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izulu edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia language that uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning this article is about primary sign languages of the deaf for signed versions of spoken languages see manually coded language for other uses see sign language disambiguation this article cites its sources but does not provide page references please help improve it by providing page numbers for existing citations june 2025 learn how and when to remove this message sign languages also known as signed languages are languages that use the visual manual modality to convey meaning rather than spoken words they are expressed through manual articulation in combination with non manual markers and are full fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon 1 sign languages are not universal and are usually not mutually intelligible 2 although there are similarities among different sign languages wherever communities of deaf and hard of hearing people exist sign languages have developed as a means of communication and form the core of local deaf cultures citation needed although signing is used primarily by deaf and hard of hearing people it is also used by hearing individuals such as those with deaf family members including children of deaf adults codas sign languages are distinct from body language a type of nonverbal communication linguists also distinguish natural sign languages from other systems that are precursors to them or derived from them such as constructed manual codes for spoken languages home sign baby sign language and signs used with non human primates citation needed the number of sign languages worldwide is not precisely known each country generally has its own native sign language and some have more than one the 2021 edition of ethnologue lists 150 sign languages 3 while the sign hub atlas of sign language structures lists over 200 and notes that there are more that have not yet been documented 4 as of 2021 indo pakistani sign language is the most widely used sign language in the world and ethnologue ranks it as the 151st most spoken language in the world 5 some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition 6 history edit main article history of sign language the examples and perspectives in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject you may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate june 2025 learn how and when to remove this message juan pablo bonet reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak madrid 1620 groups of deaf people have used sign languages throughout history one of the earliest written records of a sign language is from the fifth century bc in plato s cratylus where socrates says if we hadn t a voice or a tongue and wanted to express things to one another wouldn t we try to make signs by moving our hands head and the rest of our body just as dumb people do at present 7 most of what is known about pre 19th century sign languages is limited to the manual alphabets fingerspelling systems that were invented to facilitate the transfer of words from a spoken language to a sign language rather than documentation of the language itself debate around european monastic sign languages developed in the middle ages has come to regard them as gestural systems rather than true sign languages 8 9 10 11 monastic sign languages were the basis for the first known manual alphabet used in deaf schools developed by pedro ponce de león 12 the earliest records of contact between europeans and indigenous peoples of the gulf coast region in what is now texas and northern mexico note a fully formed sign language already in use by the time of the europeans arrival there 13 these records include the accounts of cabeza de vaca in 1527 and coronado in 1541 in 1620 juan pablo bonet published reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak in madrid 14 it is considered the first modern treatise of sign language phonetics setting out a method of oral education for deaf people and a manual alphabet chirogram from john bulwer s chirologia 1644 in britain manual alphabets were also in use for a number of purposes such as secret communication 15 public speaking or communication by or with deaf people 16 in 1648 john bulwer described master babington a deaf man proficient in the use of a manual alphabet contryved on the joynts of his fingers whose wife could converse with him easily even in the dark through the use of tactile signing 17 in 1680 george dalgarno published didascalocophus or the deaf and dumb mans tutor 18 in which he presented his own method of deaf education including an arthrological alphabet where letters are indicated by pointing to different joints of the fingers and palm of the left hand arthrological systems had been in use by hearing people for some time 15 some have speculated that they can be traced to early ogham manual alphabets 19 20 the vowels of this alphabet have survived in the modern alphabets used in british sign language auslan and new zealand sign language the earliest known printed pictures of consonants of the modern two handed alphabet appeared in 1698 with digiti lingua latin for language or tongue of the finger a pamphlet by an anonymous author who was himself unable to speak 21 22 he suggested that the manual alphabet could also be used by mutes for silence and secrecy or purely for entertainment nine of its letters can be traced to earlier alphabets and 17 letters of the modern two handed alphabet can be found among the two sets of 26 handshapes depicted charles de la fin published a book in 1692 describing an alphabetic system where pointing to a body part represented the first letter of the part e g brow b and vowels were located on the fingertips as with the other british systems 23 he described such codes for both english and latin by 1720 the british manual alphabet had found more or less its present form 24 descendants of this alphabet have been used by deaf communities at least in education in the former british colonies india australia new zealand uganda and south africa as well as the republics and provinces of the former yugoslavia grand cayman island in the caribbean indonesia norway germany and the united states during the polygar wars against the british veeran sundaralingam communicated with veerapandiya kattabomman s mute younger brother oomaithurai by using their own sign language clarification needed frenchman charles michel de l épée published his manual alphabet in the 18th century which has survived largely unchanged in france and north america until the present time in 1755 abbé de l épée founded the first school for deaf children in paris laurent clerc was arguably its most famous graduate clerc went to the united states with thomas hopkins gallaudet to found the american school for the deaf in hartford connecticut in 1817 25 26 gallaudet s son edward miner gallaudet founded a school for the deaf in 1857 in washington d c which in 1864 became the national deaf mute college now called gallaudet university it is still the only liberal arts university for deaf people in the world preservation of the sign language george w veditz 1913 international sign formerly known as gestuno is used mainly at international deaf events such as the deaflympics and meetings of the world federation of the deaf while recent studies claim that international sign is a kind of a pidgin they conclude that it is more complex than a typical pidgin and indeed is more like a full sign language 27 28 linguistics edit sign languages have capability and complexity equal to spoken languages their study as part of the field of linguistics has demonstrated that they exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages 29 1 30 such fundamental properties include duality of patterning 31 and recursion 32 duality of patterning means that languages are composed of smaller meaningless units which can be combined into larger units with meaning see below the term recursion means that languages exhibit grammatical rules and the output of such a rule can be the input of the same rule it is for example possible in sign languages to create subordinate clauses and a subordinate clause may contain another subordinate clause sign languages are not mime in other words signs are conventional often arbitrary and do not necessarily have a visual relationship to their referent much as most spoken language is not onomatopoeic while iconicity is more systematic and widespread in sign languages than in spoken ones the difference is not categorical 33 34 the visual modality allows the human preference for close connections between form and meaning to be more fully expressive whereas this is more suppressed in spoken language 35 sign languages like spoken languages organize elementary meaningless units into meaningful semantic units this type of organization in natural language is often called duality of patterning as in spoken languages these meaningless units are represented as combinations of features although coarser descriptions are often also made in terms of five parameters handshape or handform orientation location or place of articulation movement and non manual expression these meaningless units in sign languages were initially called cheremes 36 from the greek word for hand by analogy to the phonemes from greek for voice of spoken languages now they are sometimes called phonemes when describing sign languages too since the function is essentially the same but more commonly discussed in terms of features 1 or parameters 37 more generally both sign and spoken languages share the characteristics that linguists have found in all natural human languages such as transitoriness semanticity arbitrariness productivity and cultural transmission clarification needed ghanaian sign language alphabet common linguistic features of many sign languages are the occurrence of classifier constructions a high degree of inflection by means of changes of movement and a topic comment syntax more than spoken languages sign languages can convey meaning by simultaneous means e g by the use of space two manual articulators and the signer s face and body though there is still much discussion on the topic of iconicity in sign languages classifiers are generally considered to be highly iconic as these complex constructions function as predicates that may express any or all of the following motion position stative descriptive or handling information 38 the term classifier is not used by everyone working on these constructions across the field of sign language linguistics the same constructions are also referred with other terms such as depictive signs citation needed today linguists study sign languages as true languages part of the field of linguistics however the category sign languages was not added to the linguistic bibliography bibliographie linguistique until the 1988 volume 39 when it appeared with 39 entries relationships with spoken languages edit sign language relief sculpture on a stone wall life is beautiful be happy and love each other by czech sculptor zuzana čížková on holečkova street in prague smíchov by a school for the deaf there is a common misconception 40 that sign languages are spoken language expressed in signs or that they were invented by hearing people 41 similarities in language processing in the brain between signed and spoken languages further perpetuated this misconception hearing teachers in deaf schools such as charles michel de l épée or thomas hopkins gallaudet are often incorrectly referred to as inventors of sign language instead sign languages like all natural languages are developed by the people who use them in this case deaf people who may have little or no knowledge of any spoken language as a sign language develops it sometimes borrows elements from spoken languages just as all languages borrow from other languages that they are in contact with sign languages vary in how much they borrow from spoken languages in many sign languages a manual alphabet fingerspelling may be used in signed communication to borrow a word from a spoken language this is most commonly used for proper names of people and places it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment particularly if the people involved are to some extent bilingual in the spoken language fingerspelling can sometimes be a source of new signs such as initialized signs in which the handshape represents the first letter of a spoken word with the same meaning a january 2021 welsh government video informing viewers of their new covid 19 regulations on the whole though sign languages are independent of spoken languages and follow their own paths of development for example british sign language bsl and american sign language asl are quite different and mutually unintelligible even though the hearing people of the united kingdom and the united states share the same spoken language the grammars of sign languages do not usually resemble those of spoken languages used in the same geographical area in fact in terms of syntax asl shares more with spoken japanese than it does with english 42 similarly countries which use a single spoken language throughout may have two or more sign languages or an area that contains more than one spoken language might use only one sign language south africa which has 11 official spoken languages and a similar number of other widely used spoken languages is a good example of this it has only one sign language with two variants due to its history of having two major educational institutions for the deaf which have served different geographic areas of the country spatial grammar and simultaneity edit hello in asl american sign language another variation of hello in asl american sign language sign languages exploit the unique features of the visual medium sight but may also exploit tactile features tactile sign languages spoken language is by and large linear only one sound can be made or received at a time sign language on the other hand is visual and hence can use a simultaneous expression although this is limited articulatorily and linguistically visual perception allows processing of simultaneous information one way in which many sign languages take advantage of the spatial nature of the language is through the use of classifier...