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rocess called porting 15 as of july 2011 creative commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide 16 applicable works edit wanna work together animation by creative commons the second version of the mayer and bettle promotional animation explaining creative commons with jamendo as an example work licensed under a creative commons license is governed by applicable copyright law 17 this allows creative commons licenses to be applied to all work falling under copyright including books plays movies music articles photographs blogs and websites software edit while software is also governed by copyright law and cc licenses are applicable the cc recommends against using it in software specifically due to backward compatibility limitations with existing commonly used software licenses 18 19 instead developers may resort to use more software friendly free and open source software foss software licenses outside the foss licensing use case for software there are several usage examples to utilize cc licenses to specify a freeware license model examples are the white chamber mari0 or assault cube 20 despite the status of cc0 as the most free copyright license the free software foundation does not recommend releasing software into the public domain using the cc0 due to patent concerns 21 however application of a creative commons license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions 22 furthermore creative commons licenses are non exclusive and non revocable 23 any work or copies of the work obtained under a creative commons license may continue to be used under that license 24 when works are protected by more than one creative commons license the user may choose any of them 25 preconditions edit the author or the licensor in case the author did a contractual transfer of rights needs to have the exclusive rights on the work if the work has already been published under a public license it can be uploaded by any third party once more on another platform by using a compatible license and making reference and attribution to the original license e g by referring to the url of the original license 26 consequences edit the license is non exclusive royalty free and unrestricted in terms of territory and duration so it is irrevocable unless a new license is granted by the author after the work has been significantly modified any use of the work that is not covered by other copyright rules triggers the public license upon activation of the license the licensee must adhere to all conditions of the license otherwise the license agreement is illegitimate and the licensee would commit a copyright infringement the author or the licensor as a proxy has the legal rights to act upon any copyright infringement the licensee has a limited period to correct any non compliance 26 types of license edit creative commons license spectrum between public domain top and all rights reserved bottom left side indicates the use cases allowed right side the license components the dark green area indicates free cultural works compatible licenses the two green areas compatibility with the remix culture cc license usage in 2014 top and middle free cultural works compatible license usage 2010 to 2014 bottom needs update four rights edit the cc licenses all grant baseline rights such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non commercial purposes and without modification 27 in addition different versions of license prescribe different rights as shown in this table 28 icon right description attribution by licensees may copy distribute display perform and make derivative works and remixes based on it only if they give the author or licensor the credits attribution in the manner specified by these since version 2 0 all creative commons licenses require attribution to the creator and include the by element the letters by are not an abbreviation unlike the other rights sharealike sa licensees may distribute derivative works only under a license identical to not more restrictive than the license that governs the original work copyleft without sharealike derivative works might be sublicensed with compatible but more restrictive license clauses e g cc by to cc by nc noncommercial nc licensees may copy distribute display perform the work and make derivative works and remixes based on it only for non commercial purposes noderivatives nd licensees may copy distribute display and perform only verbatim copies of the work not derivative works and remixes based on it since version 4 0 derivative works are allowed but must not be shared the last two clauses are incompatible with free content licenses according to definitions such as dfsg or the free software foundation s standards and cannot be used in contexts that require these freedoms such as wikipedia for software creative commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions the bsd license the gnu lgpl and the gnu gpl 29 mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations of which eleven are valid creative commons licenses and five are not of the five invalid combinations four include both the nd and sa clauses which are mutually exclusive and one includes none of the clauses of the eleven valid combinations the five that lack the by clause have been retired because 98 of licensors requested attribution though they do remain available for reference on the website 30 31 32 this leaves six regularly used licenses plus the cc0 public domain declaration six regularly used licenses edit the six licenses in most frequent use are shown in the following table among them those accepted by the wikimedia foundation the by and cc by sa licenses allow derivative works and commercial use 32 33 34 cc license comparison license name abbreviation icon attribution required allows remix culture allows commercial use allows free cultural works meets the okf open definition attribution cc by yes yes yes yes yes attribution sharealike cc by sa yes yes yes yes yes attribution noncommercial cc by nc yes yes no no no attribution noncommercial sharealike cc by nc sa yes yes no no no attribution noderivatives cc by nd yes no yes no no attribution noncommercial noderivatives cc by nc nd yes no no no no zero public domain edit see also list of public domain projects cc0 redirects here not to be confused with cco disambiguation tool name abbreviation icon attribution required allows remix culture allows commercial use allows free cultural works meets the okf open definition no rights reserved cc0 no yes yes yes yes cc zero public domain dedication tool logo 35 creative commons public domain mark indicates works which have already fallen into or were given to the public domain creative commons public domain mark button besides copyright licenses creative commons also offers cc0 a tool for relinquishing copyright and releasing material into the public domain 34 cc0 is a legal tool for waiving as many rights as legally possible 36 when that is not legally possible cc0 falls back to a public domain equivalent license 36 cc0 began development in 2007 37 and was released in 2009 38 39 a major target of the license was the scientific data community 40 in 2010 creative commons announced its public domain mark pdm 41 42 43 a symbol used to indicate that a work is free of known copyright restrictions and therefore in the public domain it is analogous to the copyright symbol which is commonly used to indicate that a work is copyrighted often as part of a copyright notice the public domain mark itself does not release a copyrighted work into the public domain like cc0 the symbol is encoded in unicode as u 1f16e circled c with overlaid backslash 44 which was added in unicode 13 0 in march 2020 45 as there is no single definition of public domain and copyright laws differ by jurisdiction a work can be in the public domain in some countries while still being under copyright in others so called hybrid status it is also difficult to assess the legal status of many works the pdm is recommended to be used only for works that are likely free from any copyright restrictions worldwide 46 together cc0 and the public domain mark replace the public domain dedication and certification 47 which took a u s centric approach and co mingled distinct operations in 2011 the free software foundation added cc0 to its free software licenses however they recommend against using cc0 to release software into the public domain as it explicitly withholds patent rights 21 in february 2012 cc0 was submitted to open source initiative osi for their approval 48 however controversy arose over its clause which excluded from the scope of the license any relevant patents held by the copyright holder this clause was added for scientific data rather than software but some members of the osi believed it could weaken users defenses against software patents as a result creative commons withdrew their submission and the license is not currently approved by the osi 40 49 from 2013 to 2017 the stock photography website unsplash used the cc0 license 50 51 distributing several million free photos a month 52 lawrence lessig the founder of creative commons has contributed to the site 53 unsplash moved from using the cc0 license to a custom license in june 2017 54 and to an explicitly nonfree license in february 2018 in october 2014 the open knowledge foundation approved the creative commons cc0 as conformant with the open definition and recommended the license to dedicate content to the public domain 11 12 in july 2022 fedora linux disallowed software licensed under cc0 due to patent rights explicitly not being waived under the license 55 retired licenses edit due to either disuse or criticism a number of previously offered creative commons licenses have since been retired 30 56 and are no longer recommended for new works the retired licenses include all licenses lacking the attribution element other than cc0 as well as the following four licenses developing nations license a license which only applies to developing countries deemed to be non high income economies by the world bank full copyright restrictions apply to people in other countries 57 sampling parts of the work can be used for any purpose other than advertising but the whole work cannot be copied or modified 58 sampling plus parts of the work can be copied and modified for any purpose other than advertising and the entire work can be copied for noncommercial purposes 59 noncommercial sampling plus the whole work or parts of the work can be copied and modified for non commercial purposes 60 version 4 0 edit further information creative commons jurisdiction ports the latest version 4 0 of the creative commons licenses released on november 25 2013 are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports 61 62 63 28 no new ports have been implemented in version 4 0 of the license 64 version 4 0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license 65 additionally there is a thirty day grace period to correct the breach of the licensing terms by the licensee and have their rights reinstated prior to 4 0 the licensee would lose their rights after breaking the license s terms this does not impact the ability for licensors to seek remedies 62 66 in addition it allows licensors to request to remove attribution from verbatim work which prior to 4 0 only applied to adaptations 62 rights and obligations edit attribution edit since 2004 all current licenses other than the cc0 and cc pd variant require attribution of the original author as signified by the by component as in the preposition by 31 the attribution must be given to the best of one s ability using the information available 67 creative commons suggests the mnemonic tasl title author source web link cc licence generally this implies the following include any copyright notices if applicable if the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder those notices must be left intact or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re published cite the author s name screen name or user id etc if the work is being published on the internet it is nice to link that name to the person s profile page if such a page exists cite the work s title or name if applicable if such a thing exists if the work is being published on the internet it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work cite the specific cc license the work is under if the work is being published on the internet it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the cc website mention if the work is a derivative work or adaptation in addition to the above one needs to identify that their work is a derivative work e g this is a finnish translation of original work by author or screenplay based on original work by author non commercial licenses edit main article creative commons noncommercial license the noncommercial license allows image creators to restrict selling and profiting from their works by other parties and thus maintaining free of charge access to images the non commercial option included in some creative commons licenses is controversial in definition 68 as it is sometimes unclear what can be considered a non commercial setting and application since its restrictions differ from the principles of open content promoted by other permissive licenses 69 in 2014 wikimedia deutschland published a guide to using creative commons licenses as wiki pages for translations and as pdf 26 adaptability edit an example of a permitted combination of two works one being cc by sa and the other being public domain rights in an adaptation can be expressed by a cc license that is compatible with the status or licensing of the original work or works on which the adaptation is based 70 license compatibility chart for combining or mixing two cc licensed works 71 72 yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes no no yes yes no yes no no no no no no legal aspects edit the legal implications of large numbers of works having creative commons licensing are difficult to predict and there is speculation that media creators often lack insight to be able to choose the license which best meets their intent in applying it 73 some works licensed using creative commons licenses have been involved in several court cases 74 creative commons itself was not a party to any of these cases they only involved licensors or licensees of creative commons licenses when the cases went as far as decisions by judges that is they were not dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or were not settled privately out of court they have all validated the legal robustness of creative commons public licenses further information public information licence dutch tabloid edit in early 2006 podcaster adam c...