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bukhara the mughal empire the maratha empire the bengal sultanate and various afghan dynasties as well as among gurkhas 2 with regard to iranian history in particular each ruling monarch was not seen simply as the head of the concurrent dynasty and state but as the successor to a long line of royalty beginning with the original persian empire of cyrus the great to this end he was more emphatically known as the shāhanshāh شاهنشاه šāhanšāh king of kings ˌʃaːhanˈʃaːɦ since the achaemenid dynasty a roughly equivalent title is pādishāh پادشاه pādišāh pādšāh master king which was most widespread during the muslim period in the indian subcontinent etymology edit the word descends from old persian xšāyaθiya king which used to be considered a borrowing from median 3 as it was compared to avestan xšaθra power and command corresponding to sanskrit kṣatra same meaning from which kṣatriya warrior is derived most recently the form xšāyaθiya has been analyzed as a genuine inherited persian formation with the meaning pertaining to reigning ruling this formation with the origin suffix iya is derived from a deverbal abstract noun xšāy aθa rule ruling herrschaft from the old persian verb xšāy to rule reign 4 the full old persian title of the achaemenid rulers of the first persian empire was xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām or middle persian šâhân šâh king of kings 5 or emperor this title has ancient near eastern or mesopotamian precedents the earliest attestation of such a title dates back to the middle assyrian period as šar šarrāni in reference to the assyrian ruler tukulti ninurta i 1243 1207 bc history edit persian dynasties edit historically the title king of kings shāhanshāh is most prominently associated with darius the great top figure and xerxes the great bottom figure among other persian monarchs of the achaemenid dynasty shāh also known by its full length term shāhanshāh king of kings was the title of the persian emperors it includes rulers of the first persian empire the achaemenid dynasty who unified persia in the sixth century bc and created a vast intercontinental empire as well as rulers of succeeding dynasties throughout history until the 20th century and the imperial house of pahlavi while in western sources the ottoman monarch is most often referred to as a sultan in ottoman territory he was most often referred to as padishah and several used the title shah in their tughras their male offspring received the title of şehzade or prince literally offspring of the shah from persian shahzadeh the full title of the achaemenid rulers was xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām literally king of kings in old persian corresponding to middle persian šâhân šâh and modern persian شاهنشاه šâhanšâh 6 7 in greek this phrase was translated as βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλέων basileus tōn basiléōn king of kings equivalent to emperor both terms were often shortened to their roots shah and basileus in western languages shah is often used as an imprecise rendering of šāhanšāh for a long time europeans thought of shah as a particular royal title rather than an imperial one although the monarchs of persia regarded themselves as emperors of the persian empire later the empire of iran the european opinion changed in the napoleonic era when persia was an ally of the western powers eager to make the ottoman sultan release his hold on various mainly christian european parts of the ottoman empire and western christian emperors had obtained the ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in turkish as padishah mohammad reza shah pahlavi in the twentieth century the shah of persia mohammad reza pahlavi officially adopted the title شاهنشاه šâhanšâh and in western languages the rendering emperor he also styled his wife شهبانو shahbânū empress mohammad reza pahlavi was the last shah as the iranian monarchy was abolished after the 1979 iranian revolution 1972 portrait of farah pahlavi describing her as shahbanu farah non persian dynasties edit from the reign of ashot ii the bagratid kings of armenia used the title shahanshah meaning king of kings 8 the title padishah great king was adopted from the iranians by the ottomans and by various other monarchs claiming imperial rank such as the mughals that established their dynasty in the indian subcontinent another subsidiary style of the ottoman and mughal rulers was shah i alam panah persian شاه عالم پناه meaning the king that is the refuge of the world the shah armens kings of armenia sometimes known as ahlahshahs used the title shāh i arman lit shah of armenians 9 some monarchs were known by a contraction of the kingdom s name with shah such as khwarezmshah ruler of the realm of khwarezmia in the central asia or the shirvanshah of the historical region of shirvan in caucasia present day republic of azerbaijan the kings of georgia called themselves shahanshah alongside their other titles the georgian title mepetmepe also meaning king of kings mepe king in georgian was also inspired by the shahanshah title impact and influence edit derived terms edit shahzada edit shahzada persian شاهزاده romanized šāhzāda lit royal imperial descendant also transliterated as šâhzâde in the realm of a shah or a loftier derived ruler style a prince or princess of the royal blood was logically called shahzada as the term is derived from shah using the persian patronymic suffix zāda or zâde born from or descendant of however the precise full styles can differ in the court traditions of each shah s kingdom this title was given to the princes of the ottoman empire şehzade ottoman turkish شهزاده and was used by the princes of islamic india ś ahzāda urdu شہزادہ bengali শাহজাদা romanized shahzada such as in the mughal empire the mughals and the sultans of delhi were of indo persian and turco mongol origin 10 11 12 a continuation of traditions and habits ever since persian language was first introduced into the region by turco persian dynasties centuries earlier 13 14 thus in oudh only sons of the sovereign shah bahadur see above were by birth right styled shahzada personal title mirza personal name bahadur though this style could also be extended to individual grandsons and even further relatives other male descendants of the sovereign in the male line were merely styled mirza personal name or personal name mirza this could even apply to non muslim dynasties for example the younger sons of the ruling sikh maharaja of punjab were styled shahzada personal name singh bahadur the borrowing shahajada shah s son taken from the mughal title shahzada was the usual princely title borne by the grandsons and male descendants of a nepalese sovereign in the male line of the shah dynasty until its abolition in 2008 for the heir to a persian style shah s royal throne more specific titles were used containing the key element wali al ahd usually in addition to shahzada where his junior siblings enjoyed this style 15 others edit shahbanu persian شهبانو šahbânū persian term using the word shah and the persian suffix banu lady empress in modern times the official title of empress farah pahlavi shahpur persian شاهپور šâhpur also been derived from shah using the archaic persian suffix pur son male descendant to address the prince shahdokht persian شاهدخت šâhdoxt is also another term derived from shah using the persian patronymic suffix dokht daughter female descendant to address the princess of the imperial households shahzade persian شاهزاده šâhzâde persian termination for prince lit offspring of the shah used by ottoman turks in the form şehzade malek ol moluk persian ملک الملوک king of kings an arabic title used by the iranian buyids a persianized form of the abbasid amir al umara related terms edit satrap the term in western languages for a governor of a persian province is a distortion of xšaθrapāvan literally guardian of the realm which derives from the word xšaθra an old persian word meaning realm province and related etymologically to shah deeply revered among both the hindus and some muslims in india 1st guru of sikhism guru nanak was referred to as shah by the muslims and as faqir by the hindus the highest honour in both the religions and hence came to known as nanak shah faqir maq ad a šâh persian مقعد شاه maq ad a šâh the phrase from which the name of mogadishu is believed to be derived which means seat of the shah a reflection of the city s early persian influence 16 the english word checkmate is in fact derived from shah mat from persian via arabic latin and french related terms such as chess and exchequer likewise originate from the persian word their modern senses having developed from the original meaning of the king piece 17 armenian names edit armenian compound personal names often contain the element šah meaning king in middle persian and new persian these names can be found in both masculine and feminine forms and may include native armenian or foreign components the element šah can appear as either the first or second component and is sometimes part of doublet forms with the components reversed for example masculine names include šah amir and amir šah šah paron and paron šah and vahram šah feminine names include šah xat un and xat un šah and šah tikin some examples of these compound names include masculine šah aziz and feminine aziz šah masculine sult an šah and feminine šah sult an and masculine melik šah and feminine šah melē ik these names particularly the feminine forms sometimes vary in gender depending on the source the name artamšin for instance is based on artam from old iranian r̥tāma interpreted as having power of from r̥ta the auslaut of the armenian name suggests a connection to the iranian word for king šāh found in various languages including middle persian and new persian in another example the name šaštʻi is interpreted as šah lady with the second component reflecting the arabic term sittī meaning my lady lady this name is found in a colophon from the kołbay monastery as the name of a sister of dawitʻ and priest vardan overall armenian compound names containing the element šah provide insight into the linguistic and cultural interactions between armenian and iranian languages and cultures 18 see also edit shah surname ikhshid mirmiran references edit yarshater ehsan persia or iran persian or farsi archived 2010 10 24 at the wayback machine iranian studies vol xxii no 1 1989 siddiq mohammad yusuf spring summer 2015 titles and islamic culture as reflected in the islamic architectural inscriptions of bengal 1205 1707 islamic studies 54 1 2 50 51 doi 10 52541 isiri v54i1 2 161 jstor 44629923 shāh a persian title sometimes in different compound forms such as bādshāh or pādshāh stands for monarch which has become part of the popular vocabulary over years in a number of south asian languages including bengali urdu and hindi in addition to the languages of neighbouring regions the last afghan king zāhīr shāh for instance used to be called bādshāh until his dethronement in 1973 used by all the mughal emperors in india the title appeared in a few bengal sultanate inscriptions as well an introduction to old persian p 149 prods oktor skjærvø harvard university 2003 schmitt rüdiger 2014 wörterbuch der altpersischen königsinschriften wiesbaden reichert verlag pp 286 287 isbn 978 3954900176 old persian appendices glossaries indices transcriptions prods oktor skjærvø harvard university 2003 d n mackenzie a concise pahlavi dictionary routledge curzon 2005 isbn 0197135595 m mo in an intermediate persian dictionary six volumes amir kabir publications teheran 1992 tim greenwood emergence of the bagratuni kingdoms p 52 in armenian kars and ani richard hovannisian ed clifford edmund bosworth the new islamic dynasties a chronological and genealogical manual the shāh i armanids p 197 richards john f 1995 the mughal empire cambridge university press p 2 isbn 978 0 521 56603 2 archived from the original on 22 september 2023 retrieved 9 august 2017 quote although the first two timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent the dynasty and the empire itself became indisputably indian the interests and futures of all concerned were in india not in ancestral homelands in the middle east or central asia furthermore the mughal empire emerged from the indian historical experience it was the end product of a millennium of muslim conquest colonization and state building in the indian subcontinent schimmel annemarie 2004 the empire of the great mughals history art and culture reaktion books p 22 isbn 978 1861891853 balabanlilar lisa 2012 imperial identity in mughal empire memory and dynastic politics in early modern central asia i b tauris p 2 isbn 978 1848857261 sigfried j de laet history of humanity from the seventh to the sixteenth century unesco 1994 isbn 9231028138 p 734 bennett clinton ramsey charles m 2012 south asian sufis devotion deviation and destiny a c black isbn 978 1441151278 retrieved 2 january 2015 shahzada son of shah newsvine com david d laitin said s samatar somalia nation in search of a state westview press 1987 p 12 chisholm hugh ed 1911 shah encyclopædia britannica vol 24 11th ed cambridge university press p 769 martirosyan hrach 2021 two armenian personal names with šah king bulletin of the institute of oriental studies 158 166 doi 10 52837 27382702 2021 34 1 158 external links edit look up shah in wiktionary the free dictionary last name shah at surnamedb com worldstatesmen here iran see each present country shah etymology online portals iran asia monarchy royalty v t e imperial royal and noble styles forms of address for popes royalty and nobility africa nəgusä nägäst nkosi pharaoh mansa faama buurba damel teigne lamane kurmina fari saltigue maad buumi silatigi almami moro naba oba yaa naa western holiness imperial and royal majesty hi rm imperial and most faithful majesty imperial majesty him apostolic majesty ham catholic monarchs catholic majesty hcm most christian majesty hmcm most faithful majesty hmfm orthodox majesty hom britannic majesty hbm most excellent majesty most gracious majesty royal majesty hrm majesty hm grace hg royal highness hrh monseigneur msgr most eminent highness hmeh exalted highness heh highness hh serene highness hsh illustrious highness hill h excellency he most excellent most illustrious hochgeboren hochwohlgeboren wohlgeboren much honoured the much hon milord millourt antiquity ancient rome pater patriae augustus sebastos dominus georgia mepe middle ages imperial and royal highness hi rh imperial highness hih royal highness hrh grand ducal highness hgdh highness hh ducal serene highness hdsh serene highness hsh serenity hs illustrious highness hill h grace hg excellency he specific culture don senhor republic most serene republic asian baghatur duli yang maha mulia great king khan khagan king of kings raja maharaja mikado shah padishah shogun son of heaven islamic agha agha khan effendi emir amir al mu minin hadra a la hazrat khalifa malik mawla sayyid...