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24 27 deliveries began in either 2010 or 2011 28 29 the missile s first combat use was against isis militants on 18 june 2017 30 the burkan 2 h used by the houthis in yemen is potentially related or the qiam 1 has potentially been used by that group 31 32 burkan 1 edit main article volcano 1 the houthi forces in yemen unveiled the burkan 1 33 also spelled as borkan 1 and burqan 1 34 on 2 september 2016 when it was fired toward king fahd international airport 35 36 the missile s range is 800 kilometres 500 mi greater than the soviet made scud b missiles the houthi forces took control of in 2015 36 37 missiles shot down mid flight in october 2016 and july 2017 were claimed to target the holy city of mecca by saudi arabia while the houthis claimed the targets were airports in the region 38 39 burkan 2 h edit main article volcano h 2 the houthi forces in yemen unveiled the burkan 2 h 40 also spelled as borkan h2 and burqan 2h 34 when it was launched at saudi arabia on 22 july 2017 41 analysts identify it as based on the iranian qiam 1 scud c 42 32 iranian shahab 2 scud c 42 or scud d 33 missile pictures indicate a baby bottle re entry vehicle like the shahab 3 and qiam 1 missiles the missile s exact range is unknown but is greater than 800 kilometres 500 mi 43 it has been launched in july 2017 and a second launch was claimed on 4 november 2017 with the missile shot down over the saudi arabian capital riyadh 34 according to the us state department the missile was actually an iranian qiam 1 31 saudi arabia s ministry of culture and information also supplied the associated press with pictures from a military briefing of what it claimed were components from the intercepted missile bearing iranian markings matching those on other pictures of the qiam 1 32 golan 1 and golan 2 edit main article list of equipment of the syrian army the golan missiles are variants of scud missiles produced under license for the syrian army 44 the golan 1 missile is simply a licensed copy of the scud c missile without major changes the golan 2 missile is a modernization of the scud d with an increased range of up to 850 km compared to 700 km for the basic version 44 syrian engineers have also converted various versions of scud missiles possibly including golan missiles to use cluster munitions 44 it was developed and produced in syria by the syrian scientific studies and research center 44 the number of missiles produced is unknown used in the syrian civil war operational use edit an r 17 on a reload transport trailer with a zil 131 tractor tolyatti technical museum tolyatti russia 2010 the scud missile family is one of the few ballistic missiles to be extensively used in actual warfare by different forces second only to the v 2 in terms of combat launches the first recorded combat use of the scud was at the end of the yom kippur war in 1973 when three missiles were fired by egypt against israeli held arish and bridgehead on the western bank of the suez canal 45 seven israeli soldiers were killed 46 libya responded to u s airstrikes in 1986 by firing two scud missiles at a u s coast guard navigation station on the nearby italian island of lampedusa which missed their target scud missiles were used in several regional conflicts that included use by soviet and afghan communist forces in afghanistan and iranians and iraqis against one another in the so called war of the cities during the iran iraq war scuds were used by iraq during the gulf war against israel and coalition targets in saudi arabia 47 more than a dozen scuds were fired from afghanistan at targets in pakistan in 1988 and against targets within afghanistan in march 1991 there were also a small number of scud missiles used in the 1994 civil war in yemen as well as by russian forces in chechnya in 1996 and onwards the missiles saw some minor use by forces loyal to muammar gaddafi in the libyan civil war they have reportedly been used recently in the ongoing syrian civil war by the syrian army 48 iran iraq war edit further information iran iraq war iraq was the first to use ballistic missiles during the iran iraq war firing limited numbers of frog 7 rockets at the towns of dezful and ahvaz on 27 october 1982 iraq launched its first scud bs at dezful killing 21 civilians and wounding 100 scud strikes continued during the following years intensifying sharply in 1985 with more than 100 missiles falling inside iran 49 in response the iranians searched for a source of ballistic weapons finally meeting success in 1985 when they obtained a small number of scud bs from libya and syria in addition to supplying these missiles syria also taught iran the technology to produce them these weapons were assigned to a special unit the khatam al anbya force attached to the pasdaran on 12 march the first iranian scuds fell in baghdad and kirkuk the strikes infuriated saddam hussein but the iraqi response was limited by the range of their scuds that could not reach tehran after a request for tr 1 temp ss 12 scaleboard missiles was refused by the soviets iraq turned to developing its own long range version of the scud missile that became known as the al hussein in the meantime both sides quickly ran out of missiles and had to contact their international partners for resupply in 1986 iraq ordered 300 scud bs from the soviet union while iran turned to north korea for missile deliveries and for assistance in developing a domestic missile industry citation needed by 1988 the fighting along the border had reached a stalemate and both belligerents began employing terror tactics in order to break the deadlock lasting from 29 february to 20 april this conflict became known as the war of the cities and saw an intensive use of scud missiles in what became known as the scud duel the first rounds were fired by iraq when seven al husseins landed in tehran on 29 february in all iraq fired 189 missiles mostly of the al hussein type of which 135 landed in tehran 23 in qom 22 in isfahan four in tabriz three in shiraz and two in karaj 49 during this episode iraq s missiles killed 2 000 iranians injured 6 000 and caused a quarter of tehran s population of ten million to flee the city 50 the iranian response included launching 75 to 77 hwasong 5s a north korean scud variant at targets in iraq mostly in baghdad 49 prior to the 2003 invasion of iraq the government of saddam hussein had asserted that iran fired dozens of scud missiles at the people s mujahedin mko in iraq in 1999 and 2001 with the mko itself claiming that iran fired more missiles at iraq in 2001 than it did during the entire iran iraq war 51 52 53 civil war in afghanistan edit the most intensive and less well known use of scud missiles occurred during the civil war in afghanistan between 1989 and 1992 as compensation for the withdrawal of soviet troops in 1989 the ussr agreed to deliver sophisticated weapons to the democratic republic of afghanistan dra among which were large quantities of scud bs and possibly some scud cs as well 6 the first 500 were transferred during the early months of 1989 and soon proved to be a critical strategic asset for the dra every scud battery was composed of three tels three reloading vehicles a mobile meteorological unit one tanker and several command and control trucks 54 during the mujahideen attack against jalalabad between march and june 1989 three firing batteries manned by afghan crews advised by soviets fired approximately 438 missiles in defense of the embattled garrison 55 soon all the heavily contested areas of afghanistan such as the salang pass and the city of kandahar were under attack by scud missiles citation needed due to its imprecision the scud was used as an area bombing weapon and its effect was psychological as well as physical the missiles would explode without warning as they travelled faster than the sound they produced in flight at the time reports indicated that scud attacks had devastating consequences on the morale of the afghan rebels who eventually learned that by applying guerilla tactics and keeping their forces dispersed and hidden they could minimize casualties from scud attacks 49 the scud was also used as a punitive weapon striking areas that were held by the resistance in march 1991 shortly after the town of khost was captured it was hit by a scud attack on 20 april 1991 the marketplace of asadabad was hit by two scuds which killed 300 and wounded 500 inhabitants though the exact toll is unknown these attacks resulted in heavy civilian casualties 56 the explosions destroyed the headquarters of islamic leader jamil al rahman and killed a number of his followers 57 in all between october 1988 and february 1992 with 1 700 to 2 000 scud launches 49 afghanistan saw the greatest concentration of ballistic weapons fired since world war ii 58 after january 1992 the soviet advisors were withdrawn reducing the afghan army s ability to use their ballistic missiles on 24 april 1992 the mujahideen forces of ahmad shah massoud captured the main scud stockpile at afshur but members of the 99th missile brigade had ditched their uniforms leaving massoud s men with no way of operating such weapons as the communist government collapsed the few remaining scuds and their tels were divided among the rival factions fighting for power due to the lack of knowledge on such weapons between april 1992 and 1996 only 44 scuds were fired in afghanistan when the taliban arrived in power in 1996 they captured a few of the remaining scuds but lack of maintenance had reduced the state of the missile force to such an extent that there were only five scud firings until 2001 after the u s invasion of afghanistan the last four surviving scud launchers were destroyed in 2005 59 gulf war edit scud attacks edit damage from an iraqi scud missile that hit ramat gan israel during the first gulf war 26 january 1991 at the outbreak of the gulf war iraq had an effective if limited ballistic missile force besides the original scud b several local variants had been developed these included the al hussein developed during the iran iraq war the al hijarah a shortened al hussein and the al abbas an extended range scud fired from fixed launching sites that was never used the soviet built maz 543 vehicle was the prime launcher along with a few locally designed tels the al nida and the al waleed citation needed scuds were responsible for most of the coalition deaths outside iraq and kuwait of a total 88 scud missiles 46 were fired into saudi arabia and 42 into israel 60 61 twenty eight members of the pennsylvania national guard were killed when a scud struck a united states army barracks in dhahran saudi arabia 62 scud hunting edit military personnel examine the remains of a scud tail assembly during the gulf war 26 may 1992 the united states air force organized air patrols over areas where scud launchers were suspected to operate namely western iraq near the jordanian border where the scuds were fired at israel and southern iraq where they were aimed at saudi arabia a 10 strike aircraft flew over these zones during the day and f 15es fitted with lantirn pods and synthetic aperture radars patrolled at night however the infrared signatures and radar signatures of the iraqi telss were almost impossible to distinguish from ordinary trucks and from the surrounding electromagnetic clutter during the war while patrolling strike aircraft managed to sight mobile tels on 42 occasions but only eight times the aircraft were able to locate the targets well enough to release their ordnance 63 in addition the iraqi missile units dispersed their scud tels and hid them in culverts wadis or under highway bridges they also practiced shoot and scoot tactics withdrawing the launcher to a hidden location immediately after it had fired while the launch sequence that usually took 90 minutes was reduced to half an hour this enabled them to preserve their forces despite optimistic claims by the coalition a post war pentagon study concluded that relatively few launchers had been destroyed by coalition aircraft 63 ground based special forces from the united kingdom were covertly inserted into iraq to locate and destroy scud launchers either by directing airstrikes or in some cases attacking them directly with milan man portable missiles an example was the 8 man sas patrol designated bravo two zero led by andy mcnab a pseudonym this patrol resulted in the death or capture of all but one of its members chris ryan 63 the mobility of scud tels allowed for a choice of firing position and increased the survivability of the weapon system to such an extent that of the approximately 100 launchers claimed destroyed by coalition pilots and special forces in the gulf war not a single destruction could be confirmed afterwards after the war unscom investigations showed that iraq still had 12 maz 543 vehicles as well as seven al waleed and al nidal launchers and 62 complete al hussein missiles 63 1994 yemen civil war edit south yemeni scud tel during the 1994 civil war in yemen south yemen separatists fired scud missiles at the yemeni capital of sana a 64 chechen wars edit a small number of scuds were used by russian forces in 1996 during the first chechen war and in late 1999 early 2000 during the second chechen war including during the battle of grozny 1999 2000 65 66 although frequently reported by media as scuds the majority of the 60 100 srbms fired in the chechen wars were the otr 21 tochka ss 21 scarab b 66 libyan civil war edit in may 2011 early during the libyan civil war it was rumored that scud b s had been fired by muammar gaddafi s forces against anti gaddafi forces 67 the first confirmed use happened several months later when on 15 august 2011 as anti gaddafi forces encircled the gaddafi controlled capital of tripoli libyan army forces near gaddafi s hometown of sirte fired a scud missile toward anti gaddafi positions in cyrenaica well over 100 kilometers away the missile struck the desert near ajdabiya causing no casualties 68 on 22 august 2011 a second scud b also fired by gaddafi forces in sirte on 23 august opposition forces in misrata reported that four scud b missiles were fired against the city from sirte but had caused no damage initial claims that an aegis ballistic missile defense system equipped us navy cruiser shot down the missiles over the gulf of sidra 69 were later denied by us dod officials 70 syrian civil war edit on 12 december 2012 it was reported by various outlets that the syrian army has begun using short range ballistic missiles against rebels in the syrian civil war according to nato officials allied intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance assets had detected the launch of a number later reports said at least 6 of unguided short range ballistic missiles inside syria the trajectory and distance travelled indicated that they were scud type missiles although no information on the type of scud being used was provided at the time an american intellig...