, monitoring, guidance, amid, merchant, cast, issue, paper, feeding, generations, sherry, seethaler, damned, sort, noise, around, latest, brown, tracey, guardian, blunt, instrument, 240, 55719697, 1007, s11569, 008, 0041, 231, nanoethics, sunscreen, therapeutic, goods, ethical, section, inquirer, net, boost, engineered, hon, paragraphs, 183, caselaw, gov, 549f8a6b3004262463ad5606, land, south, wales, austlii, edu, sect, objectives, municode, visited, craig, búrca, gráinne, sixth, 113, 871492, 112, materials, 12008e191, 62000tj0074, miguel, functioning, foundational, values, http, govt, ppp, htm, mandel, gregory, gathii, thuo, 2012, 1037, shawn, brodof, 18622893, sachs, noah, 1338, 1285, rescuing, foster, vecchia, paolo, repacholi, 981, 153469283, 10841718, 0036, 8075, 186, published, accessed, staff, unep, jordan, timothy, marco, martuzzi, joel, 2023, children, christian, jullien, treich, nicolas, interpretation, 253, s0047, 2727, 00052, 229, preservation, 312, quarterly, temporal, resolution, 269, christiansen, sonja, boehmer, 1994, germany, enabling, ltd, google, 1134165781, 1984, chicago, 9780143118282, whole, discipline, explanations, 303, c303, explanation, pfizer, 114, comest, educational, cultural, doorn, hansson, probabilistic, replace, 151, nasa, 211309, bélidor, ingénieurs, dans, conduite, travaux, fortification, paris, chez, jombert, foes, dordrecht, kluwer, academic, publishers, biomedical, sciences, 344, s1369, 8486, 00074, 329, resnik, europarl, think, tank, 158589782, 00139157, 1350005, 2017espsd, 59e, fire, tombstone, mentality, superconducting, super, substitution, skepticism, proactionary, disasters, postcautionary, carcinogen, micromort, maximin, policies, ecologically, equipoise, chesterton, fence, existential, biosecurity, argument, ignorance, formulate, however, looks, like, rules, courses, intended, advocate, stipulate, demand, prohibit, resulting, always, prohibiting, significantly, placing, moratorium, reliance, coal, slow, impoverishment, steps, coherent, protective, manner, constitutes, useful, uncontroversial, combat, confusion, interested, private, demanding, unambiguous, commonly, pressed, ties, together, objections, maintains, neither, incoherent, horn, 306, 938, 950, 9th, cir, alleged, confer, 599, 970, mayfield, standing, cent, delta, water, specify, minimal, triggering, condition, indication, helen, gillmor, senior, district, judge, dismissal, popular, worry, destruction, black, hole, sancho, doe, hazard, extends, unnecessary, neuroses, correlate, well, measured, conventional, technologically, societies, suffer, fewer, live, longer, developed, killer, soya, pesticide, residues, tobacco, something, z59, classification, accounts, wide, single, poverty, ethically, questioned, developing, countries, brings, banned, positive, unrealised, 201, nightmares, curtis, imagine, worst, darkest, imaginations, influential, hazardous, pollutant, listed, compound, harmless, pollutants, higher, lower, operators, tend, choose, examined, agents, existing, 1990, amendments, dispute, rare, patients, vaccinated, member, suspended, quoting, criticized, refused, suspend, declaring, focusing, wrong, delay, unconfirmed, complications, astra, zeneca, forbidding, probability, continuing, rely, burn, fossil, fuels, continue, greenhouse, gases, calculable, beats, own, purpose, reducing, preventing, coming, leave, needs, unmet, novel, properly, forbids, crichton, 26ff, arguments, conservatism, second, outcome, sufficiency, outlined, aforementioned, proposal, leaves, treatment, regulated, regulations, specific, observable, phenomenon, detect, explained, already, detecting, analogous, demonstrated, meet, normal, standards, consists, epistemic, decides, set, levels, proposes, consider, statistically, obtained, practical, reasons, meets, protected, investigate, feasible, whereas, unfeasible, welfare, characterized, debates, able, feel, subjective, experiences, attractive, aversive, quality, pleasure, suitable, problem, give, err, side, formulating, reach, absolute, regards, invoked, grant, runs, follows, lse, chris, phoenix, mike, treder, posit, call, strict, active, inaction, latter, choosing, risky, alternatives, chemical, regulators, particularly, ti0, zno, biocidal, nanosilver, waterways, manufacture, handling, recycling, exposes, inhaling, multi, walled, carbon, nanotubes, thomas, alured, forms, modifies, avoided, amended, prevented, third, regulator, consumer, discusses, powerful, attempt, gain, atomic, relevance, few, undergoing, containment, tends, difficult, replicate, emphasised, dangers, replicating, robotic, medications, pharmaceutical, why, doesn, wired, pilot

Text of the page (random words):
that order has been obtained 49 for practical reasons birch says the evidence of sentience should concern the order so that if one species meets the conditions of sentience then all the species of the same order should be considered sentient and should be thus legally protected this is due to the fact that on the one hand to investigate sentience separately in different orders is feasible 49 whereas on the other hand since some orders include thousands of species it would be unfeasible to study their sentience separately what is more the evidential bar should be so low that only one indicator of sentience in the species of a specific order will be sufficient in order for the precautionary principle to be applied such indicator should be an observable phenomenon that experiments can be designed to detect and it must be credible that the presence of this indicator is explained by sentience 50 lists of such criteria already exist for detecting animal pain the aim is to create analogous lists for other criteria of sentience such as happiness fear or joy the presence of one of these criteria should be demonstrated by means of experiments which must meet the normal scientific standards 49 regarding the second part of the animal sentience precautionary principle the decision rule concerns the requirement that we have to act once there is sufficient evidence of a seriously bad outcome according to birch we should aim to include within the scope of animal protection legislation all animals for which the evidence of sentience is sufficient according to the standard of sufficiency outlined above 50 in other words the decision rule states that once the aforementioned low evidential bar is met then we should act in a precautionary way 49 birch s proposal also deliberately leaves open the question of how and to what extent the treatment of these animals should be regulated thus also leaving open the content of the regulations as this will largely depend on the animal in question 49 criticisms edit critics of the principle use arguments similar to those against other formulations of technological conservatism internal inconsistency applying strong pp risks causing harm edit strong formulations of the precautionary principle without regard to its most basic provisions i e that it is to be applied only where risks are potentially catastrophic and not easily calculable when applied to the principle itself as a policy decision beats its own purpose of reducing risk 27 26ff the reason suggested is that preventing innovation from coming to market means that only current technology may be used and current technology itself may cause harm or leave needs unmet there is a risk of causing harm by blocking innovation 51 52 as michael crichton wrote in his novel state of fear the precautionary principle properly applied forbids the precautionary principle 53 for example forbidding nuclear power plants based on concerns about low probability high impact risks means continuing to rely on power plants that burn fossil fuels which continue to release greenhouse gases and thousands of certain deaths from air pollution 27 27 in 2021 in response to early reports about rare blood clots seen in 25 patients out of 20 million vaccinated by astra zeneca covid 19 vaccine 54 a number of european union member states suspended the use of the vaccine quoting the precautionary principle this was criticized by other eu states who refused to suspend the vaccination program declaring that the precautionary decisions are focusing on the wrong risk as delay in a vaccination program results in a larger number of certain deaths than any yet unconfirmed complications 55 main article european commission astrazeneca covid 19 vaccine dispute in another example the hazardous air pollutant provisions in the 1990 amendments to the us clean air act are an example of the precautionary principle where the onus is now on showing a listed compound is harmless under this rule no distinction is made between those air pollutants that provide a higher or lower risk so operators tend to choose less examined agents that are not on the existing list 56 the very basis of the precautionary principle is to imagine the worst without supporting evidence those with the darkest imaginations become the most influential adam curtis the power of nightmares blocking innovation and progress generally edit see also fear uncertainty and doubt because applications of strong formulations of the precautionary principle can be used to block innovation a technology which brings advantages may be banned by precautionary principle because of its potential for negative impacts leaving the positive benefits unrealised 57 58 201 59 the precautionary principle has been ethically questioned on the basis that its application could block progress in developing countries 60 61 the precautionary principle presents a serious hazard to our health which extends way beyond the generation of unnecessary neuroses the biggest correlate of our health and well being is our standard of living as measured in conventional economic and physical terms people in technologically advanced societies suffer fewer diseases and live longer than those in less developed nations the biggest killer in the world is not genetically modified soya pesticide residues or even tobacco it is something which is given the code z59 5 in the international classification of disease handbook and accounts for more deaths world wide than any other single factor it is defined as extreme poverty social issues research centre vagueness and plausibility edit the precautionary principle calls for action in the face of scientific uncertainty but some formulations do not specify the minimal threshold of plausibility of risk that acts as a triggering condition so that any indication that a proposed product or activity might harm health or the environment is sufficient to invoke the principle 62 63 in sancho vs doe helen gillmor senior district judge wrote in a dismissal of wagner s lawsuit which included a popular 64 worry that the lhc could cause destruction of the earth by a black hole injury in fact requires some credible threat of harm cent delta water agency v united states 306 f 3d 938 950 9th cir 2002 at most wagner has alleged that experiments at the large hadron collider the collider have potential adverse consequences speculative fear of future harm does not constitute an injury in fact sufficient to confer standing mayfield 599 f 3d at 970 65 the precautionary dilemma edit the most commonly pressed objection to the precautionary principle ties together two of the above objections into the form of a dilemma 66 57 67 this maintains that of the two available interpretations of the principle neither are plausible weak formulations which hold that precaution in the face of uncertain harms is permissible are trivial while strong formulations which hold that precaution in the face of uncertain harms is required are incoherent 66 67 57 on the first horn of the dilemma cass sunstein states the weak versions of the precautionary principle state a truism uncontroversial in principle and necessary in practice only to combat public confusion or the self interested claims of private groups demanding unambiguous evidence of harm which no rational society requires 68 24 if all that the weak principle states is that it is permissible to act in a precautionary manner where there is a possible risk of harm then it constitutes a trivial truism and thus fails to be useful if we formulate the principle in the stronger sense however it looks like it rules out all courses of action including the precautionary measures it is intended to advocate this is because if we stipulate that precaution is required in the face of uncertain harms and precautionary measures also carry a risk of harm the precautionary principle can both demand and prohibit action at the same time the risk of a policy resulting in catastrophic harm is always possible for example prohibiting genetically modified crops risks significantly reduced food production placing a moratorium on nuclear power risks an over reliance on coal that could lead to more air pollution implementing extreme measures to slow global warming risks impoverishment and bad health outcomes for some people 66 68 67 the strong version of the precautionary principle in that i t bans the very steps that it requires 68 26 thus fails to be coherent as sunstein states it is not protective it is paralyzing 68 34 see also edit argument from ignorance benefit of the doubt similar concept best available technology biosecurity centre for the study of existential risk chesterton s fence clinical equipoise complex systems diffusion of innovations ecologically sustainable development environmental law environmental principles and policies health impact assessment maximin principle micromort policy uncertainty possible carcinogen postcautionary principle prevention of disasters principle proactionary principle risk aversion scientific skepticism substitution principle sustainability superconducting super collider sustainability tombstone mentality vaccine controversies references edit 1 2 3 4 rupert read and tim o riordan 2017 the precautionary principle under fire pdf environment science and policy for sustainable development 59 september october 2017 environment 4 15 bibcode 2017espsd 59e 4r doi 10 1080 00139157 2017 1350005 s2cid 158589782 the precautionary principle definitions applications and governance think tank www europarl europa eu retrieved 19 march 2020 resnik david b 2003 is the precautionary principle unscientific studies in history and philosophy of science part c studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences 34 2 329 344 doi 10 1016 s1369 8486 02 00074 2 elishakoff i safety factors and reliability friends or foes dordrecht kluwer academic publishers 2004 1 2 de bélidor bernard forest la science des ingénieurs dans la conduite des travaux de fortification et d architecture civile paris chez claude jombert 1729 elishakoff i interrelation between safety factors and reliability nasa cr 2001 211309 2001 doorn n and hansson s o should probabilistic design replace safety factors philosophy technology 24 2 pp 151 16 2011 the precautionary principle united nations educational scientific and cultural organization unesco world commission on the ethics of scientific knowledge and technology comest p 8 retrieved 2 january 2020 art 191 2 tfeu explanations relating to the charter of fundamental rights 2007 c 303 02 oj eu c303 35 14 12 2007 explanation on article 52 5 of the eu charter of fundamental rights t 13 99 pfizer vs council p 114 125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 brand stewart 2010 whole earth discipline penguin books isbn 9780143118282 jonas h 1984 the imperative of responsibility in search of an ethics for the technological age university of chicago press christiansen sonja boehmer 1994 chapter 2 the precautionary principle in germany enabling government in o riordan tim cameron james eds interpreting the precautionary principle earthscan publications ltd isbn 1134165781 via google books epstein l g 1980 decision making and the temporal resolution of uncertainty international economic review 21 2 269 283 doi 10 2307 2526180 jstor 2526180 arrow k j fischer a c 1974 environmental preservation uncertainty and irreversibility quarterly journal of economics 88 2 312 9 doi 10 2307 1883074 jstor 1883074 gollier christian jullien bruno treich nicolas 2000 scientific progress and irreversibility an economic interpretation of the precautionary principle journal of public economics 75 2 229 253 doi 10 1016 s0047 2727 99 00052 3 andrew jordan timothy o riordan chapter 3 the precautionary principle a legal and policy history in the precautionary principle protecting public health the environment and the future of our children archived 8 january 2023 at the wayback machine edited by marco martuzzi and joel a tickner world health organization 2004 unep rio declaration on environment and development archived from the original on 4 september 2009 retrieved 29 october 2014 staff science and environmental health network 26 january 1998 wingspread conference on the precautionary principle archived 2 november 2005 at the wayback machine 1 2 commission of the european communities 2 february 2000 communication from the commission on the precautionary principle official text of the cartagena protocol pdf united nations 29 january 2000 retrieved 12 march 2016 pope francis laudato si paragraph 186 published 24 may 2015 accessed 1 may 2024 foster kenneth r vecchia paolo repacholi michael h 12 may 2000 science and the precautionary principle science 288 5468 979 981 doi 10 1126 science 288 5468 979 issn 0036 8075 pmid 10841718 s2cid 153469283 stewart r b 2002 environmental regulatory decision making under uncertainty research in law and economics 20 76 sachs noah m 2011 rescuing the strong precautionary principle from its critics pdf university of illinois law review 2011 4 1285 1338 archived from the original pdf on 28 october 2011 retrieved 13 october 2011 1 2 sunstein cass r 2002 does the precautionary principle point us in any helpful direction the paralyzing principle pdf regulation 25 9 32 37 s2cid 18622893 the no regrets principle by shawn brodof retrieved 6 august 2019 1 2 3 mandel gregory n gathii james thuo 2006 cost benefit analysis versus the precautionary principle beyond cass sunstein s laws of fear pdf university of illinois law review 2006 5 1037 1079 archived from the original pdf on 12 march 2012 retrieved 13 october 2011 precautionary principle origins definitions and interpretations treasury publication government of new zealand 2006 http www treasury govt nz publications research policy ppp 2006 06 06 05 htm recuerda m a 2008 dangerous interpretations of the precautionary principle and the foundational values of the european union food law risk versus risk journal of food law policy 4 1 consolidated version of the treaty on the functioning of the european union article 191 paragraph 2 1 2 recuerda miguel a 2006 risk and reason in the european union law european food and feed law review 5 eur lex 62000tj0074 en eur lex eur lex europa eu eur lex 12008e191 en eur lex eur lex europa eu craig paul de búrca gráinne 2015 eu law text cases and materials sixth ed oxford university press pp 112 113 isbn 978 0 19 871492 7 charter for the environment constitutional council page visited on 28 august 2016 municode archived 5 december 2008 at the wayback machine 2006 nswlec 133 24 march 2006 protection of the environment administration act 1991 sect 6 objectives of the authority austlii edu au retrieved 3 april 2017 hon justice brian j preston 2006 telstra corporation limited v hornsby shire council 2006 nswlec 133 land and environment court of new south wales paragraphs 125 183 https www caselaw nsw gov au decision 549f8a6b3004262463ad5606 greenp...