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ers jerusalem ideology aristocracy written torah religion hellenistic judaism part of a series on jews etymology who is a jew jewish studies history general timeline index land of israel name judea historical population history of israel modern historiography leaders antisemitism anti judaism persecution ancient israel and judah twelve tribes of israel israelites kingdom of judah kingdom of israel jerusalem in judaism timeline temple in jerusalem first second assyrian captivity babylonian captivity second temple period yehud maccabean revolt hasmonean dynasty sanhedrin schisms pharisees sadducees essenes zealots sicarii second temple judaism hellenistic judaism jewish roman wars great revolt provisional government diaspora revolt bar kokhba revolt rabbinic period and middle ages rabbinic judaism history of the jews in the byzantine empire christianity and judaism jews and christmas hinduism and judaism islamic jewish relations middle ages golden age expulsion from spain modern era haskalah sabbateans hasidism jewish atheism emancipation old yishuv zionism soviet union the holocaust state of israel history arab israeli conflict communities ashkenazim galician litvak mizrahim sephardim teimanim yemenite jews beta israel gruzinim georgian jews juhurim mountain jews bukharim italkim romanyotim cochinim bene israel berber crimean karaites krymchaks kaifeng jews related groups bnei anusim lemba igbo jews samaritans crypto jews anusim dönmeh marranos neofiti xueta mosaic arabs subbotniks noahides population judaism by country lists of jews diaspora historical population by country population by city genetic studies peoplehood israel and palestine old yishuv new yishuv israeli jews palestinian jews africa algeria angola botswana cameroon cape verde benin democratic republic of the congo djibouti egypt ethiopia beta israel eritrea eswatini gabon gambia ghana guinea guinea bissau ivory coast kenya libya madagascar malawi mali mauritius morocco mozambique namibia nigeria 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contemporary literary sources in contrast to the two other major sects at the time the pharisees and the essenes josephus writing at the end of the 1st century ce associates the sect with the upper echelons of judean society 1 as a whole they fulfilled various political social and religious roles including maintaining the temple in jerusalem the group became extinct sometime after the destruction of the second temple in 70 ce etymology edit the english term entered via latin from koine greek σαδδουκαῖοι romanized saddukaioi the name zadok is related to the root צָדַק ṣāḏaq to be right just 2 which could be indicative of their aristocratic status in society in the initial period of their existence 3 history edit according to abraham geiger the sadducee sect of judaism derived their name from that of zadok the first high priest of israel to serve in solomon s temple the leaders of the sect were proposed as the kohanim priests the sons of zadok descendants of eleazar son of aaron 4 the aggadic work avot of rabbi natan tells the story of the two disciples of antigonus of sokho 3rd century bce zadok and boethus antigonus having taught the maxim be not like the servants who serve their masters for the sake of the wages but be rather like those who serve without thought of receiving wages 5 his students repeated this maxim to their students eventually either the two teachers or their pupils understood this to express the belief that there was neither an afterlife nor a resurrection of the dead and founded the sadducee and boethusian sects they lived luxuriously using silver and golden vessels because as they claimed the pharisees led a hard life on earth and yet would have nothing to show for it in the world to come 6 the two sects of the sadducees and boethusians are thus in all later rabbinic sources always mentioned together not only as being similar but as originating at the same time 7 the use of gold and silver vessels perhaps argues against a priestly association for these groups as priests at the time would typically use stone vessels to prevent transmission of impurity josephus mentioned in antiquities of the jews that one judas a gaulonite of a city whose name was gamala who taking with him sadduc a pharisee became zealous to draw them to a revolt 8 paul l maier suggests that the sect drew their name from the sadduc mentioned by josephus 9 the second temple period edit a sadducee illustrated in the 15th century nuremberg chronicle see also second temple judaism and hellenistic judaism throughout the second temple period between the construction of the second temple in jerusalem in 516 bce and its destruction by the romans in 70 ce following the siege of jerusalem jerusalem saw several shifts in rule in achaemenid judea c 539 bce to c 332 bce the temple in jerusalem became the center of worship in judea its priests and attendants appear to have been powerful and influential in secular matters as well a trend that would continue into the hellenistic period this power and influence also brought accusations of corruption alexander s conquest of the levant in 333 to 332 bce brought an end to achaemenid control of jerusalem and ushered in the hellenistic period which saw the spread of greek language culture and philosophical ideas which intermixed with judaism and led to hellenistic judaism after the death of alexander the great in 323 bce his generals divided the empire amongst themselves and for the next 30 years they fought for control of territory judea was first controlled by ptolemaic egypt r 301 200 bce and later by the seleucid empire of syria r 200 142 bce during this period the high priest of israel was generally appointed with the direct approval of the greek rulership continuing the intermixing of religious politics with government king antiochus iv epiphanes r 175 164 bce of the seleucids began a persecution of traditional jewish practices around 168 167 bce which set off a rebellion in judea the most successful rebels led by the hasmonean family in what became the maccabean revolt eventually established the independent hasmonean kingdom around 142 bce while no record of the sadducees survives from this early period many scholars presume that the later sects began to form during the maccabean era see jewish sectarianism below 10 it is often speculated that the sadducees grew out of the judean religious élite in the early hasmonean period under rulers such as john hyrcanus hasmonean rule lasted until 63 bce when the roman general pompey conquered jerusalem at which point the roman period of judean history began the province of roman judea was established in 6 ce see also syria palaestina while cooperation between the romans and the jews had been strongest during the reigns of herod the great r 37 4 bce and his grandson agrippa i r 41 44 ce the romans moved power out of the hands of vassal kings and into the hands of roman administrators beginning with the census of quirinius in 6 ce the first jewish roman war broke out in 66 ce after a few years of conflict the romans retook jerusalem and destroyed the temple bringing an end to the second temple period in 70 ce 11 after the temple destruction edit after the destruction of the temple of jerusalem in 70 ce the sadducees appear only in a few references in the talmud and some christian texts 12 in the beginning of karaite judaism the followers of anan ben david were called sadducees and set a claim of the former being a historical continuity from the latter citation needed the sadducee concept of the mortality of the soul is reflected on by uriel da costa who mentions them in his writings role of the sadducees edit religious edit the religious responsibilities of the sadducees included the maintenance of the temple in jerusalem their high social status was reinforced by their priestly responsibilities as mandated in the torah the priests were responsible for performing sacrifices at the temple the primary method of worship in ancient israel this included presiding over sacrifices during the three festivals of pilgrimage to jerusalem their religious beliefs and social status were mutually reinforcing as the priesthood often represented the highest class in judean society however sadducees and the priests were not completely synonymous cohen writes that not all priests high priests and aristocrats were sadducees many were pharisees and many were not members of any group at all 13 political edit the sadducees oversaw many formal affairs of the state 14 members of the sadducees administered the state domestically represented the state internationally participated in the sanhedrin and often encountered the pharisees there collected taxes these also came in the form of international tribute from jews in the diaspora equipped and led the army regulated relations with the roman empire mediated domestic grievances beliefs edit knowledge about the beliefs of the sadducees is limited by the fact that not a single line of their own writings has survived out of antiquity as the destruction of jerusalem and much of the judean elite in 70 ce seems to have broken them extant writings on the sadducees are often from sources hostile to them josephus was a rival pharisee christian records were generally not sympathetic and the rabbinic tradition descended from the pharisees is uniformly hostile 15 general edit the sadducees rejected the oral torah 16 as proposed by the pharisees rather they saw the written torah as the sole source of divine authority 17 later writings of the pharisees criticized this belief as one that strengthened the sadducees own power according to josephus the sadducees beliefs included rejection of the idea of fate or of a pre ordained future god does not commit or even think evil man has free will man has the free choice of good or evil the soul is not immortal and there is no afterlife and no rewards or penalties after death it is a virtue to debate and dispute with philosophy teachers 15 18 the sadducees did not accept the idea of resurrection of the dead but believed contrary to the claim of josephus in the traditional jewish concept of sheol for those who had died 19 josephus also includes a claim that the sadducees are rude compared to loving and compassionate pharisees but this is generally considered more of a sectarian insult rather than an unbiased judgment of the sadducees on their own terms 15 similarly josephus brags that the sadducees were often forced to back down if their judgments clashed with the pharisees as he says that the pharisees were more popular with the multitude 15 the sadducees occasionally show up in the christian gospels but without much detail usually merely as members of a list of opponents of jesus the christian acts of the apostles contains somewhat more information 15 the sadducees were associated with the party of the high priest of the era and seem to have had a majority of the sanhedrin if not all gamaliel is a pharisee member 20 the sadducees did not believe in resurrection whereas the pharisees did in acts paul of tarsus chose this point of division to attempt to gain the protection of the pharisees around 59 ce 21 the sadducees may have rejected the notion of spirits or angels whereas the pharisees acknowledged them this is based on acts 23 8 which can be translated as either for the sadducees say that there is no resurrection neither angel nor spirit but the pharisees confess both 21 or as for the sadducees say there is no resurrection neither as an angel nor as a spirit while the pharisees profess both the latter approach to the text has been advanced by theologian and scholar of religion david bentley hart 22 disputes with the pharisees edit according to the sadducees spilt water becomes ritually impure through its pouring the pharisees denied that this was sufficient grounds for impurity in mishnah yadaim 4 7 many pharisee sadducee disputes revolved around issues of ritual purity according to the jewish laws of inheritance the proper...