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l congress supporters the sikhs flocked to the akali movement whilst the muslims eventually supported the muslim league 91 since the partition of the sub continent had been decided special meetings of the western and eastern section of the legislative assembly were held on 23 june 1947 to decide whether or not the province of the punjab be partitioned after voting on both sides partition was decided and the existing punjab legislative assembly was also divided into west punjab legislative assembly and the east punjab legislative assembly this last assembly before independence held its last sitting on 4 july 1947 92 another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province this rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time according to historical demographer tim dyson in the eastern regions of punjab that ultimately became indian punjab following independence districts that were 66 hindu in 1941 became 80 hindu in 1951 those that were 20 sikh became 50 sikh in 1951 conversely in the western regions of punjab that ultimately became pakistani punjab all districts became almost exclusively muslim by 1951 93 geography edit the geographical definition of the term punjab has changed over time in the 16th century mughal empire it referred to a relatively smaller area between the indus and the sutlej rivers 94 95 sikh empire edit sikh empire green in northwest india in 1823 at its height in the first half of the 19th century the sikh empire spanned a total of over 200 000 sq mi 520 000 km 2 96 97 98 the punjab was a region straddling india and the afghan durrani empire the following modern day political divisions made up the historical punjab region during the sikh empire punjab region to mithankot in the south punjab pakistan excluding bahawalpur state punjab india south to areas just across the sutlej river himachal pradesh india south to areas just across the sutlej river jammu division jammu and kashmir india and pakistan 1808 1846 kashmir region pakistan china 99 100 kashmir valley india 1819 1846 gilgit gilgit baltistan pakistan 1842 1846 citation needed ladakh india 1834 1846 101 102 khyber pass pakistan afghanistan 103 peshawar pakistan 104 taken in 1818 retaken in 1834 khyber pakhtunkhwa and the federally administered tribal areas pakistan documented from hazara taken in 1818 again in 1836 to bannu 105 parts of western tibet 106 china briefly in 1841 to taklakot 107 after ranjit singh s death in 1839 the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement this opportunity was used by the east india company to launch the first and second anglo sikh wars the country was finally annexed and dissolved at the end of the second anglo sikh war in 1849 into separate princely states and the province of punjab eventually a lieutenant governorship was formed in lahore as a direct representative of the crown 85 221 punjab british india edit see also punjab province british india in british india until the partition of india in 1947 the punjab province was geographically a triangular tract of country of which the indus river and its tributary the sutlej formed the two sides up to their confluence the base of the triangle in the north being the lower himalayan range between those two rivers moreover the province as constituted under british rule also included a large tract outside these boundaries along the northern border himalayan ranges divided it from kashmir and tibet on the west it was separated from the north west frontier province by the indus until it reached the border of dera ghazi khan district which was divided from baluchistan by the sulaiman range to the south lay sindh and rajputana while on the east the rivers jumna and tons separated it from the united provinces 108 in total punjab had an area of approximately 357 000 km square about the same size as modern day germany being one of the largest provinces of the british raj map of the punjab province british india it encompassed the present day indian states of punjab haryana chandigarh delhi and some parts of himachal pradesh which were merged with punjab by the british for administrative purposes but excluding the former princely states which were later combined into the patiala and east punjab states union and the pakistani regions of the punjab islamabad capital territory and khyber pakhtunkhwa in 1901 the frontier districts beyond the indus were separated from punjab and made into a new province the north west frontier province subsequently punjab was divided into four natural geographical divisions by colonial officials on the decadal census data 109 2 110 4 indo gangetic plain west geographical division including hisar district loharu state rohtak district dujana state gurgaon district pataudi state delhi karnal district jalandhar district kapurthala state ludhiana district malerkotla state firozpur district faridkot state patiala state jind state nabha state lahore district amritsar district gujranwala district and sheikhupura district himalayan geographical division including nahan state simla district simla hill states kangra district mandi state suket state and chamba state sub himalayan geographical division including ambala district kalsia state hoshiarpur district gurdaspur district sialkot district gujrat district jhelum district rawalpindi district and attock district north west dry area geographical division including montgomery district shahpur district mianwali district lyallpur district jhang district multan district bahawalpur state muzaffargarh district and dera ghazi khan district major cities edit main article list of cities in the punjab region by population historically lahore has been the capital of the punjab region and continues to be the most populous city in the region with a population of 11 million for the city proper faisalabad is the 2nd most populous city and largest industrial hub in this region other major cities are rawalpindi gujranwala multan ludhiana amritsar jalandhar and chandigarh are the other cities in punjab with a city proper population of over a million climate edit the snow covered himalayas the climate has significant impact on the economy of punjab particularly for agriculture in the region climate is not uniform over the whole region as the areas adjacent to the himalayas generally receive heavier rainfall than those at a distance 111 the köppen climate classification generally classifies punjab as having either a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate köppen cwa or a hot semi arid climate köppen bsh there are three main seasons and two transitional periods during summer from mid april to the end of june the temperature may reach 48 c 118 f the monsoon season from july to september is a period of heavy rainfall providing water for crops in addition to the supply from canals and irrigation systems the transitional period after the monsoon season is cool and mild leading to the winter season when the temperature in january falls to 5 c 41 f at night and 12 c 54 f by day during the transitional period from winter to summer sudden hailstorms and heavy showers may occur causing damage to crops 112 western punjab edit climate data for islamabad 1991 2020 normals month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 30 1 86 2 30 0 86 0 37 0 98 6 44 0 111 2 45 6 114 1 46 6 115 9 45 0 113 0 42 0 107 6 38 1 100 6 38 0 100 4 32 2 90 0 28 3 82 9 46 6 115 9 mean daily maximum c f 17 7 63 9 20 0 68 0 24 8 76 6 30 6 87 1 36 1 97 0 38 3 100 9 35 4 95 7 33 9 93 0 33 4 92 1 30 9 87 6 25 4 77 7 20 4 68 7 28 9 84 0 daily mean c f 10 7 51 3 13 4 56 1 18 1 64 6 23 6 74 5 28 7 83 7 31 4 88 5 30 1 86 2 29 1 84 4 27 6 81 7 23 3 73 9 17 3 63 1 12 5 54 5 22 2 72 0 mean daily minimum c f 3 6 38 5 6 8 44 2 11 4 52 5 16 6 61 9 21 5 70 7 24 5 76 1 24 9 76 8 24 2 75 6 21 7 71 1 15 6 60 1 9 1 48 4 4 7 40 5 15 4 59 7 record low c f 6 21 5 0 23 0 3 8 25 2 2 1 35 8 5 5 41 9 13 0 55 4 15 2 59 4 14 5 58 1 13 3 55 9 5 7 42 3 0 6 30 9 2 8 27 0 6 0 21 2 average precipitation mm inches 55 2 2 17 93 4 3 68 95 2 3 75 58 1 2 29 39 9 1 57 78 4 3 09 310 6 12 23 317 0 12 48 135 4 5 33 34 4 1 35 17 7 0 70 25 9 1 02 1 261 2 49 65 average precipitation days 1 0 mm 4 7 6 3 7 3 6 1 5 2 6 0 12 3 11 9 6 4 2 9 2 0 2 0 73 1 average relative humidity 67 63 62 52 42 44 68 76 67 62 63 66 61 mean monthly sunshine hours 195 7 187 1 202 3 252 4 319 0 300 1 264 4 250 7 262 2 275 5 247 9 195 6 2 952 9 mean daily sunshine hours 6 3 6 6 6 5 8 4 10 1 10 0 8 5 8 1 8 7 8 9 8 3 6 3 8 1 source 1 noaa sun 1961 1990 113 114 deutscher wetterdienst humidity 1973 1990 daily sun 1961 1990 115 source 2 pmd extremes 116 central punjab edit climate data for lahore 1991 2020 normals extremes 1931 present month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 27 8 82 0 33 3 91 9 37 8 100 0 46 1 115 0 48 3 118 9 47 2 117 0 46 1 115 0 42 8 109 0 41 7 107 1 40 6 105 1 35 0 95 0 30 0 86 0 48 3 118 9 mean daily maximum c f 18 4 65 1 22 2 72 0 27 5 81 5 34 2 93 6 38 9 102 0 38 9 102 0 35 6 96 1 34 7 94 5 34 4 93 9 32 4 90 3 27 1 80 8 21 4 70 5 30 5 86 9 daily mean c f 13 1 55 6 16 5 61 7 21 6 70 9 27 7 81 9 32 3 90 1 33 2 91 8 31 3 88 3 30 8 87 4 29 9 85 8 26 3 79 3 20 4 68 7 15 1 59 2 24 9 76 7 mean daily minimum c f 7 6 45 7 10 8 51 4 15 7 60 3 21 1 70 0 25 6 78 1 27 4 81 3 27 1 80 8 26 9 80 4 25 3 77 5 20 1 68 2 13 7 56 7 8 8 47 8 19 2 66 5 record low c f 2 2 28 0 0 0 32 0 2 8 37 0 10 0 50 0 14 0 57 2 17 8 64 0 20 0 68 0 19 0 66 2 16 7 62 1 8 3 46 9 1 0 33 8 1 1 30 0 2 2 28 0 average precipitation mm inches 21 9 0 86 31 5 1 24 31 5 1 24 19 5 0 77 17 7 0 70 73 8 2 91 188 6 7 43 177 1 6 97 88 6 3 49 10 3 0 41 6 9 0 27 6 8 0 27 674 2 26 56 average precipitation days 1 0 mm 2 5 3 5 3 6 2 8 2 9 5 0 9 1 8 7 4 9 1 1 1 9 1 1 47 1 average relative humidity 66 58 53 42 36 42 66 70 63 58 53 67 56 mean monthly sunshine hours 218 8 215 0 245 8 256 1 308 3 269 0 227 5 234 9 265 6 290 0 229 6 222 9 2 983 5 mean daily sunshine hours 7 1 7 6 7 9 9 2 9 9 9 0 7 3 7 6 8 9 9 4 8 7 7 2 8 3 source 1 noaa sun 1961 1990 117 deutscher wetterdienst humidity 1951 1990 daily sun 1961 1990 118 source 2 pmd 119 eastern punjab edit climate data for patiala 1991 2020 extremes 1901 2020 month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 28 4 83 1 33 3 91 9 37 8 100 0 44 6 112 3 47 0 116 6 46 4 115 5 45 0 113 0 42 7 108 9 40 6 105 1 38 9 102 0 35 4 95 7 29 4 84 9 47 0 116 6 mean daily maximum c f 18 7 65 7 22 5 72 5 28 0 82 4 35 2 95 4 39 3 102 7 38 3 100 9 34 4 93 9 33 4 92 1 33 1 91 6 32 6 90 7 27 7 81 9 21 2 70 2 30 3 86 5 daily mean c f 12 1 53 8 15 9 60 6 21 0 69 8 27 0 80 6 31 7 89 1 31 9 89 4 30 3 86 5 29 2 84 6 28 1 82 6 24 7 76 5 19 4 66 9 14 0 57 2 23 8 74 8 mean daily minimum c f 6 7 44 1 9 5 49 1 14 1 57 4 19 3 66 7 24 2 75 6 26 5 79 7 27 0 80 6 26 3 79 3 24 3 75 7 18 2 64 8 11 9 53 4 7 8 46 0 18 0 64 4 record low c f 0 9 30 4 0 1 32 2 3 5 38 3 7 7 45 9 15 0 59 0 18 2 64 8 20 4 68 7 20 1 68 2 15 0 59 0 10 0 50 0 3 7 38 7 0 4 32 7 0 9 30 4 average rainfall mm inches 26 3 1 04 31 9 1 26 35 7 1 41 20 6 0 81 28 5 1 12 111 6 4 39 225 8 8 89 204 5 8 05 158 9 6 26 13 1 0 52 5 7 0 22 12 9 0 51 875 6 34 47 average precipitation days 0 3 mm 3 5 4 8 4 7 4 0 4 2 7 2 11 1 11 2 6 3 1 5 1 0 1 5 61 0 average relative humidity at 17 30 ist 70 62 53 33 32 46 69 75 71 59 59 69 58 source 1 india meteorological department 120 121 source 2 tokyo climate center mean temperatures 1991 2020 122 demographics edit main article punjabis languages edit see also punjab_province_ british_india 1931_census punjabi dialects and languages and punjab pakistan language the dominant mother tongue in each district of pakistan according to the 2017 pakistan census the major language is punjabi which is written in india with the gurmukhi script and in pakistan using the shahmukhi script 123 the punjabi language has official status and is widely used in education and administration in indian punjab whereas in pakistani punjab these roles are instead fulfilled by the urdu language and punjabi is seen as a vernacular language several languages closely related to punjabi are spoken in the various parts of the region dogri 124 kangri 125 and other western pahari dialects are spoken in the north central and northeastern parts of the region while bagri 126 is spoken in south central and southeastern sections meanwhile saraiki is generally spoken across a wide belt covering the southwest while in the northwest there are large pockets containing speakers of hindko and pahari pothwari 127 linguistic demographics of punjab province language percentage 1911 109 370 punjabi f 75 93 western hindi g 15 82 western pahari 4 11 rajasthani 3 0 balochi 0 29 pashto 0 28 english 0 15 other 0 42 religions edit main article religion in the punjab background edit rig veda the oldest known hindu text originated in the punjab region the punjab is predominantly muslim though hinduism is the oldest of the religions practised by punjabi people however the term hindu was also applied over a vast territory with much regional diversity 128 the historical vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the punjab during the vedic period 1500 500 bce centered primarily in the worship of indra 129 130 131 132 the bulk of the rigveda was composed in the punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 bce 133 while later vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards between the yamuna and ganges rivers an ancient indian law book called the manusmriti developed by brahmin hindu priests shaped punjabi religious life from 200 bce onward 134 later the spread of buddhisim and jainism in the indian subcontinent saw the growth of buddhism and jainism in the punjab 135 islam was introduced via southern punjab in the 8th century becoming the majority by the 16th century via local conversion 136 137 there was a small jain community left in punjab by the 16th century while the buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century 138 the region became predominantly muslim due to missionary sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of the punjab region 139 the rise of sikhism in the 1700s saw some punjabis both hindu and muslim accepting the new sikh faith 134 140 a number of punjabis during the colonial period of india became christians with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the punjab region 134 colonial era edit main article religion in the punjab subregions a number of punjabis during the colonial period of india became christians with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the punjab region 141 additionally during the colonial er...