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ame mother of the creator she truly became queen of every creature 11 biblical basis edit a statue of mary crowned with 12 stars a reference to revelation 12 statue by attard malta in the hebrew bible some davidic kings had in their court a gebirah great lady who was often their mother and held great power as his advisor and an advocate to him in 1 kings 2 20 solomon said to his mother bathsheba seated on a throne at his right make your request mother for i will not refuse you william g most sees here a sort of type of mary 12 in the new testament the title has several biblical sources at the annunciation the archangel gabriel announces that jesus will be great and will be called the son of the most high and the lord god will give to him the throne of his father david he will rule over the house of jacob forever and his reign will be without end luke 1 32 the biblical precedent in ancient israel is that the mother of the king becomes the queen mother 13 mary s queenship is a share in jesus kingship 10 at the same time the bible also contains a strong condemnation of the worship of the so called queen of heaven in the book of jeremiah where the prophet rebukes the people of judah for making offerings and cakes to this figure jeremiah 7 18 44 17 25 the passage portrays this practice as a form of idolatry that provoked the anger of god some critics of marian devotion have pointed to this as a cautionary example of elevating a female figure to a divine status historical practice edit fra angelico c 1434 35 the catholic church from the earliest times venerated the queen of heaven according to pius xii from the earliest ages of the catholic church a christian people whether in time of triumph or more especially in time of crisis has addressed prayers of petition and hymns of praise and veneration to the queen of heaven and never has that hope wavered which they placed in the mother of the divine king jesus christ nor has that faith ever failed by which we are taught that mary the virgin mother of god reigns with a mother s solicitude over the entire world just as she is crowned in heavenly blessedness with the glory of a queen 14 in the first three centuries of christianity mary s queenship was popularized by the transitus literature that according to stephen shoemaker has its origins before the council of nicaea 15 origen of alexandria called mary my lady in his hom vii in lucam pg 13 1902d which is a royal title in the fourth century ephrem the syrian called mary lady and queen later church fathers and doctors continued to use the title similarly gregory of nyssa in his sermo de annuntiatione pg 62 766 called her lady δέσποιναν this title also appears in many other early writers e g jerome and peter chrysologus the first mariological definition and basis for the title of mary queen of heaven developed at the council of ephesus where mary was defined to be the mother of god the members of the council specifically approved this version against the opinion that mary is only the mother of jesus nobody they ruled had participated in the life of her son more than mary who gave birth to the son of god 16 the word queen is common during and after the sixth century 12 hymns of the 11th to 13th centuries address mary as queen hail holy queen hail queen of heaven queen of heaven the dominican rosary and the franciscan crown as well as numerous invocations in mary s litany celebrate her queenship 10 for centuries she has been invoked as the queen of heaven 17 during the english reformation the title queen of heaven while eliminated from state approved liturgy became a symbol of resistance 18 litany of loreto edit rubens 1609 she is invoked in the litany of loreto as queen of the angels queen of patriarchs queen of prophets queen of apostles queen of martyrs queen of confessors queen of virgins queen of all saints queen of families 17 queen conceived without original sin queen assumed into heaven queen of the most holy rosary queen of peace 19 other titles edit the second vatican council in 1964 referred to mary as queen of the universe 20 liturgy of the hours edit crowned statue of our lady of sorrows warfhuizen the netherlands three of the four ancient marian antiphons of the liturgy of the hours the salve regina the ave regina caelorum the alma redemptoris mater and the regina caeli address mary as queen these are prayed at different times of the year at the end of compline salve regina edit main article salve regina mary as queen of heaven is praised in the salve regina hail queen which is considered the oldest of the four marian antiphons and is sung in the time after pentecost until the first vespers of advent it is attributed to a german benedictine monk hermann of reichenau 1013 1054 traditionally it has been sung in latin though many translations exist in the middle ages salve regina offices were held every saturday 21 in the 13th century the custom developed to greet the queen of heaven with the salve regina as a part of the catholic reformation the salve regina was prayed every saturday by members of the sodality of our lady a jesuit marian association the hail holy queen is also the final prayer of the rosary ave regina caelorum edit main article ave regina caelorum the ave regina caelorum hail queen of the heavens is an early marian antiphon praising mary the queen of heaven the antiphon is traditionally used after vespers or compline from the feast of the presentation 2 february through the wednesday of holy week it is also sung in the liturgy of the hours on the feast of the assumption of mary or ad libitum on other marian feasts with reference to the queenship of mary the ave regina caelorum dates back in a different musical intonation to the 12th century 22 full citation needed today s version is slightly different from a 12th century intonation the ave regina caelorum has four parts ave salve gaude and vale in english hail rejoice farewell it was used for processions in honour of the queen of heaven the ave regina caelorum received numerous musical versions a famous one of which was composed in 1773 by joseph haydn 23 full citation needed regina caeli edit main article regina caeli mary as the queen of heaven in dante s divine comedy illustration by gustave doré the regina caeli queen of heaven is an anthem of the catholic church which replaces the angelus during eastertide the fifty days from easter sunday to pentecost 24 it is named for its opening words in latin of unknown authorship the anthem has been traced back to the twelfth century it was in franciscan use after compline in the first half of the thirteenth century 25 different musical settings of the words were composed throughout the centuries by known and unknown composers not all attributions are correct as an often quoted regina caeli by joseph haydn was not by him 23 veneration edit the small and simple young girl of nazareth became queen of the world this is one of the marvels that reveal god s heart of course mary s queenship is totally relative to christ s kingship he is the lord whom after the humiliation of death on the cross the father exalted above any other creature in heaven and on earth and under the earth cf phil 2 9 11 through a design of grace the immaculate mother was fully associated with the mystery of the son in his incarnation in his earthly life at first hidden at nazareth and then manifested in the messianic ministry in his passion and death and finally in the glory of his resurrection and ascension into heaven benedict xvi 26 the queenship of mary is commemorated in the last of the glorious mysteries of the holy rosary the coronation of the virgin as queen of heaven and earth 27 parishes and private groups often process and crown an image of mary with flowers this often is referred to as a may crowning this rite may be done on solemnities and feasts of the blessed virgin mary or other festive days and offers the church a chance to reflect on mary s role in the history of salvation 28 the virgin has been called queen of france since 1638 when partly in thanksgiving for a victory over the huguenots and also in hope of the birth of an heir after years of childless marriage louis xiii officially gave her that title siena tuscany hails the virgin as queen of siena and annually observes the race and pageant called the palio in her honor 29 mary was declared queen of poland by king john ii casimir during the lwów oath in the 17th century since then she is believed to save the country miraculously during deluge partitions of poland polish soviet war world war ii and the polish people s republic the solemnity of our lady queen of poland is celebrated on 3 may 30 31 feast of queenship of mary edit the coronation of the salus populi romani icon by pope pius xii in 1954 queenship of mary is a marian feast day in the liturgical calendar of the catholic church created by pope pius xii on 11 october 1954 the pontiff pronounced the new feast in his encyclical ad caeli reginam the feast was celebrated on may 31 the last day of the marian month the initial ceremony for this feast involved the crowning of the salus populi romani icon of mary in rome by pius xii as part of a procession in rome 32 in 1969 pope paul vi moved the feast day to august 22 the former octave day of the assumption 10 in order to emphasize the close bond between mary s queenship and her glorification in body and soul next to her son the second vatican council s constitution on the church states that mary was taken up body and soul into heavenly glory and exalted by the lord as queen of the universe that she might be the more fully conformed to her son lumen gentium 59 17 the movement to officially recognise the queenship of mary was initially promoted by several catholic mariological congresses in lyon france freiburg germany and einsiedeln switzerland gabriel roschini founded in rome italy an international society to promote the queenship of mary pro regalitate mariae 33 several popes had described mary as queen and queen of heaven which was documented by roschini pope pius xii repeated the title in numerous encyclicals and apostolic letters especially during world war ii 34 35 36 37 38 39 marian processions edit annual grand marian procession through downtown los angeles in los angeles california a marian procession took place annually for roughly the first 100 years following the founding of the city in an attempt to revive the custom of religious processions in september 2011 the queen of angels foundation founded by mark anchor albert inaugurated an annual grand marian procession in the heart of downtown los angeles historic core 40 this yearly procession intended to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the city of los angeles begins outside of the parish of la iglesia de nuestra señora reina de los angeles which is part of the los angeles plaza historic district better known as la placita by way of city streets the procession eventually terminates at the cathedral of our lady of the angels where a public rosary and mass in honour of the blessed virgin mary are offered subsequent years have seen the involvement and participation of numerous chivalric fraternal and religious orders parishes lay groups political figures as well as other religious and civic organizations 41 christian art edit main articles coronation of the virgin and marian art in the catholic church giacomo di mino 1340 1350 earliest known 6th century roman depiction of santa maria regina saint mary the queen santa maria antiqua church rome early christian art shows mary in an elevated position she carries her divine son in her hands or holds him the earliest known roman depiction of santa maria regina depicting mary as a queen dates to the 6th century and is found in the modest church of santa maria antiqua built in the 5th century in the forum romanum here mary is unequivocally depicted as an empress 42 43 44 as one of the earliest catholic marian churches this church was used by pope john vii in the early 8th century as the see of the bishop of rome also in the 8th century the second council of nicaea decreed that such pictures of mary should be venerated 16 evangelical lutheranism holds mary in high esteem churches and lutheran art has been made in her honour the façade of saint mary s church in berlin is crowned by a wooden sculpture of the virgin with child standing on a half moon with crown and sceptre thus depicting mary as regina coeli as queen of heaven 45 in contrast in the early 16th century reformed leaders began to discourage marian art and some like calvin or zwingli even encouraged its destruction but after the council of trent in the mid 16th century confirmed the veneration of marian paintings for catholics mary was often painted as a madonna with crown surrounded by stars standing on top of the world or the partly visible moon these depictions occur in evangelical lutheranism as well as with saint mary s church in berlin after the victory against the turks at lepanto mary is depicted as the queen of victory sometimes wearing the crown of the habsburg empire 46 national interpretations existed in france as well where jean fouquet painted the queen of heaven in 1450 with the face of the mistress of king charles vii 47 statues and pictures of mary were crowned by kings in poland france bavaria hungary and austria 47 sometimes apparently using crowns previously worn by earthly monarchs a surviving small crown presented by margaret of york seems to have been that worn by her at her wedding to charles the bold in 1463 a recent coronation was that of the picture of the salus populi romani in 1954 by pius xii the veneration of mary as queen continues into the 21st century but artistic expressions do not have the leading role as in previous times 47 artworks including paintings mosaics and carvings of the coronation of mary as queen of heaven became increasingly popular from the 13th century onward works follow a set pattern showing mary kneeling in the heavenly court and being crowned either by jesus alone or else by jesus and god the father together with the holy spirit usually in the form of a dove completing the trinity the coronation of mary is almost entirely a theme of western christian art in the eastern orthodox church although mary is often shown wearing a crown the coronation itself never became an accepted artistic subject 8 gallery of art edit paintings edit martino di bartolomeo 1400 the icon salus populi romani crowned for the marian year 1954 gregorio di cecco enthroned madonna crowned madonna della strada lorenzo monaco coronation 1414 uffizi florence pietro perugino 1504 raphael 1502 1504 giacomo di mino 1340 1350 giulio cesare procaccini 17th century enguerrand charonton coronation of mary by the trinity 1454 botticelli with only god the father 15th century lorenzo costa crowning of the madonna and saints 1501 coronation agnolo gaddi 14th century jean fouquet c...