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usually billions of years old star clusters within the milky way that are visible to the naked eye include the pleiades and hyades open clusters and the globular cluster 47 tucanae open cluster edit the pleiades an open cluster dominated by hot blue stars surrounded by reflection nebulosity main article open cluster open clusters are confined to the galactic plane and are almost always found within spiral arms they are generally young objects up to a few tens of millions of years old with a few rare exceptions as old as a few billion years such as messier 67 the closest and most observed old open cluster for example 2 they form in h ii regions such as the orion nebula open clusters typically have a few hundred members and are located in an area up to 30 light years across being much less densely populated than globular clusters they are much less tightly gravitationally bound and over time are disrupted by the gravity of giant molecular clouds and other clusters close encounters between cluster members can also result in the ejection of stars a process known as evaporation the most prominent open clusters are the pleiades and hyades in taurus the double cluster of h chi persei can also be prominent under dark skies open clusters are often dominated by hot young blue stars because although such stars are short lived in stellar terms only lasting a few tens of millions of years open clusters tend to have dispersed before these stars die a subset of open clusters constitute a binary or aggregate cluster 3 new research indicates messier 25 may constitute a ternary star cluster together with ngc 6716 and collinder 394 4 establishing precise distances to open clusters enables the calibration of the period luminosity relationship shown by cepheids variable stars which are then used as standard candles cepheids are luminous and can be used to establish both the distances to remote galaxies and the expansion rate of the universe hubble constant indeed the open cluster ngc 7790 hosts three classical cepheids which are critical for such efforts 5 6 embedded cluster edit the embedded trapezium cluster seen in x rays which penetrate the surrounding clouds main article embedded cluster embedded clusters are groups of very young stars that are partially or fully encased in interstellar dust or gas which is often impervious to optical observations embedded clusters form in molecular clouds when the clouds begin to collapse and form stars there is often ongoing star formation in these clusters so embedded clusters may be home to various types of young stellar objects including protostars and pre main sequence stars an example of an embedded cluster is the trapezium cluster in the orion nebula in ρ ophiuchi cloud l1688 core region there is an embedded cluster 7 the embedded cluster phase may last for several million years after which gas in the cloud is depleted by star formation or dispersed through radiation pressure stellar winds and outflows or supernova explosions in general less than 30 of cloud mass is converted to stars before the cloud is dispersed but this fraction may be higher in particularly dense parts of the cloud with the loss of mass in the cloud the energy of the system is altered often leading to the disruption of a star cluster most young embedded clusters disperse shortly after the end of star formation 8 the open clusters found in the galaxy are former embedded clusters that were able to survive early cluster evolution however nearly all freely floating stars including the sun 9 were originally born into embedded clusters that disintegrated 8 globular cluster edit the globular cluster messier 15 photographed by hst main article globular cluster globular clusters are roughly spherical groupings ranging from 10 thousand to several million stars packed into regions ranging from 10 to 30 light years across they commonly consist of very old population ii stars just a few hundred million years younger than the universe itself which are mostly yellow and red with masses less than two solar masses 10 such stars predominate within clusters because hotter and more massive stars have exploded as supernovae or evolved through planetary nebula phases to end as white dwarfs yet a few rare blue stars exist in globulars thought to be formed by stellar mergers in their dense inner regions these stars are known as blue stragglers in the milky way galaxy globular clusters are distributed roughly spherically in the galactic halo around the galactic center orbiting the center in highly elliptical orbits in 1917 the astronomer harlow shapley made the first respectable estimate of the sun s distance from the galactic center based on the distribution of globular clusters until the mid 1990s globular clusters were the cause of a great mystery in astronomy as theories of stellar evolution gave ages for the oldest members of globular clusters that were greater than the estimated age of the universe however greatly improved distance measurements to globular clusters using the hipparcos satellite and increasingly accurate measurements of the hubble constant resolved the paradox giving an age for the universe of about 13 billion years and an age for the oldest stars of a few hundred million years less our galaxy has about 150 globular clusters 10 some of which may have been captured cores of small galaxies stripped of stars previously in their outer margins by the tides of the milky way as seems to be the case for the globular cluster m79 some galaxies are much richer in globulars than the milky way the giant elliptical galaxy m87 contains over a thousand a few of the brightest globular clusters are visible to the naked eye the brightest omega centauri was observed in antiquity and catalogued as a star before the telescopic age the brightest globular cluster in the northern hemisphere is m13 in the constellation of hercules super star cluster edit main article super star cluster super star clusters are very large regions of recent star formation and are thought to be the precursors of globular clusters examples include westerlund 1 in the milky way 11 intermediate forms edit messier 68 a loose globular cluster whose constituent stars span a volume of space more than a hundred light years across in 2005 astronomers discovered a new type of star cluster in the andromeda galaxy which is in several ways very similar to globular clusters although less dense no such clusters which also known as extended globular clusters are known in the milky way the three discovered in andromeda galaxy are m31wfs c1 12 m31wfs c2 and m31wfs c3 these new found star clusters contain hundreds of thousands of stars a similar number to globular clusters the clusters also share other characteristics with globular clusters e g the stellar populations and metallicity what distinguishes them from the globular clusters is that they are much larger several hundred light years across and hundreds of times less dense the distances between the stars are thus much greater the clusters have properties intermediate between globular clusters and dwarf spheroidal galaxies 13 how these clusters are formed is not yet known but their formation might well be related to that of globular clusters why m31 has such clusters while the milky way has not is not yet known it is also unknown if any other galaxy contains this kind of clusters but it would be very unlikely that m31 is the sole galaxy with extended clusters 13 another type of cluster are faint fuzzies which so far have only been found in lenticular galaxies like ngc 1023 and ngc 3384 they are characterized by their large size compared to globular clusters and a ringlike distribution around the centres of their host galaxies as the latter they seem to be old objects 14 astronomical significance edit artist s impression of an exoplanet orbiting a star in the cluster messier 67 15 star clusters are important in many areas of astronomy the reason behind this is that almost all the stars in old clusters were born at roughly the same time 16 various properties of all the stars in a cluster are a function only of mass and so stellar evolution theories rely on observations of open and globular clusters this is primarily true for old globular clusters in the case of young age 1gyr and intermediate age 1 age 5 gyr factors such as age mass chemical compositions may also play vital roles 17 based on their ages star clusters can reveal a lot of information about their host galaxies for example star clusters residing in the magellanic clouds can provide essential information about the formation of the magellanic clouds dwarf galaxies this in turn can help us understand many astrophysical processes happening in our own milky way galaxy these clusters especially the young ones can explain the star formation process that might have happened in our milky way galaxy clusters are also a crucial step in determining the distance scale of the universe a few of the nearest clusters are close enough for their distances to be measured using parallax a hertzsprung russell diagram can be plotted for these clusters which has absolute values known on the luminosity axis then when similar diagram is plotted for a cluster whose distance is not known the position of the main sequence can be compared to that of the first cluster and the distance estimated this process is known as main sequence fitting reddening and stellar populations must be accounted for when using this method nearly all stars in the galactic field including the sun were initially born in regions with embedded clusters that disintegrated this means that properties of stars and planetary systems may have been affected by early clustered environments 18 this appears to be the case for our own solar system in which chemical abundances point to the effects of a supernova from a nearby star early in our solar system s history star cloud edit star cloud redirects here for the datacenters in space company see starcloud for the fictional character see transformers zone scutum star cloud with open cluster messier 11 at lower left technically not star clusters star clouds are large groups of many stars within a galaxy spread over very many light years of space often they contain star clusters within them the stars appear closely packed but are not usually part of any structure 19 within the milky way star clouds show through gaps between dust clouds of the great rift allowing deeper views along our particular line of sight 20 star clouds have also been identified in other nearby galaxies 21 examples of star clouds include the large sagittarius star cloud small sagittarius star cloud scutum star cloud cygnus star cloud norma star cloud and ngc 206 in the andromeda galaxy nomenclature edit in 1979 the international astronomical union s 17th general assembly recommended that newly discovered star clusters open or globular within the galaxy have designations following the convention chhmm ddd always beginning with the prefix c where h m and d represent the approximate coordinates of the cluster centre in hours and minutes of right ascension and degrees of declination respectively with leading zeros the designation once assigned is not to change even if subsequent measurements improve on the location of the cluster centre 22 the first of such designations were assigned by gosta lynga in 1982 23 24 see also edit wikimedia commons has media related to star cluster category hypercompact stellar system robust associations of massive baryonic objects rambos stellar flyby references edit star clusters inside the universe s stellar collections nasa science 3 may 2023 brent a archinal steven j hynes 2003 star clusters willmann bell isbn 978 0 943396 80 4 piecka m et al may 2021 aggregates of clusters in the gaia data astronomy astrophysics 649 a54 12 arxiv 2106 08920 bibcode 2021a a 649a 54p doi 10 1051 0004 6361 202040139 majaess d et al august 2024 a rare cepheid hosting open cluster triad in sagittarius research notes of the aas 8 8 205 bibcode 2024rnaas 8 205m doi 10 3847 2515 5172 ad7139 sandage allan 1958 cepheids in galactic clusters i cf cass in ngc 7790 the astrophysical journal 128 150 bibcode 1958apj 128 150s doi 10 1086 146532 majaess d carraro g moni bidin c bonatto c berdnikov l balam d moyano m gallo l turner d lane d gieren w borissova j kovtyukh v beletsky y 2013 anchors for the cosmic distance scale the cepheids u sagittarii cf cassiopeiae and ceab cassiopeiae astronomy astrophysics 560 a22 arxiv 1311 0865 bibcode 2013a a 560a 22m doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201322670 s2cid 55934597 greene thomas p meyer michael r 1995 an infrared spectroscopic survey of the rho ophiuchi young stellar cluster masses and ages from the h r diagram astrophysical journal 450 233 bibcode 1995apj 450 233g doi 10 1086 176134 1 2 lada charles j lada elizabeth a 2003 embedded clusters in molecular clouds annual review of astronomy and astrophysics 41 1 57 115 arxiv astro ph 0301540 bibcode 2003ara a 41 57l doi 10 1146 annurev astro 41 011802 094844 issn 0066 4146 s2cid 16752089 gounelle m meynet g 2012 08 27 solar system genealogy revealed by extinct short lived radionuclides in meteorites astronomy astrophysics 545 edp sciences a4 arxiv 1208 5879 bibcode 2012a a 545a 4g doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201219031 issn 0004 6361 s2cid 54970631 1 2 dinwiddie robert gater will sparrow giles stott carole 2012 stars and planets nature guide dk pp 14 134 137 isbn 978 0 7566 9040 3 young and exotic stellar zoo eso s telescopes uncover super star cluster in the milky way eso 2005 03 22 archived from the original on 2017 12 01 retrieved 2017 11 27 1592523 u strasbg fr retrieved 28 april 2018 1 2 a p huxor n r tanvir m j irwin r ibata 2005 a new population of extended luminous star clusters in the halo of m31 monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 360 3 993 1006 arxiv astro ph 0412223 bibcode 2005mnras 360 1007h doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2005 09086 x s2cid 6215035 a burkert j brodie s larsen 2005 faint fuzzies and the formation of lenticular galaxies the astrophysical journal 628 1 231 235 arxiv astro ph 0504064 bibcode 2005apj 628 231b doi 10 1086 430698 s2cid 11466131 first planet found around solar twin in star cluster eso press release archived from the original on 2017 12 01 retrieved 2017 11 27 the food of the stars stars and clusters harvard university press 2013 10 01 p 34 doi 10 4159 harvard 9780674423770 c3 isbn 978 0 674 42377 0 retrieved 2024 06 18 all the world s a stage the galaxy harvard university press 2013 10 01 pp 6 7 doi 10 4159 harvard 9780674423770 c1 isbn 978 0 674 42377 0 retrieved 2024 06 18 winter andrew j kruijssen j m diederik longmore steven n chevance mélanie 2020 10 22 stellar clustering shapes the architecture of planetary systems nature 586 7830 528 532 arxiv 2010 10531 bibcode 2020natur 586 528w doi 10 1038 s41586 020 2800 0 issn 0028 0836 pmc 7116760 pmid 33087913 patrick moore 2005 the observer s year ...