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southwestern tai languages wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 classification toggle classification subsection 1 1 chamberlain 1975 1 2 edmondson solnit 1997 1 3 luo 2001 1 4 pittayaporn 2009 2 languages 3 further reading 4 references 5 external links toggle the table of contents southwestern tai languages 13 languages অসমীয়া español فارسی français nordfriisk hrvatski bahasa indonesia ilokano bahasa melayu русский ไทย türkçe 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia branch of the tai languages of southeast asia southwestern tai southwestern thai geographic distribution southeast asia northeast india linguistic classification kra dai kam tai be tai tai southwestern tai proto language proto southwestern tai proto thai subdivisions southern thai central eastern thai language codes glottolog sout3184 distribution of the southwestern tai languages the southwestern tai or thai languages are a branch of the tai languages of southeast asia its languages include central thai siamese northern thai lanna lao including isan shan and others classification edit the internal classification of the southwestern tai dialects is still not well agreed on chamberlain 1975 edit chamberlain 1975 divides southwestern tai into 4 branches 1 chamberlain based his classification on the following phonological patterns note for an explanation of the notation system for tai tones see proto tai language tones p vs ph tone a column split merger pattern tone bcd columns split merger patterns b dl tonal coalescence proto southwestern tai branch with distinguishing innovation p branch with distinguishing innovation a 1 23 4 tse fang a variety of tai nuea spoken at zhefang 遮放镇 in mangshi yunnan china tai mao a variety of tai nuea spoken at nam hkam shan state myanmar muang ka a variety of tai nuea spoken at muang ka in muang baw yunnan china branch with distinguishing innovation abcd 123 4 b dl black tai spoken at sơn la vietnam red tai white tai lue a composite of varieties from many locations in several countries shan spoken at kengtung ca 1930s yuan a composite of varieties spoken in the capital towns of chiang rai phrae nan lampang and chiang mai thailand ahom branch with distinguishing innovation ph a 1 23 4 branch with distinguishing innovation bcd 123 4 siamese phu tai lao neua spoken at nam tha perhaps referring to luang namtha laos phuan spoken at ban mi lopburi thailand and pak seng branch with distinguishing innovation bcd 1 23 4 b dl lao southern thai the tai muong vat of yen chau vietnam is a ph type language like lao even though it is geographically surrounded by black tai theraphan 2003 chamberlain 1984 2 3 edmondson solnit 1997 edit edmondson solnit 1997 divide the southwestern tai dialects into two major subgroups according to this classification dehong tai and khamti are the first languages to have split off from the southwestern tai branch 4 northern tai nua shan tayok chinese shan khamti southern burman shan shan proper all other southwestern tai a transition zone between the northern and southern groups occurs among the tai languages including tai mau around the burma china border region of mangshi namhkam and mu se near ruili this bipartite division of southwestern tai is argued for by edward robinson in his paper features of proto nüa khamti 1994 the following features set off the nüa khamti group from all the other southwestern tai dialects labialized velar stops have become velar stops tripartite split of the a tone a1 23 4 merger of a23 and b4 the low vowels ɛ and ɔ have merged with e and o respectively ʔb m luo 2001 edit luo yongxian 2001 also recognizes the uniqueness of dehong tai tai nuea but argues for that it should be placed in a separate northwestern tai branch with southwestern tai as a sister branch 5 luo claims that the northwestern tai branch has many northern tai and central tai features that are not found in southwestern tai his proposed tree for the tai branch is as follows tai northern central southwestern northwestern pittayaporn 2009 edit see also tai languages pittayaporn 2009 according to pittayaporn 2009 301 southwestern tai his subgroup q is defined by a phonological shift of kr ʰr 6 pittayaporn 2014 also suggests that southwestern tai began to disperse southward after the 7th century c e but before the 11th century c e between 700 and 1000 c e during the late tang dynasty or early song dynasty as evidenced by loanwords from late middle chinese 7 pittayaporn 2018 8 recognizes two branches within southwestern tai namely eastern and western the eastern branch consists of the closely related languages black tai white tai and red tai while the western branch is much more internally diverse the western branch also contains a southern group consisting of thai and lao southwestern tai eastern branch black tai white tai red tai western branch shan varieties lue yuan lao thai defining innovation kʰr kʰ southern sub branch thai lao etc defining innovations ɓl ɗ and ʰr h pittayaporn et al 2018 9 note that following sound changes from proto southwestern tai pswt to the tai varieties represented in the sukhothai and ayutthaya inscriptions and conclude that the sukhothai and ayutthaya inscriptions in fact represent the same language the merger of dorsal obstruents the merger of pswt aɯ and aj the merger of pswt ɲ j and ʔj the loss of voicing distinction in sonorants ɓl d kʰr kʰ ʰr h languages edit southern thai pak thai is often posited to be the most divergent it seems to retain regular reflexes of early tonal developments that were obscured in the other central eastern languages the reconstructed language is called proto thai cf proto tai which is the ancestor of all of the tai languages the following tree follows that of ethnologue 10 verification needed southern thai pak thai thailand chiang saen dialects 11 tai dam black tai vietnam thailand laos northern thai lanna tai yuan thailand laos burma lue lue tai lue china vietnam thailand laos burma phuan laos thailand thai song thailand thai central standard thai siamese thailand tai dón white tai tai kao vietnam china tai daeng vietnam tai meuay laos tay tac vietnam thu lao vietnam lao phutai dialects 5 lao laos except luang prabang dialect is classified as chiang saen languages lao nyo cambodia thailand phu thai thailand isan northeastern thai thailand laos kaloeng thailand laos northwestern tai dialects shanic family 10 aiton assam arunachal pradesh ahom assam extinct modern assamese is indo european khamti arunachal pradesh assam burma tai laing tai lai burma khün kuen burma khamyang assam arunachal pradesh tai nuea china vietnam thailand laos phake assam arunachal pradesh shan tai shan dehong burma turung assam modern turung is a sino tibetan language with tai influence 11 according to ethnologue other southwestern dialects are tai ya china pu ko laos pa di china tai thanh vietnam tai long laos tai hongjin china yong thailand it is not clear where they belong in the classification above ethnologue also lists under tai without further classification kuan laos tai do viet nam tai pao laos and tay khang laos geographically these would all appear to be southwestern 12 ethnologue also includes tày sa pa sapa of vietnam which pittayaporn excludes from southwestern tai but classifies as the most closely related language outside of that group pittayaporn also includes yoy which ethnologue classifies as a northern tai language 12 further reading edit miyake marc 2014 is thai yuan vietnamese a loanword from lao miyake marc 2014 black and white evidence for vietnamese phonological history miyake marc 2014 d ou b led letters in tai viet miyake marc 2014 c r usters in black tai and bao yen miyake marc 2014 s implificaition in black tai and bao yen miyake marc 2010 brown s 1979 vowel length in thai miyake marc 2010 lao x ex references edit chamberlain james r 1975 a new look at the history and classification of the tai dialects in j g harris and j r chamberlain eds studies in tai linguistics in honor of william j gedney pp 49 60 bangkok central institute of english language office of state universities chamberlain james r 1984 the tai dialects of khammouan province their diversity and origins science of language 4 62 95 theraphan l thongkum 2003 the tai muong vat do not speak the black tai language in manusya journal of humanities special issue 6 74 86 bangkok chulalongkorn university press edmondson jerold a solnit david b authors 1997 comparative shan in comparative kadai the tai branch jerold a edmondson and david b solnit eds pages 337 359 summer institute of linguistics and the university of texas at arlington publications in linguistics 124 dallas summer institute of linguistics and the university of texas at arlington luo yongxian 2001 the hypothesis of a new branch for the tai languages university of melbourne pittayaporn pittayawat 2009 the phonology of proto tai ph d dissertation department of linguistics cornell university pittayaporn pittayawat 2014 layers of chinese loanwords in proto southwestern tai as evidence for the dating of the spread of southwestern tai in research findings in southeast asian linguistics a festschrift in honor of professor pranee kullavanijaya manusya special issue 20 bangkok chulalongkorn university press pittayaporn pittayawat 2018 subgroup structure of southwestern tai based on early phonological innovations paper presented at the 28th annual meeting of the southeast asian linguistics society held may 17 19 2018 in kaohsiung taiwan pittayawat pittayaporn sireemas maspong shinnakrit tangsiriwattanakul and yanyong sikkharit 2018 the genetic relationship between sukhothai and ayutthaya paper presented at the 28th annual meeting of the southeast asian linguistics society held may 17 19 2018 in kaohsiung taiwan southwestern ethnologue retrieved 2020 06 29 morey stephen 2004 the tai languages of assam the tai kadai languages doi 10 4324 9780203641873 1 2 lewis m paul 2009 ethnologue languages of the world 16 ed sil international external links edit http sealang net sala archives pdf8 wanna1992classification pdf http sealang net sala archives pdf8 chamberlain1975new pdf http sealang net sala archives pdf8 pranee1998linguistic pdf http sealang net sala archives pdf8 luo2001hypothesis pdf v t e kra dai languages kra laha lachi paha buyang en qabiao gelao vandu a ou mulao hagei telue qau kam sui mulam kam dong cao miao nuoxi naxi yao then maonan chadong sui mak ai cham biao biao lakkia lakkia hlai bouhin ha em lauhut tongzha zandui baoting cun nadou changjiang moyfaw baisha yuanmen jiamao jiamao be jizhao be jizhao tai zhuang etc northern standard zhuang bouyei hezhang buyi yei zhuang longsang zhuang e saek tai yo nyaw yoy tai pao central nong zhuang dai zhuang min zhuang yang zhuang pyang zhuang myang zhuang nùng tày tsʻün lao southwestern thai northwestern shan tai ya tai nuea tai long tai hongjin khamti tai laing phake aiton khamyang ahom turung lao phutai lao phu thai isan tai yo nyaw lao nyo kaloeng chiang saen thai siamese lanna tai daeng tai meuay tai dón tai pao tai lue yong tai dam khün phuan thai song tày tac southern southern thai other sapa pa di tai muong vat tai thanh tai khang kuan mixed cao lan mixed origins hezhang buyi e cao lan jiamao proposed groupings kam tai proto languages proto kra dai proto kra proto tai proto kam sui proto hlai italics indicate extinct languages retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title southwestern_tai_languages oldid 1367698275 categories languages of southeast asia tai languages southwestern tai languages hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata all pages needing factual verification wikipedia articles needing factual verification from may 2026 this page was last edited on 4 august 2026 at 16 56 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie 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