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on 86 there are four major climate regions in the state arid köppen bw semi arid lands bs semi moist lands and temperate zones cwb 87 ninety percent of the state has arid or semi arid conditions the other two climates are restricted to the areas of the state with the highest altitude such as the yécora area the mountains north of cananea and a strip along the southeast of the state on the chihuahua border 37 70 average annual maximum temperatures range from 24 2 c 75 6 f in yécora to 35 c 95 f in tesia municipality of navojoa average annual minimum temperatures range from 5 9 c 42 6 f in yécora to 20 2 c 68 4 f in orégano municipality of hermosillo 37 70 in the winter cold air masses from the north reach the state and can produce below freezing temperatures and high winds at night in the higher elevations but the temperature can then jump back up to over 20 c or 68 f during the afternoon freezing temperatures almost never occur in the lowlands 80 88 in february 2011 the mexican government recorded a low in yécora of 12 c or 10 4 f 88 san carlos during the wet season precipitation is seasonal and mostly occurs in the higher elevations in hot and arid or semi arid lands evaporation vastly exceeds precipitation 89 mexico s most arid area the altar desert is located in this state 70 the east of the state is dominated by the sierra madre occidental which has less extreme temperatures and relatively more rainfall due to altitude 70 most moisture comes in from the pacific ocean and the tropics which is pushed against the sierra madre this cools the air masses leading to rain and occasionally snow in the higher elevations while most of the rain falls in the mountainous areas much of this water finds its way back to the western coastal plains in the form of rivers and streams that empty into the gulf of california and fill underground aquifers 79 most of the year s precipitation falls during the rainy season which is locally called las aguas the waters these last from july to mid september when monsoon winds bring moist air from southerly tropical waters most of this is from the pacific ocean west of central america but can also come from gulf of mexico as well this moister flow results in nearly daily afternoon thunderstorms after the las aguas there may be additional moisture brought in by hurricanes which generally move west along the pacific coast of mexico and occasionally come inland especially in southern sonora however these storms tend to drop large quantities of rain in a short time causing flooding and destruction 83 in the winter from november to february there are light rains called equipatas horse hoofs named after the sound the rain makes these rains come in from the north from the southern extensions of frontal storms that originate in the northern pacific ocean these end by march or april when the fronts are no longer strong enough to reach this far south they end even earlier in the extreme south of the state as the storm systems retreat with the dry season lasting eight or nine months in this part of the state in the north these rains support a wide variety of spring annuals and wildflowers but the water they supply in the south of the state is still important to help replenish wells 83 hydrology edit satellite photo of the colorado river delta in sonora with the exception of the colorado river river and aquifer systems in sonora are a result of rains from incoming clouds rising above the sierra madre occidental this water runs down the west side of the mountains along the canyons and valleys towards the plains and coast and into the gulf of california 79 sonora has seven major rivers the colorado river the concepción river the san ignacio river the sonora river the mátepe river the yaqui river and the mayo river dams such as alvaro obregon adolfo ruiz cortines plutarco elias calles abelardo rodriguez and lázaro cárdenas have been built along some of these rivers at least two of them where natural lakes existed 37 87 some of the dams formed large deltas such as that of the mayo river 28 the largest aquifers are mostly found between hermosillo and coast the guaymas valley and the area around caborca most of these are having problems due to overpumping for agricultural irrigation 37 protected areas edit sonora has 18 463 square kilometres 7 129 sq mi of protected wildlife areas 90 protected natural areas in the state are of three types biosphere reserves areas for the protection of flora and fauna and areas for the protection of natural resources 91 the el pinacate biosphere reserve is located between puerto peñasco and the united states border in the altar desert the reserve consists of an area with a series of gigantic dormant volcanic craters which are covered with flora and fauna it is frequently visited by foreign tourists researchers and photographers the reserve has a site museum which displays the area history from its formation to the present the craters are named badillo molina or el trébol cerro colorado volcan grande caravajales and the largest mc dougal 92 the cañón las barajitas barajitas canyon is a protected natural area that consists of three different ecosystems located 31 kilometres 19 mi north of san carlos it contains a kilometer of beaches and a canyon which has two distinct microclimates one arid and desert like and the other subtropical the area has a wide variety of fauna including whales dolphins and manta rays that can be seen off the coast depending on the season activities for visitors include kayaking paddleboats scuba diving and fishing there are also caves as well as a solar observatory 93 the alto golfo y delta upper gulf and delta biosphere reserve encompasses is in the northwest of sonora and northeast of baja california norte at the northernmost part of the gulf of california and the delta of the colorado river the area is home to a very large number of marine species there are also rocky beaches along with those with fine sand some of these are home to groups of seals and sea lions the reserve was created in 1993 and encompasses an area of 934 756 hectares on land there are arid scrub brush coastal dunes and an estuary it extends into the far upper part of the gulf of california 94 the bahía e islas de san jorge bay and islands of san jorge covering 130 square kilometres 50 sq mi are located on sonora s northern coast between caborca and puerto peñasco the islands were first made a federal reserve in 1978 due to its importance to migratory birds they are especially important to species such as the least tern colonies of cocos booby fish eating myotis and california sea lion the islands are large rocks and are white from guano the beaches extend for 10 kilometres 6 2 mi and end at the bay of san jorge on the south end the area is home to sea lions and a type of bat that fishes there are sand dunes with arid zone vegetation as well as a small estuary the climate is very arid and semi hot with an average temperature of between 18 and 22 c 64 and 72 f 95 the isla tiburón is an ecological reserve with about 300 species of plants with desert and marine wildlife the island was once inhabited by the seris and they still consider it their territory 96 the la mesa el campanero arroyo el reparo reserve is found in the municipality of yécora it is a mesa with mountains which cover 43 000 hectares 430 km 2 170 sq mi containing pine and tropical forests rivers arroyos rock formations and dirt roads due to its altitude of between 700 and 2 100 meters 2 300 and 6 900 ft above sea level its temperatures are temperate for the state it is part of the sierra madre occidential bio region and in the upper basins of the yaqui and mayo rivers 97 politics and government edit sonora is divided into 72 municipalities this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information february 2013 mexico united states border edit aerial photograph of the united states mexican border running diagonally from left to right between nogales arizona united states and nogales sonora mexico upper right see also mexico united states border sonora s border with the united states is 588 kilometres 365 mi long 37 and runs through desert and mountains from the western chihuahuan desert through an area of grasslands and oak mountain areas to the sonoran desert west of nogales the area gets drier from here west and the last third of the border is generally uninhabited there are six official border crossings from east to west these at agua prieta naco nogales sasabe sonoyta and san luis río colorado in populated areas much of the border is marked by corrugated metal walls but most of the rest is marked by barbed wire fence and border monuments 98 like others in the world the border is a culture unto itself not belonging 100 to either country interaction between the peoples on both sides is a part of both the culture and the economy in the 1980s an international volleyball game was regularly held near naco with the chain link border fence serving as the net much of arizona and sonora share a cuisine based on the wheat cheese and beef that was introduced to the region by the spaniards with wheat tortillas being especially large on both sides of the border this diet is reinforced by the vaquero cowboy tradition which continues in both states 98 the six border crossings are essential to the existence and extent of the communities that surround them as most of them function as ports for the passage of goods between the two countries 99 people regularly shop and work on the other side taking advantage of opportunities there 98 the economic opportunities of the border are not equal on both sides most of the population along this border lives on the sonoran side many of which have moved here for the opportunities created by the maquiladoras and other businesses these are lacking on the arizona side 99 the border has separated the region s indigenous populations such as the tohono o odham while members of the tohono o odham have special border crossing privileges these have become endangered as mexican farmers encroach on tribal lands in sonora which are vulnerable to drug smugglers yaquis in arizona travel south to the yaqui river area for festivals especially holy week and yaquis travel north to arizona for cultural reasons as well when father kino arrived in this area he named much of it the pimería alta as pima territory extends from the highlands of eastern sonora up towards tucson 98 authorities on each side work to keep out from the other that which is undesirable for the united states this mostly involves drugs and illegal immigrants for mexico this mostly involves struggling against the importation of untaxed goods especially automobiles smuggling people and drugs into the united states is big business in mexico but while it affects everyone living on the border it is generally not seen except for occasional newspaper headlines occasional violent crime and religious articles geared to those in the trade illegal crossings taking place through tunnels hidden cars and trucks or most commonly simply passing through a gap in the fence especially in the more remote areas in 1990 a tunnel linking two warehouses in agua prieta and douglas arizona was discovered it was sophisticated with hydraulic equipment and means to move large quantities of goods at least three corridos have been written about this tunnel 98 demographics edit largest cities edit largest cities or towns in sonora source 100 rank municipality pop 1 hermosillo hermosillo 855 563 2 ciudad obregón cajeme 329 404 3 heroica nogales nogales 261 367 4 san luis río colorado san luis río colorado 176 685 5 navojoa navojoa 120 926 6 guaymas guaymas 117 253 7 agua prieta agua prieta 91 029 8 caborca caborca 67 604 9 puerto peñasco puerto peñasco 62 301 10 miguel alemán hermosillo 39 474 historical population year pop 1895 101 192 721 1900 221 682 15 0 1910 265 383 19 7 1921 275 127 3 7 1930 316 271 15 0 1940 364 176 15 1 1950 510 607 40 2 1960 783 378 53 4 1970 1 098 720 40 3 1980 1 513 731 37 8 1990 1 823 606 20 5 1995 2 085 536 14 4 2000 2 216 969 6 3 2005 2 394 861 8 0 2010 2 662 480 11 2 2015 2 850 330 7 1 2020 2 944 840 3 3 8 general population edit sonoran children visiting the office of sonora state deputy economic growth in the state since the mexican revolution has led to steady population growth however this population growth has been concentrated on the arid coastline due to the dominant agriculture and fishing industries eighty five percent of sonora s population growth since 1970 has been in this area 102 another area where there have been gains are municipalities with industry such as in hermosillo and along the united states border however those municipalities with none of these economic advantages do not see population growth and some see population decreases 103 despite population growth sonora is still one of the least densely populated states in the country 102 about 90 of the state s population is catholic with about 5 belonging to evangelical or protestant groups and over 7 professing some other faith 103 the 1921 census reported sonora s population as 55 84 white 30 38 mixed indigenous and white and 13 78 indigenous 104 according to the 2020 census 1 48 of sonora s population identified as black afro mexican or of african descent 105 indigenous population edit the most numerous indigenous groups in the state are the mayo the yaquis and the seris however there are a number of other groups which have maintained much of their way of life in territory in which they have lived for centuries 106 there were at least nine tribes eight of which remain today seven are indigenous to sonora with one migrating to the state over a century ago from the united states 107 these cultures generally hold in reverence the deserts mountains riverbeds and gulf of california with which they have contact many of these beliefs have been adapted to catholicism there are efforts to preserve indigenous languages but with groups of diminished size this has been a challenge 106 as of 2000 there were 55 609 people or 2 85 of the population who spoke an indigenous language in the state the indigenous population is concentrated in fourteen municipalities which are home to 91 of the total indigenous population of the state the municipalities with the greatest presence include etchojoa with 19 of the municipal population guaymas with 8 34 huatabampo with 11 8 navojoa with 5 92 hermosillo with 1 1 cajeme with 1 bácum with 9 26 benito juárez with 5 2 san ignacio río muerto with 7 4 nogales with 1 2 álamos with 3 9 san miguel de horcasitas with 13 7 yécora with 6 8 and san luis río colorado with 5 1 103 performance of the deer dance the mayos are the most numerous indigenous ethnic group in the state with more than 75 000 who have maintained their language and traditions these people who call themselves yoreme are descended from ancient huatabampo culture 108 109 they are ...