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tial examples of social feminist or anthropological science fiction 98 99 100 in 1979 science fiction world magazine began publication in the people s republic of china 101 it dominates the chinese science fiction magazine market at one time claiming a circulation of 300 000 copies per issue and an estimated 3 5 readers per copy giving it a total readership of at least 1 million people making it the world s most popular science fiction periodical 102 in 1984 william gibson s first novel neuromancer helped to popularize cyberpunk and the word cyberspace a term he originally coined in the 1982 short story burning chrome 103 104 105 in the same year octavia butler s short story speech sounds won the hugo award for best short story she went on to explore themes of racial injustice global warming women s rights and political conflict 106 in 1995 she became the first science fiction author to receive a macarthur fellowship 107 in 1986 the novel shards of honor by lois mcmaster bujold began her vorkosigan saga science opera 108 109 1992 s novel snow crash by neal stephenson predicted immense social upheaval due to the information revolution 110 21st century edit in 2007 liu cixin s novel the three body problem was published in china it was translated into english by ken liu and published by tor books in 2014 111 it won the hugo award for best novel in 2015 112 making liu the first asian writer to win the award 113 emerging themes in late 20th and early 21st century science fiction include environmental issues the implications of the internet and the expanding information universe questions about biotechnology nanotechnology and post scarcity societies 114 115 recent trends and subgenres include steampunk 116 biopunk 117 118 and mundane science fiction 119 120 film edit main articles science fiction film and lists of science fiction films the maschinenmensch or machine human from metropolis 1927 one of the first recorded science fiction films is a trip to the moon from 1902 directed by french filmmaker georges méliès 121 it influenced later filmmakers offering a different kind of creativity and fantasy 122 123 méliès s innovative editing and special effects techniques were widely imitated and they became important elements of the cinematic medium 124 125 the 1927 film metropolis directed by fritz lang is the first feature length science fiction film 126 though not well received in its time 127 it is now ranked as one of the best films ever made 128 129 130 in 1954 godzilla directed by ishirō honda started the kaiju subgenre of science fiction film this subgenre features large creatures in any form usually attacking a major city or engaging other monsters in battle 131 132 the 1968 film 2001 a space odyssey was directed by stanley kubrick and based on stories by arthur c clarke the film improved on the largely b movie offerings to date in both scope and quality and it influenced later science fiction films 133 134 135 136 the original planet of the apes movie directed by franklin j schaffner and based on the 1963 french novel la planète des singes by pierre boulle was also released in 1968 the film vividly depicts a post apocalyptic world in which intelligent apes dominate humans 137 the film received both popular and critical acclaim in 1977 george lucas began the star wars series with the eponymous 1977 film 138 the series often called a space opera 139 became a worldwide popular culture phenomenon 140 141 and the third highest grossing film series of all time 142 since the 1980s science fiction films along with fantasy horror and superhero films have dominated hollywood s big budget productions 143 142 science fiction films often cross over with other genres some examples include film noir blade runner 1982 family e t the extra terrestrial 1982 war enemy mine 1985 starship troopers film 1997 comedy spaceballs 1987 galaxy quest 1999 animation wall e 2008 big hero 6 2014 western serenity 2005 action edge of tomorrow 2014 the matrix 1999 adventure jupiter ascending 2015 interstellar 2014 mystery minority report 2002 thriller ex machina 2014 drama melancholia 2011 predestination 2014 and romance eternal sunshine of the spotless mind 2004 her 2013 144 television edit main articles science fiction on television and list of science fiction television programs don hastings left and al hodge right in captain video and his video rangers science fiction and television have consistently had a close relationship television or similar technology often appeared in science fiction before television itself became widely available in the late 1940s and early 1950s 145 the first known science fiction television program was a 35 minute adapted excerpt of the play rur written by the czech playwright karel čapek broadcast live from the bbc s alexandra palace studios on 11 february 1938 146 the first popular science fiction program on american television was the children s adventure serial captain video and his video rangers which ran from june 1949 to april 1955 147 the original the twilight zone series produced and narrated by rod serling ran from 1959 to 1964 serling also wrote or co wrote most of the episodes the series featured fantasy suspense and horror as well as science fiction with each episode being a complete story 148 149 critics have ranked it as one of the best tv programs of any genre 150 151 the animated series the jetsons while intended as comedy and only running for one season 1962 1963 predicted many inventions now in common use flat screen televisions newspapers on a computer like screen computer viruses video chat tanning beds home treadmills and more 152 in 1963 the series doctor who premiered on bbc television with a time travel theme 153 the original series ran until 1989 and was revived in 2005 154 it has been popular globally and has significantly influenced later science fiction tv 155 156 157 other british sci fi dramas which are broadcast in the 1970s are ufo 1970 1971 the tomorrow people 1973 1979 space 1999 1975 1977 and blake s 7 1978 1981 other notable programs during the 1960s included the outer limits 1963 1965 158 lost in space 1965 1968 and the prisoner 1967 1968 159 160 161 the original star trek series created by gene roddenberry premiered in 1966 on nbc television and ran for three seasons 162 it combined elements of space opera and space western 163 only mildly successful at first the series gained popularity through syndication and strong fan interest it became a popular and influential franchise with many films television shows novels and other works and products 164 165 166 167 the series star trek the next generation 1987 1994 led to six additional live action star trek shows deep space nine 1993 1999 voyager 1995 2001 enterprise 2001 2005 discovery 2017 2024 picard 2020 2023 and strange new worlds 2022 present additional shows are in some stage of development 168 169 170 171 the miniseries v premiered in 1983 on nbc 172 it depicted an attempted conquest of earth by reptilian aliens 173 red dwarf a comic science fiction series aired on bbc two between 1988 and 1999 and on dave since 2009 174 the x files which featured ufos and conspiracy theories was created by chris carter and broadcast by fox broadcasting company from 1993 to 2002 175 176 and again from 2016 to 2018 177 178 stargate a film about ancient astronauts and interstellar teleportation was released in 1994 the series stargate sg 1 premiered in 1997 and ran for 10 seasons 1997 2007 spin off series included stargate infinity 2002 2003 stargate atlantis 2004 2009 and stargate universe 2009 2011 179 other 1990s series included quantum leap 1989 1993 and babylon 5 1994 1999 180 the syfy channel launched in 1992 as the sci fi channel 181 specializes in science fiction supernatural horror and fantasy 182 183 the space western series firefly premiered in 2002 on fox it is set in the year 2517 after humans arrive in a new star system and it follows the adventures of the renegade crew of serenity a firefly class spaceship 184 the series orphan black began a five season run in 2013 focusing on a woman who takes on the identity of one of her genetically identical clones in late 2015 syfy premiered the series the expanse to great critical acclaim an american show about humanity s colonization of the solar system its later seasons were aired through amazon prime video social influence edit space exploration was predicted in august 1958 by the science fiction magazine imagination science fiction s rapid increase in popularity during the first half of the 20th century was closely tied to public respect for science during that era as well as the rapid pace of technological innovation and new inventions 185 science fiction has often predicted scientific and technological progress 186 187 some works imagine that this progress will tend to improve human life and society for instance the stories of arthur c clarke and star trek 188 other works such as h g wells s the time machine and aldous huxley s brave new world warn of possible negative consequences 189 190 in 2001 the national science foundation conducted a survey of public attitudes and public understanding science fiction and pseudoscience 191 the survey found that people who read or prefer science fiction may think about or relate to science differently than other people such people also tend to support the space program and efforts to contact extraterrestrial civilizations 191 192 carl sagan wrote that many scientists deeply involved in the exploration of the solar system myself among them were first turned in that direction by science fiction 193 science fiction has predicted several existing inventions such as the atomic bomb 194 robots 195 and borazon 196 in the 2020 tv series away astronauts use a mars rover called insight to listen for a landing on mars in 2022 scientists actually used insight to listen for the landing of a spacecraft 197 science fiction can act as a vehicle for analyzing and recognizing a society s past present and potential future social relationships with the other it offers a medium for and a representation of alterity and differences in social identity 198 brian aldiss described science fiction as cultural wallpaper 199 this broad influence can be seen in the trend for writers to use science fiction as a tool for advocacy and generating cultural insights as well as for educators who teach across a range of academic disciplines beyond the natural sciences 200 scholar and science fiction critic george edgar slusser said that science fiction is the one real international literary form we have today and as such has branched out to visual media interactive media and on to whatever new media the world will invent in the 21st century crossover issues between the sciences and the humanities are crucial for the century to come 201 as protest literature edit further information social novel happy 1984 in spanish or portuguese referencing george orwell s novel nineteen eighty four on a standing piece of the berlin wall sometime after 1998 science fiction has sometimes been used as a means of social protest george orwell s novel nineteen eighty four 1949 is an important work of dystopian science fiction 202 203 the novel is often invoked in protests against governments and leaders who are seen as totalitarian 204 205 james cameron s film avatar 2009 was intended as a protest against imperialism specifically the european colonization of the americas 206 science fiction in latin america and spain explores the concept of authoritarianism 207 robots artificial humans human clones intelligent computers and their possible conflicts with human society have all been major themes of science fiction since the publication of shelly s novel frankenstein or earlier some critics have seen this tendency as reflecting authors concerns over the social alienation seen in modern society 208 feminist science fiction poses questions about social issues such as how society constructs gender roles the role reproduction plays in defining gender and the inequitable political or personal power of one gender over others some works have illustrated these themes using utopias in which gender differences or gender power imbalances do not exist or dystopias in which gender inequalities are intensified thus asserting a need for feminist work to continue 209 210 climate fiction or cli fi deals with issues of climate change and global warming 211 212 university courses on literature and environmental issues may include climate change fiction in their syllabi 213 and these issues are often discussed by other media beyond science fiction fandom 214 libertarian science fiction focuses on the politics and social order implied by right libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private property and in some cases anti statism 215 robert a heinlein is one of the most popular authors of this subgenre including his novels the moon is a harsh mistress and stranger in a strange land 216 science fiction comedy often satirizes and criticizes present day society and it sometimes makes fun of the conventions and clichés of more serious science fiction 217 218 sense of wonder edit main article sense of wonder further information wonder emotion 1894 illustration by aubrey beardsley for lucian s novel a true story science fiction is often said to inspire a sense of wonder science fiction editor publisher and critic david hartwell wrote that science fiction s appeal lies in combination of the rational the believable with the miraculous it is an appeal to the sense of wonder 219 carl sagan wrote about growing up with science fiction 193 one of the great benefits of science fiction is that it can convey bits and pieces hints and phrases of knowledge unknown or inaccessible to the reader works you ponder over as the water is running out of the bathtub or as you walk through the woods in an early winter snowfall in 1967 isaac asimov commented on changes occurring in the science fiction community 220 and because today s real life so resembles day before yesterday s fantasy the old time fans are restless deep within whether they admit it or not is a feeling of disappointment and even outrage that the outer world has invaded their private domain they feel the loss of a sense of wonder because what was once truly confined to wonder has now become prosaic and mundane study edit main article science fiction studies the centrepiece of the university estate the victoria building university of liverpool as a science fiction degree granting program the field of science fiction studies involves the critical assessment interpretation and discussion of science fiction literature film tv shows new media fandom and fan fiction 221 science fiction scholars study the genre to better understand it and its relationship to science technology politics other genres and culture at large 222 science fiction studies began around the turn of ...