Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

ruby, and, implementations, external, links, early, programming, language, contents, history, semantics, philosophy, features, syntax, repositories, libraries, critique, see, also, references, further, reading, concept, releases, matz, interpreter, alternative, platform, support, strings, symbols, significant, whitespace, multiple, comparison, operators,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
ruby (286), the (247), and (183), from (83), retrieved (72), original (60), archived (59), #language (53), for (49), with (47), #programming (43), was (39), 2015 (36), that (35), may (31), are (31), software (29), edit (28), object (25), matsumoto (23), released (22), list (20), languages (19), this (19), python (19), has (19), implementation (19), february (18), source (17), code (16), 2026 (16), free (16), class (16), december (16), can (16), also (16), multiple (15), 2013 (15), methods (15), changes (15), oriented (14), open (14), org (14), other (14), support (14), rails (14), implementations (14), 2020 (14), features (14), which (14), license (13), first (13), 2016 (13), not (13), about (12), all (12), more (12), 978 (12), isbn (12), design (12), time (12), syntax (12), machine (12), many (12), wikipedia (11), standard (11), 2014 (11), web (11), perl (11), yukihiro (11), just (11), performance (11), use (10), july (10), like (10), lang (10), talk (10), one (10), strings (10), you (9), japanese (9), comparison (9), history (9), english (9), jruby (9), 2008 (9), march (9), 2021 (9), than (9), faster (9), 2011 (9), library (9), name (9), but (9), foo (9), two (9), interpreter (9), similar (9), include (9), experimental (9), improvements (9), using (8), september (8), statements (8), iso (8), standards (8), dynamic (8), based (8), rubinius (8), 2007 (8), 2018 (8), will (8), new (8), release (8), 2017 (8), everything (8), compiler (8), default (8), they (8), there (8), were (8), including (8), instance (8), official (7), different (7), link (7), cs1 (7), maint (7), links (7), types (7), alternative (7), smalltalk (7), rust (7), lisp (7), java (7), libraries (7), rubygems (7), documentation (7), string (7), true (7), end (7), symbols (7), hash (7), garbage (7), version (7), written (7), variable (7), some (7), early (7), commons (6), articles (6), names (6), scripting (6), systems (6), development (6), general (6), tools (6), mri (6), january (6), august (6), cite (6), october (6), mailing (6), line (6), bar (6), significant (6), come (6), because (6), functions (6), only (6), its (6), called (6), run (6), used (6), being (6), been (6), principle (6), least (6), surprise (6), toggle (5), foundation (5), page (5), category (5), authors (5), april (5), 2025 (5), 1995 (5), 2022 (5), proprietary (5), applications (5), operating (5), net (5), why (5), mruby (5), media (5), third (5), professional (5), 2019 (5), well (5), 2010 (5), their (5), github (5), incompatible (5), error (5), memory (5), 2000 (5), expression (5), value (5), unicode (5), faq (5), november (5), news (5), matz (5), 1999 (5), puts (5), encodings (5), when (5), programmer (5), such (5), gems (5), few (5), later (5), major (5), uses (5), virtual (5), now (5), classes (5), releases (5), rather (5), method (5), defined (5), handling (5), supports (5), years (5), yjit (5), notable (5), contents (4), search (4), statement (4), non (4), wikidata (4), paradigm (4), functional (4), international (4), portal (4), shared (4), gnu (4), related (4), public (4), lua (4), julia (4), basic (4), ada (4), guide (4), yarv (4), external (4), reilly (4), june (4), cooper (4), peter (4), practical (4), operators (4), these (4), then (4), whitespace (4), character (4), encoding (4), www (4), make (4), blocks (4), closures (4), runtime (4), specific (4), creator (4), philosophy (4), need (4), 2023 (4), gustavo (4), frederico (4), temple (4), pedrosa (4), vitor (4), lima (4), leonardo (4), bianconi (4), others (4), reference (4), have (4), influenced (4), see (4), result (4), false (4), function (4), square (4), regexp (4), ascii (4), would (4), application (4), versions (4), developed (4), work (4), platform (4), framework (4), goal (4), large (4), game (4), designed (4), three (4), compilation (4), single (4), property (4), private (4), through (4), variables (4), simple (4), any (4), semantics (4), scope (4), main (4), article (4), collection (4), regular (4), block (4), typing (4), mixins (4), inheritance (4), every (4), had (4), doing (4), adds (4), jit (4), thread (4), includes (4), programs (4), obj (4), japan (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), add (3), table (3), view (3), policy (3), text (3), available (3), under (3), terms (3), organization (3), wikimedia (3), example (3), website (3), url (3), wayback (3), description (3), bsd (3), created (3), multi (3), data (3), 30170 (3), iec (3), core (3), linux (3), management (3), domain (3), definition (3), movement (3), community (3), long (3), hosting (3), swift (3), shell (3), javascript (3), david (3), interactive (3), rubymotion (3), 2009 (3), way (3), apress (3), beginning (3), novice (3), further (3), surprised (3), symbol (3), com (3), gem (3), 2002 (3), how (3), bill (3), venners (3), productivity (3), interview (3), does (3), against (3), google (3), 3x3 (3), increase (3), versioning (3), starting (3), 2012 (3), lattner (3), chris (3), internal (3), help (3), ideas (3), clu (3), introduction (3), projects (3), eiffel (3), references (3), computer (3), however (3), def (3), even (3), cause (3), file (3), same (3), between (3), utf (3), 8bit (3), create (3), since (3), before (3), critique (3), hosted (3), package (3), via (3), most (3), facilitate (3), his (3), known (3), number (3), complex (3), often (3), system (3), into (3), outside (3), accessor (3), unlike (3), full (3), metaprogramming (3), keywords (3), expressions (3), ftp (3), implemented (3), repl (3), api (3), feature (3), threads (3), exception (3), according (3), described (3), top (3), someone (3), after (3), still (3), said (3), personal (3), machines (3), something (3), world (3), purpose (3), instead (3), parser (3), introduces (3), enhancements (3), updates (3), developer (3), matching (3), although (3), match (3), array (3), dig (3), stable (3), ishitsuka (3), published (3), didn (3), subsection (3), topic (2), mobile (2), developers (2), contact (2), privacy (2), additional (2), inc (2), creative (2), last (2), categories (2), bot (2), status (2), unknown (2), containing (2), potentially (2), dated (2), unsourced (2), short (2), matches (2), programmed (2), dynamically (2), typed (2), php (2), control (2), 27000 (2), series (2), 23094 (2), 20000 (2), 15926 (2), 11941 (2), 1073 (2), standardization (2), initiative (2), hardware (2), specification (2), drivers (2), licenses (2), zlib (2), gpl (2), events (2), formerly (2), ios (2), apps (2), timeline (2), pascal (2), haskell (2), elixir (2), rgss (2), poignant (2), dave (2), thomas (2), people (2), server (2), rvm (2), rake (2), pry (2), ide (2), maglev (2), hotruby (2), ironruby (2), macruby (2), wikiversity (2), learning (2), wikiquote (2), 596 (2), manning (2), publications (2), pragmatic (2), addison (2), wesley (2), second (2), reading (2), grimm (2), avdi (2), appear (2), improved (2), find (2), confuses (2), inside (2), ronacher (2), armin (2), athityakumar (2), leak (2), random (2), sitepoint (2), retire (2), your (2), question (2), what (2), part (2), parentheses (2), precedence (2), special (2), case (2), while (2), uax (2), segmentation (2), youtube (2), tech (2), 2024 (2), specifying (2), ppc64 (2), semantic (2), repository (2), ipa (2), 独立行政法人 (2), 情報処理推進機構 (2), プレス発表 (2), jis (2), 3017 (2), 2003 (2), test (2), greatly (2), objective (2), homepage (2), technology (2), berkeley (2), dylan (2), crystal (2), books (2), alongside (2), behavior (2), output (2), result_b (2), result_a (2), without (2), bugs (2), where (2), having (2), creates (2), problems (2), separate (2), arrays (2), easily (2), return (2), set (2), both (2), lot (2), each (2), own (2), thus (2), quick (2), hashed (2), exist (2), archive (2), command (2), though (2), over (2), repositories (2), across (2), cloud (2), platforms (2), ability (2), environment (2), shortened (2), rpg (2), maker (2), runs (2), compile (2), bytecode (2), pure (2), currently (2), targets (2), truffleruby (2), providing (2), another (2), retired (2), interpreted (2), compilers (2), exposed (2), directly (2), members (2), receives (2), get (2), them (2), definitions (2), signaled (2), sigil (2), modules (2), native (2), party (2), fibers (2), dispatch (2), built (2), numbers (2), rational (2), operator (2), boolean (2), nil (2), continuations (2), global (2), arguments (2), iterators (2), lexical (2), objects (2), duck (2), differs (2), procedural (2), values (2), reflective (2), certain (2), level (2), effectively (2), wait (2), means (2), learn (2), very (2), surprises (2), primary (2), pola (2), 2005 (2), choice (2), familiar (2), focus (2), think (2), humans (2), happy (2), needs (2), interface (2), separation (2), decided (2), prism (2), socket (2), collector (2), key (2), addition (2), scheduler (2), contribute (2), included (2), mjit (2), bundled (2), ractor (2), safe (2), messages (2), times (2), already (2), automatically (2), coverage (2), binding (2), session (2), given (2), profile (2), social (2), baz (2), required (2), navigation (2), bugfixes (2), removed (2), deprecated (2), lib (2), compatible (2), dual (2), licensed (2), adoption (2), popular (2), citation (2), needed (2), around (2), interest (2), increasing (2), several (2), promotion (2), information (2), agency (2), industrial (2), initially (2), book (2), began (2), year (2), keiju (2), days (2), 1993 (2), colleague (2), knew (2), really (2), appeared (2), concept (2), wikibooks (2), ago (2), appearance (2), upload (2), read (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), cookie, statistics, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, apply, site, agree, registered, trademark, profit, attribution, sharealike, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, webarchive, template, inventions, interpreters, https, index, title, ruby_, programming_language, oldid, 1372670122, yale, lux, idref, israel, spain, czech, republic, bnf, france, united, states, national, gnd, authority, databases, 80000, 56000, 55000, 50001, 45001, 42010, 40500, 40314, 40260, 40250, 40240, 40230, 39075, 39001, 38500, 37120, 37001, 33001, 32000, 31010, 31000, 30000, 29500, 29199, 29148, 29119, 29110, 28000, 27729, 27040, 27019, 27018, 27017, 27007, 27006, 27005, 27004, 27003, 27002, 27001, 26324, 26300, 26262, 26000, 25964, 25178, 24728, 24707, 24617, 24613, 24517, 23941, 23360, 23271, 23270, 23092, 23090, 23009, 23008, 23003, 23000, 22537, 22396, 22395, 22392, 22382, 22381, 22380, 22322, 22319, 22315, 22301, 22300, 22275, 22000, 21827, 21778, 21500, 21482, 21122, 21047, 21001, 21000, 20830, 20802, 20400, 20252, 20121, 20022, 29999, 19831, 19794, 19775, 19770, 19757, 19752, 19650, 19600, 19510, 19509, 19508, 19507, 19506, 19505, 19503, 19502, 19501, 19500, 19439, 19407, 19136, 19125, 19115, 19114, 19092, 19011, 19005, 18916, 18760, 18629, 18245, 18181, 18014, 18004, 17800, 17799, 17506, 17442, 17369, 17203, 17100, 17025, 17024, 16949, 16750, 16612, 16610, 16485, 16355, 16262, 16023, 15938, 15930, wip, 15924, 15919, 15897, 15707, 15706, 15693, 15686, 15511, 15504, 15489, 15438, 15445, 15444, 15408, 15398, 15291, 15288, 15189, 15118, 15022, 14971, 14882, 14764, 14755, 14698, 14651, 14649, 14644, 14617, 14555, 14496, 14443, 14396, 14289, 14224, 14223, 14051, 14031, 14006, 14000, 13849, 13818, 13816, 13616, 13584, 13568, 13567, 13490, 13485, 13450, 13406, 13399, 13250, 13216, 13211, 12944, 12620, 12234, 12207, 12182, 12052, 12006, 11992, 11940, 11898, 11889, 11801, 11785, 11784, 11783, 11544, 11404, 11179, 11172, 11170, 11073, 10967, 10962, 10957, 10861, 10746, 10664, 10646, 10628, 10589, 10585, 10383, 10367, 238, 10303, 10279, 10218, 10206, 10179, 10165, 10161, 10160, 10118, 10116, 10007, 10006, 10000, 19999, 9995, 9985, 9984, 9945, 9899, 9897, 9797, 9660, 9594, 9592, 9593, 9564, 9529, 9506, 9496, 9407, 9362, 9314, 9293, 9241, 9227, 9141, 9126, 9075, 9036, 9000, 9001, 8879, 8859, 8820, 8807, 8805, 8806, 8802, 8691, 8652, 8651, 8632, 8613, 8601, 8583, 8571, 8501, 8373, 8217, 8178, 8093, 8000, 7942, 7816, 7813, 7812, 7811, 7810, 7736, 7637, 7498, 7200, 7185, 7098, 7064, 7027, 7010, 7002, 7001, 6943, 6862, 6709, 6523, 6438, 6429, 6425, 6385, 6373, 6346, 6344, 6166, 5964, 5807, 5800, 5776, 5775, 5725, 5428, 5427, 5426, 5218, 5127, 4909, 4217, 4165, 4157, 4031, 3977, 3950, 3901, 3864, 3602, 3601, 3307, 3297, 3166, 3103, 3029, 2921, 2852, 2848, 2788, 2720, 2711, 2709, 2533, 2281, 2240, 2146, 2145, 2108, 2047, 2033, 1989, 1745, 1629, 1538, 1413, 1155, 1007, 1004, 1000, 999, 965, 898, 860, 843, 838, 764, 732, 704, 690, 668, 657, 646, 639, 519, 518, 500, 361, 306, 302, 262, 261, 259, 233, 228, 226, 217, 216, 128, 9999, romanizations, revolution, cathedral, bazaar, model, microsoft, promise, manifesto, forking, topics, trusted, computing, tivoization, security, patents, sco, controversies, firmware, device, mozilla, rebranding, proliferation, digital, rights, challenges, permissive, cultural, works, debian, guidelines, copyleft, contributor, agreement, wtfpl, unlicense, sleepycat, mpl, mit, isc, lgpl, agpl, epl, cddl, beerware, artistic, apsl, apache, afl, india, organisations, advocacy, commercial, android, commerce, video, games, television, routing, office, suites, mathematics, health, wireless, graphics, configuration, codecs, bioinformatics, audio, packages, outline, term, project, directories, facilities, closed, generational, categorical, alphabetical, lists, scratch, sql, sas, prolog, raku, ocaml, caml, matlab, kotlin, fortran, forth, erlang, cobol, classic, visual, assembly, apl, simula, algol, rubyforge, rubykaigi, central, document, format, lucky, stiff, heinemeier, hansson, webrick, rack, mod_rails, mod_rack, phusion, passenger, mongrel, mod_ruby, qtruby, sinatra, shoes, rubycocoa, padrino, merb, rhtml, eruby, adhearsion, frameworks, cocoapods, homebrew, vagrant, puppet, chef, rspec, redmine, hackety, hack, capistrano, rubymine, komodo, aptana, studio, xruby, discontinued, active, resources, quotations, fitzgerald, michael, 52986, 255, baird, kevin, 326, 1593271480, starch, press, concepts, flanagan, 51617, 446, mcanally, jeremy, arkin, assaf, 360, 1933988474, practice, fowler, chad, hunt, andy, fourth, 888, 1937785499, bookshelf, programmers, fulton, hal, arko, andré, 816, 321, 71463, solutions, techniques, carlson, lucas, richardson, leonard, 963, 1449373719, cookbook, recipes, 492, 1484212790, metz, sandi, 288, 445647, agile, primer, black, leo, joseph, 584, 1617295218, grounded, rubyist, enough, discover, glance, synonyms, tempted, oprators, place, sake, readability, assuming, yield, temptation, eventually, yourself, rudely, don, behave, quite, symbolic, kin, presents, concise, matter, majority, thoughts, writings, sensitivity, issue, 377, colorls, jan, randomhacks, ways, looking, hacks, raa, stats, host, toolbox, initial, maya, stodte, ibm, developerworks, remove, virtual_module, born, hopefully, 2004, unless, grouped, within, 02460, cannot, argument, assignment, 01120, docs, martinfowler, workbenches, killer, app, bruce, stewart, 2001, stack, welcome, rubyweeklynews, talks, jeffery, morhous, know, dec, scheffler, jonan, koichi, tenderlove, future, dev, mensfeld, running, 2_3_0, v2_2_0, macro, volatile, registers, changelog, endoh, yusuke, subversion, v1_9_3_0, devarticles, プログラム言語ruby, 国際規格として承認, プログラム言語rubyのjis規格, 制定について, forward, 124, tutorial, 00382, archeolinguistics, unearthing, proto, mail, hiroshi, sugihara, fyi, historic, decisive, moment, ann, 2006, shugo, maeda, product, tireless, effort, team, experts, gurus, optimization, ninjas, incredibly, important, dogfooding, group, who, provided, feedback, refine, battle, course, benefited, experiences, hard, won, field, drawing, far, too, influences, burks, tim, neon, bini, ola, draws, primarily, 59059, 881, bringing, confreaks, conference, reasons, behind, 2nd, 101, lesser, extent, 4302, 2363, metasploit, evaluated, vastly, newcomers, lower, assignments, calls, tokens, 144, results, unterminated, meets, subtle, users, aren, aware, belongs, doesn, among, indices, equal, requiring, conversion, associative, throw, joined, happen, manually, encountered, actually, usually, contain, throwing, prevents, force_encoding, utf_8, join, compatibilityerror, hand, occur, program, storage, manipulate, mutable, identical, compare, once, immutable, collected, creating, lots, maintained, until, transferred, existing, service, offers, git, manager, installed, 100, 000, ides, rbenv, installation, partitioning, gemsets, originally, migrated, finally, modern, desktop, supported, heroku, jelastic, sunos, sony, 3bsd, maturity, tends, measured, implement, point, particular, achieves, singularity, able, unmodified, production, actionscript, optimized, handle, scale, ree, enterprise, edition, cardinal, parrot, counterpart, mac, defunct, opal, compiles, topaz, julializer, partial, speedup, useful, numerical, transpiler, modification, engine, role, playing, creation, embedded, vein, gemstone, gemtalk, llvm, truffle, graalvm, mixed, takes, approach, ahead, update, continuing, above, yet, superseded, slower, previous, standardized, pass, referred, descriptors, trade, off, process, begins, publicly, descriptor, adjusted, forces, provides, declare, keeping, idea, never, accesses, passes, message, response, differences, keeps, completely, exposes, etc, getter, setter, traditional, fashion, invocation, require, trivial, change, modifying, calling, refactoring, achieving, functionality, attr_reader, attr_writer, broadly, whereas, either, braces, contrast, obligatorily, prefixed, purposes, distinction, breaks, taken, semicolon, equivalently, indentation, curses, rss, http, openssl, cgi, xml, json, yaml, centralized, quickly, plug, competitor, requires, installing, grapheme_clusters, length, grapheme, cooperative, custom, const_missing, method_missing, arbitrary, precision, arithmetic, overloading, strict, rules, except, coercion, four, levels, denoted, lack, thereof, sigils, local, embedding, interpolation, literal, notation, hashes, generators, alteration, reflection, succinct, flexible, minimizes, serves, syntactic, noise, executed, declarations, imperatively, thoroughly, metaclasses, allows, defining, makes, root, self, orientation, evaluation, parametric, polymorphism, introspection, anonymous, instances, designate, primitives, booleans, abilities, always, become, ancestor, visible, scopes, serving, procedures, singleton, belonging, import, null, integers, everyone, individual, background, else, aspects, say, violates, started, designing, exclusively, himself, enjoyed, minimizing, possible, confusion, applied, discussion, newsgroup, comp, attempted, distance, explaining, surprising, evaluating, remains, consistent, those, astonishment, especially, engineers, fast, focusing, fact, care, masters, slaves, stated, fun, following, principles, good, hope, productive, enjoy, stresses, emphasize, human, user, zjit, box, provide, bump, celebrate, 30th, birthday, parameter, improves, modular, eyeballs, portable, maintainable, parsing, rjit, boosts, additionally, usage, efficient, friendly, ecosystem, brings, wasi, algorithm, protect, attacks, configurable, timeouts, debugging, suggestion, highlighting, module, architectures, redos, memoized, webassembly, enhance, real, business, network, moved, pop, imap, smtp, debugger, shopify, rbs, describe, separated, static, analysis, improve, utilities, fibre, light, weight, achieved, exchanging, concurrency, day, signifies, comparing, intermediate, road, achieve, comes, remain, disabled, enabled, flags, christmas, pattern, compaction, positional, keyword, rubyvm, abstractsyntaxtree, surrounding, less, extra, chaining, branch, measurement, easier, transformations, passing, mutexes, erb, templates, concatenation, transform_keys, slice, yield_self, begin, ensure, rescue, deadlock, detection

Text of the page (random words):
hod coverage measurement and easier hash transformations with hash slice and hash transform_keys on top of that come a lot of performance improvements like faster block passing 3 times faster faster mutexes faster erb templates and improvements on some concatenation methods a few notable changes in ruby 2 6 0 include an experimental just in time compiler jit and rubyvm abstractsyntaxtree experimental a few notable changes in ruby 2 7 0 include pattern matching experimental repl improvements a compaction gc and separation of positional and keyword arguments ruby 3 edit ruby 3 0 0 was released on christmas day in 2020 37 it is known as ruby 3x3 which signifies that programs would run three times faster in ruby 3 0 comparing to ruby 2 0 38 and some had already been implemented in intermediate releases on the road from 2 to 3 to achieve 3x3 ruby 3 comes with mjit and later yjit just in time compilers to make programs faster although they are described as experimental and remain disabled by default enabled by flags at runtime another goal of ruby 3 0 is to improve concurrency and two more utilities fibre scheduler and experimental ractor facilitate the goal 37 ractor is light weight and thread safe as it is achieved by exchanging messages rather than shared objects ruby 3 0 introduces rbs language to describe the types of ruby programs for static analysis 37 it is separated from general ruby programs there are some syntax enhancements and library changes in ruby 3 0 as well 37 ruby 3 1 was released on 25 december 2021 39 it includes yjit a new experimental just in time compiler developed by shopify to enhance the performance of real world business applications a new debugger is also included there are some syntax enhancements and other improvements in this release network libraries for ftp smtp imap and pop are moved from default gems to bundled gems 40 ruby 3 2 was released on 25 december 2022 41 it brings support for being run inside of a webassembly environment via a wasi interface regular expressions also receives some improvements including a faster memoized matching algorithm to protect against certain redos attacks and configurable timeouts for regular expression matching additional debugging and syntax features are also included in this release which include syntax suggestion as well as error highlighting the mjit compiler has been re implemented as a standard library module while the yjit a rust based jit compiler now supports more architectures on linux ruby 3 3 was released on 25 december 2023 42 ruby 3 3 introduces significant enhancements and performance improvements to the language key features include the introduction of the prism parser for portable and maintainable parsing the addition of the pure ruby jit compiler rjit and major performance boosts in the yjit compiler additionally improvements in memory usage the introduction of an m n thread scheduler and updates to the standard library contribute to a more efficient and developer friendly ruby ecosystem ruby 3 4 was released on 25 december 2024 43 ruby 3 4 adds it block parameter reference changes prism as default parser adds happy eyeballs version 2 support to socket library improves yjit adds modular garbage collector and so on 44 ruby 4 edit ruby 4 0 was released 25 december 2025 45 it adds experimental zjit a jit written in rust and experimental ruby box a feature to provide separation about definitions it was decided to bump the version number to 4 0 instead of 3 5 to celebrate ruby s 30th birthday 46 semantics and philosophy edit yukihiro matsumoto the creator of ruby matsumoto stated that ruby is designed for programmer productivity and fun following the principles of good user interface design 47 at a google tech talk in 2008 he said i hope to see ruby help every programmer in the world to be productive and to enjoy programming and to be happy that is the primary purpose of ruby language 48 he stresses that systems design needs to emphasize human rather than computer needs 49 often people especially computer engineers focus on the machines they think by doing this the machine will run fast by doing this the machine will run more effectively by doing this the machine will something something something they are focusing on machines but in fact we need to focus on humans on how humans care about doing programming or operating the application of the machines we are the masters they are the slaves matsumoto has said his primary design goal was to make a language that he himself enjoyed using by minimizing programmer work and possible confusion he has said that he had not applied the principle of least astonishment pola to the design of ruby 49 in a may 2005 discussion on the newsgroup comp lang ruby matsumoto attempted to distance ruby from pola explaining that because any design choice will be surprising to someone he uses a personal standard in evaluating surprise if that personal standard remains consistent there would be few surprises for those familiar with the standard 50 matsumoto defined it this way in an interview 49 everyone has an individual background someone may come from python someone else may come from perl and they may be surprised by different aspects of the language then they come up to me and say i was surprised by this feature of the language so ruby violates the principle of least surprise wait wait the principle of least surprise is not for you only the principle of least surprise means principle of least my surprise and it means the principle of least surprise after you learn ruby very well for example i was a c programmer before i started designing ruby i programmed in c exclusively for two or three years and after two years of c programming it still surprises me ruby is object oriented every value is an object including classes and instances of types that many other languages designate as primitives such as integers booleans and null because everything in ruby is an object everything in ruby has certain built in abilities called methods every function is a method and methods are always called on an object methods defined at the top level scope become methods of the object class since this class is an ancestor of every other class such methods can be called on any object they are also visible in all scopes effectively serving as global procedures ruby supports inheritance with dynamic dispatch mixins and singleton methods belonging to and defined for a single instance rather than being defined on the class though ruby does not support multiple inheritance classes can import modules as mixins ruby has been described as a multi paradigm programming language it allows procedural programming defining functions variables outside classes makes them part of the root self object with object orientation everything is an object or functional programming it has anonymous functions closures and continuations statements all have values and functions return the last evaluation it has support for introspection reflective programming metaprogramming and interpreter based threads ruby features dynamic typing and supports parametric polymorphism according to the ruby faq the syntax is similar to perl s and the semantics are similar to smalltalk s but the design philosophy differs greatly from python s 51 features edit thoroughly object oriented with inheritance mixins and metaclasses 52 dynamic typing and duck typing everything is an expression even statements and everything is executed imperatively even declarations succinct and flexible syntax 53 that minimizes syntactic noise and serves as a foundation for domain specific languages 54 dynamic reflection and alteration of objects to facilitate metaprogramming 55 lexical closures iterators and generators with a block syntax 56 literal notation for arrays hashes regular expressions and symbols embedding code in strings interpolation default arguments four levels of variable scope global class instance and local denoted by sigils or the lack thereof garbage collection first class continuations strict boolean coercion rules everything is true except false and nil exception handling operator overloading 57 built in support for rational numbers complex numbers and arbitrary precision arithmetic custom dispatch behavior through method_missing and const_missing native threads and cooperative fibers fibers are a 1 9 yarv feature support for unicode and multiple character encodings full support for grapheme segmentation uax 29 58 59 unlike the competitor python which requires installing a third party library puts grapheme_clusters length 1 native plug in api in c interactive ruby shell an interactive command line interpreter that can be used to test code quickly repl centralized package management through rubygems implemented on all major platforms large standard library including modules for yaml json xml cgi openssl http ftp rss curses zlib and tk 60 just in time compilation syntax edit main article ruby syntax the syntax of ruby is broadly similar to that of perl and python class and method definitions are signaled by keywords whereas code blocks can be defined by either keywords or braces in contrast to perl variables are not obligatorily prefixed with a sigil when used the sigil changes the semantics of scope of the variable for practical purposes there is no distinction between expressions and statements 61 62 line breaks are significant and taken as the end of a statement a semicolon may be equivalently used unlike python indentation is not significant one of the differences from python and perl is that ruby keeps all of its instance variables completely private to the class and only exposes them through accessor methods attr_writer attr_reader etc unlike the getter and setter methods of other languages like c or java accessor methods in ruby can be created with a single line of code via metaprogramming however accessor methods can also be created in the traditional fashion of c and java as invocation of these methods does not require the use of parentheses it is trivial to change an instance variable into a full function without modifying a single line of calling code or having to do any refactoring achieving similar functionality to c and vb net property members python s property descriptors are similar but come with a trade off in the development process if one begins in python by using a publicly exposed instance variable and later changes the implementation to use a private instance variable exposed through a property descriptor code internal to the class may need to be adjusted to use the private variable rather than the public property ruby s design forces all instance variables to be private but also provides a simple way to declare set and get methods this is in keeping with the idea that in ruby one never directly accesses the internal members of a class from outside the class rather one passes a message to the class and receives a response implementations edit see also ruby mri operating systems and list of ruby compilers matz s ruby interpreter edit the original ruby interpreter is often referred to as matz s ruby interpreter or mri this implementation is written in c and uses its own ruby specific virtual machine the standardized and retired ruby 1 8 implementation was written in c as a single pass interpreted language 20 starting with ruby 1 9 and continuing with ruby 2 x and above the official ruby interpreter has been yarv yet another ruby vm and this implementation has superseded the slower virtual machine used in previous releases of mri alternative implementations edit as of 2026 update there are a number of alternative implementations of ruby including jruby rubinius and mruby each takes a different approach with jruby and rubinius providing just in time compilation and mruby also providing ahead of time compilation ruby has three major alternative implementations jruby a mixed java and ruby implementation that runs on the java virtual machine jruby currently targets ruby 3 4 truffleruby a java implementation using the truffle language implementation framework with graalvm rubinius a c bytecode virtual machine that uses llvm to compile to machine code at runtime the bytecode compiler and most core classes are written in pure ruby rubinius currently targets ruby 2 3 1 other ruby implementations include maglev a smalltalk implementation that runs on gemtalk systems gemstone s vm mruby an implementation designed to be embedded into c code in a similar vein to lua it is being developed by yukihiro matsumoto and others rgss or ruby game scripting system a proprietary implementation used by the rpg maker series of role playing game creation software for game design and modification of the rpg maker game engine julializer a transpiler partial from ruby to julia it can be used for a large speedup over e g ruby or jruby implementations may only be useful for numerical code 63 topaz a ruby implementation written in python opal a web based interpreter that compiles ruby to javascript other now defunct ruby implementations were macruby a mac os x implementation on the objective c runtime its ios counterpart is called rubymotion ironruby an implementation on the net framework cardinal an implementation for the parrot virtual machine ruby enterprise edition often shortened to ree an implementation optimized to handle large scale ruby on rails projects hotruby a javascript and actionscript implementation of the ruby programming language the maturity of ruby implementations tends to be measured by their ability to run the ruby on rails rails framework because it is complex to implement and uses many ruby specific features the point when a particular implementation achieves this goal is called the rails singularity the reference implementation jruby and rubinius 64 are all able to run rails unmodified in a production environment platform support edit matsumoto originally developed ruby on the 4 3bsd based sony news os 3 x but later migrated his work to sunos 4 x and finally to linux 65 66 by 1999 ruby was known to work across many different operating systems modern ruby versions and implementations are available on all major desktop mobile and server based operating systems ruby is also supported across a number of cloud hosting platforms like jelastic heroku google cloud platform and others tools such as rvm and rbenv facilitate installation and partitioning of multiple ruby versions and multiple gemsets on one machine repositories and libraries edit rubygems is ruby s package manager a ruby package is called a gem and can be installed via the command line most gems are libraries though a few exist that are applications such as ides 67 there are over 100 000 ruby gems hosted on rubygems org 68 many new and existing ruby libraries are hosted on github a service that offers version control repository hosting for git the ruby application archive which hosted applications documentation a...