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next person 306 jane hawking later noted some people would call it determination some obstinacy i ve called it both at one time or another 307 he required much persuasion to accept the use of a wheelchair at the end of the 1960s 308 but ultimately became notorious for the wildness of his wheelchair driving 309 hawking was popular among his colleagues but his illness as well as his reputation for brashness distanced him from some 307 when hawking first began using a wheelchair he was using standard motorised models or powerchairs the earliest surviving example of these chairs was made by bec mobility and sold by christie s in november 2018 for 296 750 310 hawking continued to use this type of chair until the early 1990s at which time his ability to use his hands to drive a wheelchair deteriorated hawking used a variety of different chairs from that time including a dragonmobility dragon elevating powerchair from 2007 311 a permobil c350 from 2014 and then a permobil f3 from 2016 312 hawking at an als convention in san francisco in the 1980s hawking s speech deteriorated and by the late 1970s he could be understood by only his family and closest friends to communicate with others someone who knew him well would interpret his speech into intelligible speech 313 spurred by a dispute with the university over who would pay for the ramp needed for him to enter his workplace hawking and his wife campaigned for improved access and support for those with disabilities in cambridge 314 315 including adapted student housing at the university 316 in general hawking had ambivalent feelings about his role as a disability rights champion while wanting to help others he also sought to detach himself from his illness and its challenges his lack of engagement in this area led to some critics saying he was not doing enough although white and gribbin noted just by staying alive and continuing to work at the intense rate he and the world have grown used to he is an inspiration to handicapped people everywhere 317 during a visit to cern on the border of france and switzerland in mid 1985 hawking contracted pneumonia which in his condition was life threatening he was so ill that jane was asked if life support should be terminated she refused but the consequence was a tracheotomy which required round the clock nursing care and caused the loss of what remained of his speech 318 319 the nhs was ready to pay for a nursing home but jane was determined that he would live at home the cost of the care was funded by an american foundation 320 321 nurses were hired for the three shifts required to provide the round the clock support he required one of those employed was elaine mason who was to become hawking s second wife 322 for his communication hawking initially raised his eyebrows to choose letters on a spelling card 323 but in 1986 he received a computer program called the equalizer from walter woltosz ceo of words plus who had developed an earlier version of the software to help his mother in law who also had als and had lost her ability to speak and write 324 in a method he used for the rest of his life hawking could now simply press a switch to select phrases words or letters from a bank of about 2 500 3 000 that were scanned 325 326 the program was originally run on a desktop computer elaine mason s husband david a computer engineer adapted a small computer and attached it to his wheelchair 327 released from the need to use somebody to interpret his speech hawking commented that i can communicate better now than before i lost my voice 328 the voice he used had an american accent and is no longer produced 329 330 despite the later availability of other voices hawking retained this original voice saying that he preferred it and identified with it 331 originally hawking activated a switch using his hand and could produce up to 15 words per minute 163 lectures were prepared in advance and were sent to the speech synthesiser in short sections to be delivered 329 hawking gradually lost the use of his hand and in 2005 he began to control his communication device with movements of his cheek muscles 332 333 334 with a rate of about one word per minute 333 with this decline there was a risk of him developing locked in syndrome so hawking worked with intel researchers on systems that could translate his brain patterns or facial expressions into switch activations after several prototypes did not perform as planned they settled on an adaptive word predictor made by the london based startup swiftkey which used a system similar to his original technology hawking had an easier time adapting to the new system which was further developed after inputting large amounts of hawking s papers and other written materials and uses predictive software similar to other smartphone keyboards 189 324 334 335 hawking in 2008 by 2009 he could no longer drive his wheelchair independently but the same people who created his new typing mechanics were working on a method to drive his chair using movements made by his chin this proved difficult since hawking could not move his neck and trials showed that while he could indeed drive the chair the movement was sporadic and jumpy 324 336 near the end of his life hawking experienced increased breathing difficulties often resulting in his requiring the usage of a ventilator and being regularly hospitalised 189 hawking continued to travel widely including trips to chile easter island south africa spain to receive the fonseca prize in 2008 337 338 canada 339 and numerous trips to the u s 340 for practical reasons related to his disability hawking increasingly travelled by private jet and by 2011 that had become his only mode of international travel 341 disability outreach starting in the 1990s hawking accepted the mantle of role model for disabled people lecturing and participating in fundraising activities 342 at the turn of the century he and eleven other humanitarians signed the charter for the third millennium on disability which called on governments to prevent disability and protect the rights of disabled people 343 344 in 1999 hawking was awarded the julius edgar lilienfeld prize of the american physical society 345 in august 2012 hawking narrated part of the opening ceremony of the 2012 summer paralympics in london 346 in september 2013 he expressed support for the legalisation of assisted suicide for the terminally ill 347 in august 2014 hawking was given the ice bucket challenge in which someone pours a bucket of ice water over their head on video before challenging someone else to promote als mnd awareness and research funding as he had pneumonia in 2013 he did not have ice poured over him but his children accepted the challenge on his behalf 348 plans for a trip to space hawking taking a zero gravity flight in a reduced gravity aircraft april 2007 in late 2006 hawking stated that one of his greatest unfulfilled desires was to travel to space 349 on hearing this richard branson offered a free flight into space with virgin galactic which hawking immediately accepted besides personal ambition he was motivated by the desire to increase public interest in spaceflight and to show the potential of people with disabilities 225 on 26 april 2007 hawking flew aboard a specially modified boeing 727 200 jet operated by zero g corp off the coast of florida to experience weightlessness 350 fears that the manoeuvres would cause him undue discomfort proved incorrect and the flight was extended to eight parabolic arcs 349 it was described as a successful test to see if he could withstand the g forces involved in spaceflight 351 at the time the date of hawking s trip to space was projected to be as early as 2009 but commercial flights to space did not commence before his death 352 mention in jeffrey epstein email further information epstein files see also list of people named in the epstein files hawking was mentioned in court documents released in 2024 as part of the trial of ghislaine maxwell a british child sex trafficker who conspired with american financier jeffrey epstein who died in 2019 353 in 2015 epstein sent an email to friends of virginia giuffre epstein s alleged victim asking them to disprove supposed allegations of giuffre s that hawking participated in an underage orgy in the u s virgin islands where epstein lived epstein said he can issue a reward to them if they can prove her allegations are false the email implies it was written in response to a new version of the claim regarding hawking neither giuffre who died in 2025 354 nor anyone else has ever publicly accused hawking of sexual misconduct 355 356 357 according to physicist lisa randall who was found in 2026 to have corresponded with epstein in 2006 hawking and epstein were both present at a conference on gravity randall describes both her correspondence and epstein s appearance at the conference as resulting from epstein s public financing of scientific efforts 358 death hawking died at his home in cambridge on 14 march 2018 at the age of 76 359 239 26 his family stated that he died peacefully 360 361 he was eulogised by figures in science entertainment politics and other fields a the flag of gonville and caius college flew at half mast and a book of condolences was signed by students and visitors there 366 367 368 on 18 march at the closing ceremony of the 2018 winter paralympics in south korea international paralympic committee president andrew parsons gave a tribute to hawking 369 his private funeral took place on 31 march at great st mary s church in cambridge 370 371 the guests included actors eddie redmayne and felicity jones who played stephen and jane hawking in the theory of everything queen guitarist and astrophysicist brian may and actress and model lily cole stephen s friend 372 373 in addition actor benedict cumberbatch who played hawking in the film hawking 2004 astronaut tim peake astrophysicist and astronomer royal martin rees and astrophysicist kip thorne provided readings 374 although hawking was an atheist the funeral took place with a traditional anglican service 375 376 stephen hawking s memorial stone in westminster abbey following the cremation a service of thanksgiving was held at westminster abbey on 15 june 2018 after which his ashes were interred in the abbey s nave between the graves of scientists isaac newton and charles darwin b inscribed on his memorial stone are the words here lies what was mortal of stephen hawking 1942 2018 and an equation describing the temperature of hawking radiation emitted by black holes 379 380 c he had directed that the equation be his epitaph at least fifteen years before his death 383 386 in june 2018 it was announced that a speech of hawking s set to music by composer vangelis would be beamed into space from a european space agency satellite dish in spain in the direction of a0620 00 one of the nearest known black holes to earth 387 hawking s wheelchair on display at the science museum london 2022 on 8 november 2018 an auction of 22 personal possessions of hawking including his wheelchair and his document for properties of expanding universes took place and fetched about 1 8 million 388 389 proceeds from the auction sale of the wheelchair went to two charities the motor neurone disease association and the stephen hawking foundation 390 proceeds from the other items went to his estate 389 in march 2019 it was announced that the royal mint would issue a commemorative 50p coin only available as a commemorative edition 391 in honour of hawking 392 the same month hawking s nurse patricia dowdy was struck off the nursing register for failures over his care and financial misconduct 393 in may 2021 it was announced that an acceptance in lieu agreement between hm revenue and customs the department for culture media and sport cambridge university library science museum group and the hawking estate would see around 10 000 pages of hawking s scientific and other papers remain in cambridge while objects including his wheelchairs speech synthesisers and personal memorabilia from his former cambridge office would be housed at the science museum in london 394 in february 2022 the stephen hawking at work display opened at the science museum as the start of a two year nationwide tour 395 in october 2024 the hawking building of the science and innovation park in swindon england was opened to the public the building holds about 80 of the science museum group s object collection 396 media depictions further information stephen hawking in popular culture a mural commemorating stephen hawking in warsaw poland 2022 hawking appeared in multiple documentary films including god the universe and everything else 1988 397 the real stephen hawking 2001 344 stephen hawking profile 2002 398 and hawking 2013 399 and the documentary series stephen hawking master of the universe 2008 400 appearing on the radio programme desert island discs in 1992 hawking chose multiple musical works that sum up my life mozart s requiem the beatles please please me édith piaf s non je ne regrette rien francis poulenc s gloria johannes brahms violin concerto ludwig van beethoven s string quartet no 15 richard wagner s die walküre act 1 and o principe che a lunghe carovane a segment of giacomo puccini s opera turandot for a book he chose george eliot s middlemarch 33 in 1993 hawking s synthesiser voice was recorded for use in the pink floyd song keep talking 401 183 and in 1999 it was recorded for an episode of the simpsons 402 hawking copyrighted the voice and allowed it to be used in the theory of everything in which he was portrayed by eddie redmayne in an academy award winning role 403 404 405 hawking in monty python s galaxy song video at the comedy troupe s 2014 reunion show monty python live mostly hawking played a holographic simulation of himself in an episode of star trek the next generation in 1993 406 407 hawking also guest starred in the sitcoms futurama and the big bang theory 189 408 broadcast in march 2018 before his death hawking was the voice of the book mark ii on the hitchhiker s guide to the galaxy radio series and he was a guest of neil degrasse tyson on startalk 409 hawking was featured at the monty python live mostly show in 2014 shown in a pre recorded video singing monty python s galaxy song and brian cox with his wheelchair 410 411 hawking advertised multiple products including a wheelchair brand 344 national savings 412 british telecom specsavers egg banking 413 and go compare 414 in 2015 he applied to trademark his name 415 in 2022 google featured hawking in a google doodle on the occasion of his 80th birthday 416 awards and honours hawking received numerous awards and honours already early in the list in 1974 he was elected a fellow of the royal society frs 7 at that time his nomination read hawking has made major contributions to the field of general relativity these derive from a deep understanding of what is relevant to phy...