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inated and integrated invasions of japan s northern territories has also been called the battle of manchuria 24 it has also been referred to as the manchurian strategic offensive operation 25 background and buildup edit main article soviet japanese war background and buildup see also end of world war ii in asia the russo japanese war of the early 20th century resulted in a japanese victory and the treaty of portsmouth by which in conjunction with other later events including the mukden incident and japanese invasion of manchuria in september 1931 japan eventually gained control of korea manchuria and south sakhalin in the late 1930s there were a number of soviet japanese border incidents the most significant being the battle of lake khasan changkufeng incident july august 1938 and the battle of khalkhin gol nomonhan incident may september 1939 which led to the soviet japanese neutrality pact 26 27 of april 1941 the neutrality pact freed up forces from the border incidents and enabled the soviets to concentrate on their war with germany and the japanese to concentrate on their southern expansion into asia and the pacific ocean with success at stalingrad and the eventual defeat of germany becoming increasingly certain the soviet attitude to japan changed both publicly with stalin making speeches denouncing japan and covertly with the building up of forces and supplies in the far east at the tehran conference in november 1943 joseph stalin winston churchill and franklin d roosevelt agreed that the soviet union would enter the war against japan once germany was defeated stalin faced a dilemma he wanted to avoid a war on two fronts at almost any cost yet he also saw an opportunity to secure gains in the far east on top of those he expected in europe the only way stalin could ensure these gains without a two front war would be for germany to capitulate before japan due to the soviet japanese neutrality pact the soviets made it official policy to intern allied aircraft and crews who landed in soviet territory following operations against japan however the soviets and western allies soon came to informal arrangements to circumvent official policy under the auspices of lend lease the allies officially transferred aircraft of the same types interned by the soviets in the far east the mutual understanding being that the soviets would also be able use interned allied aircraft against the germans without revealing their true origins in return allied airmen held in the soviet union were usually transferred to camps near iran or other allied controlled territory from where they were typically allowed to escape after some period of time 28 nevertheless the soviet buildup in the far east steadily accelerated even before the defeat of germany by early 1945 it had become apparent to the japanese that the soviets were preparing to invade manchuria though they correctly calculated that they were unlikely to attack prior to germany s defeat in addition to their problems in the pacific the japanese realized the need to determine when and where a soviet invasion would occur at the yalta conference in february 1945 stalin secured roosevelt s acceptance of soviet expansion in the far east in return for agreeing to enter the pacific war within two or three months after the defeat of germany by the middle of march things were not going well in the pacific for the japanese and they had withdrawn their elite troops from manchuria to support actions in the pacific meanwhile the soviets continued their far eastern buildup having decided that they did not wish to renew the neutrality pact the terms of the pact required a notification of expiry 12 months ahead of time so on 5 april 1945 the soviets ostensibly obliged informing the japanese that they did not wish to renew the treaty 29 this caused the japanese considerable concern 30 31 but the soviets went to great efforts to assure the japanese that the treaty would still be in force for another twelve months and that the japanese had nothing to worry about 32 germany surrendered just after midnight moscow time on 9 may 1945 meaning that if the soviets were to honor the agreement at yalta they would need to enter the war with japan by 9 august the situation continued to deteriorate for the japanese now the only axis power left in the war they were keen to stay at peace with the soviets 32 and ultimately to achieve an end to the war since yalta they had repeatedly tried to convince the soviets to extend the neutrality pact as well as attempting to enlist them to mediate peace negotiations with the western allies the soviets did nothing to discourage these overtures instead happy to draw out the process for as long as possible whilst continuing to prepare their invasion forces 32 one of the goals of admiral baron suzuki s cabinet upon taking office in april was to try to secure any peace terms whatsoever short of unconditional surrender 33 in late june they once again approached the soviets inviting them to mediate with the western allies in support of japan providing them with specific proposals in exchange they were prepared to offer the soviets very attractive territorial concessions stalin ostensibly expressed interest and the japanese now awaited an official soviet response even as the soviets continued to deliberately avoid providing one the potsdam conference was held from 16 july to 2 august on 24 july the soviet union recalled all its embassy staff and families from japan on 26 july the conference produced the potsdam declaration whereby churchill harry s truman and chiang kai shek demanded japan s unconditional surrender the japanese avoided responding to the declaration instead continuing to wait on a clarifying soviet reply 32 the japanese had been monitoring trans siberian railway traffic and soviet activity to the east of manchuria in conjunction with the delaying tactics this suggested that the soviets would not be ready to invade east manchuria before the end of august the japanese did not have any concrete evidence as to when or where any invasion would occur 17 they had estimated that an attack was not likely before the spring of 1946 but the stavka had in fact been planning for a mid august offensive successfully concealing the buildup of a force of 90 divisions many soviet units had crossed siberia in their vehicles to avoid straining the rail link 34 the japanese were caught completely by surprise upon receiving the soviet declaration of war an hour before midnight on 8 august now facing a simultaneous invasion on three fronts that began just after midnight on 9 august combatants edit soviets edit the far east command 2 under marshal of the soviet union aleksandr vasilevsky had a plan to conquer manchuria that was simple but huge in scale 1 calling for a massive pincer movement over all of manchuria this was to be performed by the transbaikal front from the west and by the 1st far eastern front from the east the 2nd far eastern front was to attack the center of the pocket from the north 2 the only soviet equivalent of a theater command that operated during the war apart from the short lived 1941 directions in the west far east command consisted of three red army fronts transbaikal front edit basic map showing the soviet invasion plan for manchuria 2 the transbaikal front under marshal rodion malinovsky included 1 17th army 36th army 39th army 53rd army 6th guards tank army soviet mongolian cavalry mechanized group under issa pliyev 12th air army the transbaikal front was to form the western half of the soviet pincer movement attacking across the inner mongolian desert and over the greater khingan mountains 2 these forces had as their objectives firstly to secure mukden present day shenyang then to meet troops of the 1st far eastern front at the changchun area in south central manchuria 1 and in doing so finish the pincer movement 1 amassing over one thousand tanks and self propelled guns the 6th guards tank army was to serve as an armored spearhead leading the front s advance and capturing objectives 350 km 220 mi inside manchuria by the fifth day of the invasion 1 the 36th army was also attacking from the west but with the objective of meeting forces of the 2nd far eastern front at harbin and qiqihar 2 1st far eastern front edit the 1st far eastern front under marshal kirill meretskov included 1 1st red banner army 5th army 25th army 35th army 10th mechanized corps 9th air army the 1st far eastern front was to form the eastern half of the pincer movement this attack involved the 1st red banner army the 5th army and the 10th mechanized corps striking towards mudanjiang or mutanchiang 1 once that city was captured this force was to advance towards the cities of jilin or kirin changchun and harbin 1 its final objective was to link up with the forces of the transbaikal front at changchun and jilin thus closing the double envelopment movement as a secondary objective the 1st far eastern front was to prevent japanese forces from escaping to korea and then invade the korean peninsula up to the 38th parallel 1 establishing in the process what later became north korea this secondary objective was to be carried out by the 25th army 1 meanwhile the 35th army was tasked with capturing the cities of boli or poli linkou and mishan 1 2nd far eastern front edit the 2nd far eastern front under general maksim purkayev included 1 2nd red banner army 15th army 16th army whose 56th rifle corps was its only formation to see combat on south sakhalin 5th separate rifle corps chuguevsk operational group amur military flotilla 10th air army the 2nd far eastern front was deployed in a supporting attack role 1 its objectives were the cities of harbin and qiqihar 2 and to prevent an orderly withdrawal to the south by the japanese forces 1 the front also included the 88th separate rifle brigade composed of chinese and korean guerrillas of the northeast anti japanese united army who had retreated into the ussr in the beginning of the 1940s the unit led by zhou baozhong was set to participate in the invasion for use in sabotage and reconnaissance missions but was considered too valuable to be sent into the battlefield they were thus withheld from participating in combat and instead used for leadership and administrative positions for district offices and police stations in the liberated areas during the subsequent occupation 35 the korean battalion of the brigade including future leader of the dprk kim il sung were also sent to assist in the following occupation of northern korea as part of the 1st far eastern front 35 once troops from the 1st far eastern front and transbaikal front captured the city of changchun the 2nd far eastern front was to attack the liaotung peninsula and seize port arthur present day lüshun 1 soviet forces under the far east command 1 total transbaikal front 1st far east front 2nd far east front men 1 577 725 654 040 586 589 337 096 artillery pieces 27 086 9 668 11 430 5 988 multiple rocket launchers 1 171 583 516 72 tanks and self propelled guns 5 556 h 2 416 1 860 1 280 aircraft 3 721 1 324 1 137 1 260 each front had front units attached directly to the front instead of an army 1 the forces totaled 89 divisions with 1 5 million men 3 704 tanks 1 852 self propelled guns 85 819 vehicles and 3 721 aircraft approximately one third of its strength was in combat support and services 1 the soviet plan incorporated all of the experience in maneuver warfare that they had acquired in fighting the germans 1 japanese edit the kwantung army of the imperial japanese army under general otozo yamada was the major part of the japanese occupation forces in manchuria and korea and consisted of two area armies and three independent armies 1 first area army northeastern manchukuo including 3rd army 5th army third area army southwestern manchukuo including 30th army 44th army independent units 4th army an independent field army responsible for northern manchuria 34th army an independent field army responsible for the areas between the third and seventeenth area armies in northern korea seventeenth area army responsible for korea assigned to the kwantung army at the eleventh hour to no avail each area army homen gun the equivalent of a western army had headquarters units and units attached directly to the area army in addition to the field armies the equivalent of a western corps in addition the japanese were assisted by the forces of their puppet states of manchukuo and mengjiang manchukuo had an army of about 170 000 to 200 000 troops while mengjiang had around 44 000 troops with the majority of these puppet troops being of dubious quality citation needed korea the next target for the soviet far east command was garrisoned by the japanese seventeenth area army citation needed an ija type 95 ha go of the manchuria tank school including the japanese forces in korea the kwantung army had over 900 000 men in 31 divisions and 13 brigades there were about 400 obsolescent tanks and 2 000 aircraft of the 1040 aircraft in manchuria only 230 were combat types and 55 were modern 36 37 however the kwantung army was far below its authorized strength most of its heavy equipment and all of its best military units had transferred to the pacific theater over the previous three years to contend with the advance of american forces some kwantung army units had also re deployed south against the nationalist chinese in operation ichigo in 1944 by 1945 the kwantung army contained a large number of raw recruits and conscripts with generally obsolete light or otherwise limited equipment almost all of the tanks were early 1930s models such as the type 95 ha go and type 89 i go the anti tank units only possessed type 1 37 mm anti tank guns that were ineffective against soviet armor and the infantry had very few machine guns and no anti materiel rifles or submachine guns as a result the japanese forces in manchuria and korea had essentially been reduced to a light infantry counter insurgency force with limited mobility and limited ability to fight a conventional land war against a coordinated enemy in fact only six of the kwantung army s divisions existed prior to january 1945 accordingly the japanese regarded none of the kwantung army s units as combat ready with some units being declared less than 15 ready 38 the imperial japanese navy did not contribute to the defense of manchuria the occupation of which it had always opposed on strategic grounds additionally by the time of the soviet invasion the few remnants of its fleet were stationed and tasked for the defense of the japanese home islands in the event of an invasion by american forces citation needed compounding their problems the japanese military made many wrong assumptions and major mistakes most significantly they wrongly assumed that any attack coming from the west would follow either the old railway line to hailar or head into solun from the eastern tip of mongoli...