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widows and orphans wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 definitions 2 guidelines 3 references toggle the table of contents widows and orphans 19 languages boarisch català čeština deutsch esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français magyar 한국어 norsk bokmål polski русский svenska українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from runt typography in typography an isolated line of text starting ending a page for other uses see masonic widows and orphans home widow and orphan stock widow disambiguation and orphan disambiguation the very short final line of a paragraph composed of a single word highlighted blue is a runt the first line of a paragraph beginning at the end of a page highlighted green is called an orphan sometimes called a widow the last line of a paragraph continuing on to a new page highlighted yellow is a widow sometimes called an orphan in typesetting widows and orphans are single lines of text from a paragraph that dangle at either the beginning or end of a block of text or form a very short final line at the end of a paragraph 1 when split across pages they occur at either the head or foot of a page or column unaccompanied by additional lines from the same paragraph the pairing of the two terms with their definitions has no consistent standard across the industry some sources use the opposite meanings to others additionally runts which varying sources also call widows or orphans are cases where a paragraph anywhere on a page ends with a very short final line they give an impression of excessive empty space between that and the following paragraph definitions edit for the purposes of this article the following meanings are given to the terms some sources have these reversed due to a lack of industry standardization widow sometimes called orphan a paragraph ending line that falls at the beginning of the following page or column thus separated from the rest of the text mnemonically a widow is alone at the top of the family tree but in this case of the page orphan sometimes called widow a paragraph opening line that appears by itself at the bottom of a page or column thus separated from the rest of the text mnemonically an orphan is alone at the bottom of the family tree but in this case of the page runt sometimes called widow or orphan a word part of a word or a very short line that appears by itself at the end of a paragraph mnemonically still alone at the bottom just this time at the bottom of a paragraph orphans of this type give the impression of too much white space between paragraphs guidelines edit regarding page design and the layout of the text the 15th edition of the chicago manual of style 2003 indicates that an edited manuscript should have neither widows nor orphans even if their elimination leaves blank space at the bottom of the page or of the column of text 2 the 16th edition of the chicago manual of style 2011 proposes the acceptability that the layout of some pages can conclude with the first line of a new paragraph at the foot of the page 3 the techniques for eliminating widows include forcing a page break early producing a shorter page adjusting the leading the space between lines of text adjusting the spacing between words to produce tighter or looser paragraphs adjusting the hyphenation within the paragraph adjusting the margins of the page subtle scaling of the page without distorting the letters rewriting a portion of the paragraph reducing the letter spacing tracking of the words adding a pull quote to the text usual in magazines and adding a floating block figure to the text or resizing an existing figure an orphan line is more easily deleted either by inserting a blank line or by forcing a page break to push the orphan line onto the next page to be part of the paragraph to which the orphan belongs similarly an orphan word at the end of a paragraph can be relocated by forcing one or more words from the preceding text line into the paragraph line of the orphan in web publishing this is typically accomplished by concatenating the words in question with a non breaking space and if available by utilizing the orphans and widows attributes in cascading style sheets sometimes it can also be useful to add non breaking spaces to the first two or few short words of a paragraph to avoid having a single orphaned word placed to the left or right of a picture or table while the remainder of the text with longer words would only appear after the table most full feature word processors and page layout applications include an automatic paragraph setting that prevents widows and orphans thus an orphan is forced to the top of the next page or column and the text line preceding a widow is forced to the next page or column in technical writing where a single source may be published in different formats with the viewer s expectation of viewing content in different sizes and resolutions the paragraph settings automatically prevent widows and orphans in that situation one should avoid manual overrides such as inserting empty lines or extra spaces as they can result in extra white space in the middle of pages after a format change forces repagination references edit bringhurst robert the elements of typographic style vancouver hartley marks 2004 p 43 44 3rd edition the chicago manual of style 15th edition 2003 university of chicago press 3 11 overall appearance a page should not begin with the last line of a paragraph unless it is full measure and should not end with the first line of a new paragraph the chicago manual of style 16th edition 2011 university of chicago press 2 113 a page should not begin with the last line of a paragraph unless it is full measure a page can however end with the first line of a new paragraph v t e typography page canons of page construction column even working margin page numbering paper size pagination pull quote recto and verso intentionally blank page paragraph alignment leading line length river runaround widows and orphans runt character typeface anatomy counter diacritics dingbat glyph ink trap ligature rotation subscript and superscript swash text figures tittle capitalization all caps camel case initial letter case small caps snake case title case visual distinction blackboard bold bold color printing italics oblique underline whitespace horizontal aspects figure space kerning letter spacing pitch sentence spacing thin space word spacing vertical aspects ascender baseline body height cap height descender mean line overshoot x height typeface classifications roman type serif antiqua didone slab serif sans serif blackletter type bastarda fraktur rotunda schwabacher gaelic type insular uncial specialist record type display typeface script fat face reverse contrast punctuation list bullet dash hanging punctuation hyphen minus sign interpunct leader space vertical bar typesetting etaoin shrdlu font computer monospaced font catalog for position only letterpress lorem ipsum microprinting microtypography movable type pangram phototypesetting punchcutting reversing type sort type color type design typeface list typographic units agate cicero em en metric units pica point traditional point size names twip digital typography character encoding hinting text shaping rasterization typographic features web typography bézier curves desktop publishing typography in other writing systems arabic cyrillic pt fonts east asian thai national fonts related articles penmanship handwriting handwriting script calligraphy lettering style guide type design type foundry history of western typography intellectual property protection of typefaces technical lettering vox atypi classification related template punctuation and other typographic symbols category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title widows_and_orphans oldid 1337999109 category typography hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata this page was last edited on 12 february 2026 at 16 56 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the 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