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l area in northern france 15 of the french population lives in rural areas spread over 90 of the country the government under president emmanuel macron launched an action plan in 2019 amid the yellow vests movement in favor of rural areas named the agenda rural 3 among many initiatives recommended to redynamize rural areas energy transition is one of them research is being carried out to assess the impact of new projects in rural areas 4 in 2018 the government had launched the action cœur de ville program to revitalize town centers across the country 222 towns were selected as part of the five year program one of the program s aims is to make the towns attractive so the areas nearby can also benefit from investments 5 germany edit germany is divided into 402 administrative districts 295 rural districts and 107 urban districts as one of the largest agricultural producers in the european union more than half of germany s territory which is almost 19 million hectares 6 is used for farming and located in the rural areas almost 10 of people in germany have jobs related to the agricultural forest and fisheries sectors approximately a fifth of them are employed in the primary production since there is a policy of equal living conditions people see rural areas as equivalent as urban areas village renewal is an approach to develop countryside and supports the challenges faced in the process of it 7 united kingdom edit rural yorkshire dales in england in britain there are various definitions of a rural area 8 rural is defined by the uk department for environment food and rural affairs defra using population data from the latest census such as the united kingdom census 2001 9 these definitions have various grades but the upper point is any local government area with more than 26 of its population living in a rural settlement or market town market town being defined as any settlement which has permission to hold a street market a number of measures are in place to protect the british countryside including green belts asia edit china edit this section is an excerpt from rural society in china edit fish farmer at peasant market in danshan sichuan in september 2005 rural society in the people s republic of china encompasses less than half of china s population roughly 45 and has a varied range of standard of living and means of living life in rural china differs from that of urban china in southern and coastal china rural areas are developing and in some cases statistically approaching urban economies in northwest and western regions rural society is still perceived as lowly and primitive basic needs such as running water and accessible transportation are a problem in these areas india edit a rural village in rajasthan india in india a village tends to mean a small rural area including both a settlement and its surrounding agricultural land rather than just the settlement itself the typical meaning elsewhere there are said to be up to 500 000 villages in india in rural areas agriculture is the chief source of livelihood along with fishing 10 cottage industries pottery etc almost every indian economic agency today has its own definition of rural india some of which follow according to the planning commission a town with a maximum population of 15 000 is considered rural in nature in these areas the panchayat makes all the decisions there are five people in the panchayat the national sample survey organization nsso defines rural as follows an area with a population density of up to 400 per square kilometer villages with clear surveyed boundaries but no municipal board a minimum of 75 of male working population involved in agriculture and allied activities 11 rbi defines rural areas as those areas with a population of less than 49 000 tier 3 to tier 6 cities 11 it is generally said that the rural areas house up to 70 of india s population rural india contributes a large chunk to india s gdp by way of agriculture self employment services construction etc as per a strict measure used by the national sample survey in its 63rd round called monthly per capita expenditure rural expenditure accounts for 55 of total national monthly expenditure the rural population currently accounts for one third of the total indian fmcg sales 11 japan edit rice terraces in kami hyōgo prefecture in japan in japan rural areas are referred to as inaka which translates literally to the countryside or one s native village 12 13 pakistan edit main article pakistani village life amra kalan village in kharian pakistan according to the 2017 census about 64 of pakistanis live in rural areas most rural areas in pakistan tend to be near cities and are peri urban areas this is due to the definition of a rural area in pakistan being an area that does not come within an urban boundary 14 rural areas in pakistan that are near cities are considered as suburban areas or suburbs the remote rural villagers of pakistan commonly live in houses made of bricks clay or mud socioeconomic status among rural pakistani villagers is often based upon the ownership of agricultural land which also may provide social prestige in village cultures the majority of rural pakistani inhabitants livelihoods is based upon the rearing of livestock which also comprises a significant part of pakistan s gross domestic product some livestock raised by rural pakistanis include cattle and goats oceania edit new zealand edit in new zealand census areas are classified based on their degree of rurality however traffic law has a different interpretation and defines a rural area as a road or a geographical area that is not an urban traffic area to which the rural speed limit generally applies 15 barossa valley in south australia noted for its vineyards economics edit this section is an excerpt from rural economics edit rural economics is the study of rural economies rural economies include both agricultural and non agricultural industries so rural economics has broader concerns than agricultural economics which focus more on food systems 16 rural development 17 and finance 18 attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics these economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities 19 and rural poverty some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world with rural electrification and rural tourism providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas these challenges often create rural urban income disparities 20 rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of economic geography for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade 21 land use 22 and how low population density effects government policies as to development investment regulation and transportation 23 rural economics conceptualizes rural areas not as mere appendages of agriculture but as complex economic systems in which production everyday life community ecosystems services and settlement patterns are integrated it often uses a triangular framework of economy society and space as a core analytical lens that runs through the discipline the economic dimension encompasses a multi layered industrial ecosystem that extends beyond agriculture to include rural manufacturing tourism renewable energy bio industries and the digital economy the social dimension covers demographic change household economies labor markets cooperatives social farming and care economies that sustain rural social reproduction the spatial dimension focuses on land use living and social infrastructure settlement systems financial systems and digital infrastructure as the physical and institutional arenas in which rural economic activity unfolds and on the disparities within these arenas rural economics aims to elucidate how these three dimensions constrain and reinforce one another through their dynamic interactions 24 rural economics takes as its disciplinary mandate the diagnosis of the structural crises confronting rural areas the re examination of the multifunctional value of the countryside and the design of a sustainable rural economic model such tasks can be fully accomplished only by broadening the theoretical foundation through interdisciplinary convergence with adjacent fields agricultural economics regional economics social economics and spatial economics and must ultimately culminate in the establishment of an independent body of theory that reflects historical experience and concrete conditions the fundamental problematic of rural economics why and how does the countryside persist the fundamental problematic running through rural economics is not merely whether the countryside is in crisis but rather a civilizational question how has the countryside come to exist what sustains it and how will it endure and transform in the future rural areas continuously lose population undergo industrial change and experience the contraction of services yet at the same time they have maintained a distinctive resilience grounded in relational economy community capital ecology landscape food and culture to clarify the mechanisms of this persistence is the core problematic of rural economics and it calls for a meta economic approach in which economy society space and civilization are conjoined rural economics begins from the vision that it must be established not as a discipline of agriculture but as a civilizational economics that undergirds the future of the nation and of humanity source rural economics choi mun sik and lee so jin 2026 development edit this section is an excerpt from rural development edit a rural development academy in bogra bangladesh many government and non governmental agencies invest in capacity building and opportunities for rural communities to gain greater access to economic opportunities rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well being of people living in rural areas often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas 25 often rural regions have experienced rural poverty poverty greater than urban or suburban economic regions due to lack of access to economic activities and lack of investments in key infrastructure such as education rural development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of land intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry however changes in global production networks and increased urbanization have changed the character of rural areas increasingly rural tourism niche manufacturers and recreation have replaced resource extraction and agriculture as dominant economic drivers 26 the need for rural communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource based businesses education entrepreneurship physical infrastructure and social infrastructure all play an important role in developing rural regions 27 rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies 28 in contrast to urban regions which have many similarities rural areas are highly distinctive from one another for this reason there are a large variety of rural development approaches used globally 29 electricity edit this section is an excerpt from rural electrification edit construction of rural power distribution lines in the united states funded by the rural electrification administration share of the population with access to electricity rural electrification is the process of bringing electrical power to rural and remote areas rural communities are suffering from colossal market failures as the national grids fall short of their demand for electricity as of 2019 770 million people live without access to electricity 10 2 of the global population 30 electrification typically begins in cities and towns and gradually extends to rural areas however this process often runs into obstacles in developing nations expanding the national grid is expensive and countries consistently lack the capital to grow their current infrastructure additionally amortizing capital costs to reduce the unit cost of each hook up is harder to do in lightly populated areas yielding higher per capita share of the expense if countries are able to overcome these obstacles and reach nationwide electrification rural communities will be able to reap considerable amounts of economic and social development this graph shows the world rural electrification rate along with the electrification growth rate 1990 2016 and synthesizes data from the world bank 31 migration edit this section is an excerpt from rural flight edit urban vs rural majority population age comparison between rural pocahontas county iowa and urban johnson county iowa illustrating the flight of young female adults red to urban centers in iowa 32 rural flight also known as rural to urban migration rural depopulation or rural exodus is the migratory pattern of people from rural areas into urban areas it is urbanization seen from the rural perspective the pattern arises from an interplay of various push and pull factors and has occurred across history pushing states to employ multiple strategies to deal with the social and economic ramifications in industrializing economies like britain in the eighteenth century or east asia in the twentieth century it can occur following the industrialization of primary industries such as agriculture mining fishing and forestry when fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of output to market and related secondary industries refining and processing are consolidated rural exodus can also follow an ecological or human caused catastrophe such as a famine or resource depletion these are examples of push factors people can also move into town to seek higher wages educational access and other urban amenities examples of pull factors once rural populations fall below a critical mass the population is too small to support certain businesses which then also leave or close in a vicious circle services to smaller and more dispersed populations may be proportionately more expensive which can lead to closures of offices and services which further harm the rural economy schools are the archetypal example because they influence the decisions of parents of young children a village or region without a school will typically lose families to larger towns that have one but the concept urban hierarchy can be applied more generally to many services and is explained by central place theory government policies to combat rural flight include campaigns to expand services to the countryside such as electrification or distance education governments can also use restrictions like internal passports to make rural flight illegal economic conditions that can counter rural depopulation include commodities...