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reliable inland route would ultimately facilitate domestic trade the flow of people and cultural exchange for centuries these mega projects were led by an efficient centralised bureaucracy but forcibly conscripted millions of workers at a heavy human cost after a series of military campaigns against the goguryeo in the korean peninsula which had ended in defeat by 614 ad the dynasty disintegrated amid popular revolts that culminated in the assassination of emperor yang by a minister named yuwen huaji in 618 ad 5 the dynasty which lasted for only 37 years was undermined by ambitious wars and construction projects which overstretched its resources particularly under emperor yang heavy taxation and compulsory labour duties would eventually induce widespread revolts and brief civil war following the fall of the dynasty history edit see also military history of the sui dynasty and timeline of the sui dynasty foundation and emperor wen edit during the late northern and southern dynasties period the xianbei led northern zhou conquered the northern qi in 577 reunifying northern china by this time yang jian a northern zhou general who would later found the sui dynasty became the regent to the northern zhou court 3 yang jian s clan the yang clan of hongnong had han origins and claimed descent from the han dynasty general yang zhen 6 7 8 9 10 but had intermarried with the xianbei for generations 3 yang jian s daughter was the empress dowager and her stepson emperor jing of northern zhou was a child after crushing an army in the eastern provinces yang jian usurped the throne from the northern zhou rulers and became emperor wen of sui while formerly the duke of sui when serving at the zhou court where the character 隨 literally means to follow implying loyalty emperor wen created a unique character 隋 morphed from that in his former title as the name of his new dynasty in a bloody purge wen had 59 zhou princes eliminated in contrast to his later reputation as the cultured emperor 11 emperor wen emphasised han cultural identity during his reign 3 abolishing the anti han policies of northern zhou and reclaiming his han surname of yang having won the support of confucian scholars who held power in previous han dynasties abandoning the nepotism and corruption of the nine rank system emperor wen initiated a series of reforms aimed at strengthening his empire for the wars that would reunify china in his campaign for southern conquest emperor wen assembled thousands of boats to confront the naval forces of the chen dynasty on the yangtze the largest of these ships were very tall having five layered decks and the capacity for 800 non crew personnel they were outfitted with six 50 foot long booms that were used to swing and damage enemy ships or to pin them down so that sui marine troops could use act and board techniques 11 besides employing xianbei and other chinese ethnic groups for the fight against chen emperor wen also employed the service of people from southeastern sichuan which sui had recently conquered 11 stone sarcophagus of li jingxun beilin museum xi an a young sui dynasty princess who died in 608 ad with some of the artefacts and the epitaph in 588 the sui had amassed 518 000 troops along the northern bank of the yangtze river stretching from sichuan to the east china sea 12 the chen dynasty could not withstand such an assault by 589 sui troops entered jiankang now nanjing and the last emperor of chen surrendered the city was razed to the ground while sui troops escorted chen nobles back north where the northern aristocrats became fascinated with everything the south had to provide culturally and intellectually although emperor wen was famous for bankrupting the state treasury with warfare and construction projects he made many improvements to infrastructure during his early reign he established granaries as sources of food and as a means to regulate market prices from the taxation of crops much like the earlier han dynasty the large agricultural surplus supported rapid growth of population to a historical peak which was only surpassed during the reign of emperor xuanzong of tang more than a century later the capital of daxing chang an modern xi an while situated in the militarily secure heartland of guanzhong was remote from the economic centres to the east and south of the empire emperor wen initiated the construction of the grand canal with completion of the first and the shortest route that directly linked chang an to the yellow river later emperor yang enormously enlarged the scale of the grand canal construction sui divisions under yang western regions not depicted administrative divisions c 610 externally the emerging turkic khaganate in the north posed a major threat to the newly founded dynasty with emperor wen s diplomatic manoeuvre the khaganate split into eastern and western halves later the great wall was consolidated to further secure the northern territory in emperor wen s late years the first war with goguryeo ended with defeat nevertheless the celebrated reign of kaihuang era name of emperor wen was considered by historians as one of the apexes in the two millennium imperial period of chinese history the sui emperors were from the northwest military aristocracy and they cited the han hongnong yangshi zh clan as their ancestors 13 14 they emphasised their han ancestry and claimed descent from the han official yang zhen 15 the new book of tang traces their patrilineal ancestry to the zhou dynasty kings via the dukes of jin 16 the li of zhaojun and the lu of fanyang hailed from shandong and were related to the liu clan which was also linked to the hongnong yangshi of and other clans of guanlong 17 tomb of yu hong a sogdian merchant buried in taiyuan in 592 shanxi museum 18 the yang of hongnong jia of hedong xiang of henei and wang of taiyuan from the tang dynasty were later claimed as ancestors by song dynasty lineages 19 information about these major political events in china were somehow filtered west and reached the byzantine empire the continuation of the roman empire in the east from turkic peoples of central asia the eastern romans derived a new name for china after the older sinae and serica taugast old turkic tabghach during its northern wei 386 535 period 20 the 7th century byzantine historian theophylact simocatta wrote a generally accurate depiction of the reunification of china by emperor wen of the sui dynasty with the conquest of the rival chen dynasty in southern china simocatta correctly placed these events within the reign period of byzantine ruler maurice 21 30 simocatta also provided cursory information about the geography of china its division by the yangzi river and its capital khubdan from old turkic khumdan i e chang an along with its customs and culture deeming its people idolatrous but wise in governance 21 30 31 he noted that the ruler was named taisson which he claimed meant son of god perhaps chinese tianzi son of heaven or even the name of the contemporary ruler emperor taizong of tang 21 29 emperor yang and re conquest of vietnam edit main article sui lâm ấp war further information third era of northern domination tomb of an bei panel showing a sui dynasty banquet with sogdian whirl dance and music 589 emperor yang of sui 569 618 ascended the throne after his father s death possibly by murder he further extended the empire but unlike his father did not seek to gain support from the nomads instead he restored confucian education and the confucian examination system for bureaucrats by supporting educational reforms he lost the support of the nomads he also started many expensive construction projects such as the grand canal and became embroiled in several costly wars between these policies invasions into china from turkic nomads and his growing life of decadent luxury at the expense of the peasantry he lost public support and was eventually assassinated by his own ministers both emperors yang and wen sent military expeditions into vietnam as annam in northern vietnam had been incorporated into the chinese empire over 600 years earlier during the han dynasty 202 bc 220 ad however the kingdom of champa in central vietnam became a major counterpart to chinese invasions to its north according to ebrey walthall and palais these invasions became known as the linyi champa campaign 602 605 22 the hanoi area formerly held by the han and jin dynasties was easily retaken from the early lý dynasty ruler lý phật tử in 602 a few years later the sui army pushed farther south and was attacked by troops on war elephants from champa in southern vietnam the sui army feigned retreat and dug pits to trap the elephants lured the champan troops to attack then used crossbows against the elephants causing them to turn around and trample their own soldiers although sui troops were victorious many succumbed to disease as northern soldiers did not have immunity to tropical diseases such as malaria 22 war with goguryeo edit main article goguryeo sui war 600 western turkic khaganate eastern turkic khaganate sasanian empire alchons cham pa kyrgyzs pushyabhutis sui dynasty byzantine empire avar khaganate khitans chenla paleo siberians tungus gogu ryeo tuyuhun tibetan empire the sui dynasty and main asian polities circa 600 23 the sui dynasty led a series of massive expeditions to invade goguryeo one of the three kingdoms of korea emperor yang conscripted many soldiers for the campaign this army was so enormous it recorded in historical texts that it took 30 days for all the armies to exit their last rallying point near shanhaiguan before invading goguryeo in one instance the soldiers both conscripted and paid listed over 3000 warships up to 1 15 million infantry 50 000 cavalry 5000 artillery and more the army stretched to 1000 li or about 410 km 250 mi across rivers and valleys over mountains and hills each of the four military expeditions ended in failure incurring a substantial financial and manpower deficit from which the sui would never recover collapse edit chinese swords of the sui dynasty dated c 600 found near luoyang the p shaped furniture of the bottom sword s scabbard is similar to and may have been derived from sword scabbards of the sarmatians and sassanians 24 strolling about in spring by sui era artist zhan ziqian one of the major work projects undertaken by the sui was construction activities along the great wall of china but this along with other large projects strained the economy and angered the resentful workforce employed during the last few years of the sui dynasty the rebellion that rose against it took many of china s able bodied men from rural farms and other occupations which in turn damaged the agricultural base and the economy further 25 men would deliberately break their limbs in order to avoid military conscription calling the practice propitious paws and fortunate feet 25 later after the fall of sui in the year 642 emperor taizong of tang made an effort to eradicate this practice by issuing a decree of a stiffer punishment for those who were found to deliberately injure and heal themselves 25 although the sui dynasty was relatively short 581 618 much was accomplished during its tenure the grand canal was one of the main accomplishments it was extended north from the hangzhou region across the yangtze to yangzhou and then northwest to the region of luoyang again like the great wall works the massive conscription of labour and allocation of resources for the grand canal project resulted in challenges for sui dynastic continuity the eventual fall of the sui dynasty was also due to the many losses caused by the failed military campaigns against goguryeo it was after these defeats and losses that the country was left in ruins and rebels soon took control of the government emperor yang was assassinated in 618 he had gone south after being threatened by various rebel groups and was killed by his yuwen clan advisors meanwhile in the north the aristocrat li yuan 李淵 held an uprising after which he ended up ascending the throne to become emperor gaozu of tang there were dukedoms for the offspring of the royal families of the zhou dynasty sui dynasty and tang dynasty in the later jin five dynasties 26 this practice was referred to as èrwáng sānkè simple zh 二王三恪 culture edit sui statuette of a pipa player although the sui dynasty was relatively short lived in terms of culture it represents a transition from the preceding ages and many cultural developments which can be seen to be incipient during the sui dynasty later were expanded and consolidated during the ensuing tang dynasty and later ages this includes not only the major public works initiated such as the great wall and the great canal but also the political system developed by sui which was adopted by tang with little initial change other than at the top of the political hierarchy other cultural developments of the sui dynasty included religion and literature particular examples being buddhism and poetry rituals and sacrifices were conducted by the sui 27 taoism edit the sui court pursued a pro taoist policy the first reign of the dynasty saw the state promoting the northern louguan school of taoism while the second reign instead promoted the southern shangqing school of taoism possibly due to emperor yang s preference for southern culture 28 buddhism edit a sui stone statue of the avalokitesvara boddhisattva guanyin buddhism was popular during the sixteen kingdoms and northern and southern dynasties period that preceded the sui dynasty spreading from india through kushan afghanistan into china during the late han period buddhism gained prominence during the period when central political control was limited buddhism created a unifying cultural force that uplifted the people out of war and into the sui dynasty in many ways buddhism was responsible for the rebirth of culture in china under the sui dynasty while early buddhist teachings were acquired from sanskrit sutras it was during the late six dynasties and sui dynasty that local chinese schools of buddhist thoughts started to flourish most notably zhiyi founded the tiantai school and completed the great treatise on concentration and insight within which he taught the principle of three thousand realms in a single moment of life as the essence of buddhist teaching outlined in the lotus sutra emperor wen and his empress had converted to buddhism to legitimise imperial authority over china and the conquest of chen the emperor presented himself as a cakravartin king a buddhist monarch who would use military force to defend the buddhist faith in the year 601 ad emperor wen had relics of the buddha distributed to temples throughout china with edicts that expressed his goals all the people within the four seas may without exception develop enlightenment and together cultivate fortunate karma bringing it to pass that present existences will lead to happy future lives that the sustained creat...