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tail wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 function 2 neuronal control 3 human tails 4 gallery 5 see also 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents tail 111 languages አማርኛ aragonés العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ asturianu azərbaycanca žemaitėška bikol central bajau sama беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български banjar বাংলা brezhoneg bosanski català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ کوردی čeština словѣньскъ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱑⱀⱐⱄⰽⱏ чӑвашла cymraeg dansk deutsch zazaki ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi na vosa vakaviti français frysk gaeilge gàidhlig galego hausa 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 taqbaylit tyap ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 ripoarisch kurdî latina limburgs lombard lingála lietuvių latviešu македонски മലയാളം bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski پنجابی português runa simi română armãneashti руски русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски တႆး simple english slovenčina slovenščina chishona soomaaliga shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili ślůnski தமிழ் tayal తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย toki pona türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt walon winaray 吴语 ייִדיש vahcuengh 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia distinct flexible appendage to the torso of an animal for other uses see tail disambiguation a white tailed deer s tail the tail is the elongated section at the rear end of a bilaterian animal s body in general the term refers to a distinct flexible appendage extending backwards from the midline of the torso in vertebrate animals that evolved to lose their tails e g frogs and hominid primates the coccyx is the homologous vestigial of the tail while tails are primarily considered a feature of vertebrates some invertebrates such as scorpions and springtails as well as snails and slugs have tail like appendages that are also referred to as tails tail shaped objects are sometimes referred to as caudate e g caudate lobe caudate nucleus and the body part associated with or proximal to the tail are given the adjective caudal which is considered a more precise anatomical terminology function edit vulpes lagopus arctic fox sleeping with its tail wrapped as a blanket animal tails are used in a variety of ways they provide a source of thrust for aquatic locomotion for fish otters cetaceans and crocodilians and other forms of marine life 1 terrestrial species of vertebrates that do not need to swim e g cats and kangaroos instead use their tails for balance 2 3 4 and some such as monkeys and opossums have grasping prehensile tails which are adapted for arboreal locomotion 5 many animals use their tail for utility purposes for example many grazing animals such as horses and oxen use their tails to drive away parasitic flies and sweep off other biting insects 6 7 some animals with broad furry tails e g foxes often wrap the tail around the body as means of thermal insulation like a blanket some species tails serve aggressive functions either predatorily or defensively for example the tails of scorpions have a stinger that contain venom which can be used to either kill large prey or to fight off a threat 8 similarly stingrays have a thickened spine that can deliver penetrating trauma thresher sharks are known to use their long tails to stun prey many species of snakes wiggle their tails as a lure to attract prey who may mistake the tail as a worm the extinct armored dinosaurs stegosaurs and ankylosaurs have tails with spikes or clubs as defensive weapons against predators tails are also used for communication and signalling most canines use their tails to communicate mood and intention 9 some deer species flash the white underside of their tails to warn other nearby deer of possible danger 10 beavers slap the water with their tails to indicate danger 11 felids raise and quiver their tails while scent marking 12 and canids including domestic dogs indicate emotions through the positioning and movement of their tails 13 rattlesnakes perform tail vibration to generate a distinct rattling noise that signals aggression and warns potential predators to stay away rodents are also capable of tail rattling and display this behavior in a variety of contexts 14 some species of lizard e g geckos can self amputate cast their tails from their bodies to help them escape predators which are either distracted by the wriggling detached tail or only manages to seize the severed tail while the lizard flees tails cast in this manner generally grow back over time though the replacement is typically darker in colour than the original and contains only cartilage not bone 15 various species of rodents demonstrate a similar function with their tails known as degloving in which the outer layer is shed in order for the animal to escape from a predator 16 most birds tails end in long feathers called rectrices these feathers are used as a rudder helping the bird steer and maneuver in flight they also help the bird to balance while it is perched 17 in some species such as birds of paradise lyrebirds and most notably peafowl modified tail feathers play an important role in courtship displays 18 the extra stiff tail feathers of other species including woodpeckers and woodcreepers allow them to brace themselves firmly against tree trunks 19 neuronal control edit recent work has identified a specialized neural system for controlling the mouse tail during balance related behavior 20 in mice motor neurons innervating proximal and distal tail muscles are located in sacral and coccygeal spinal segments with distal muscle motor neurons positioned more caudally and having smaller cell bodies than those innervating proximal muscles these spinal circuits receive descending input from vestibulospinal neurons especially from the spinal vestibular nucleus spvn which projects to tail related regions of the sacral spinal cord and can directly contact tail motor neurons experimental optogenetic activation of this pathway showed that tail movements were most strongly evoked during challenging balance conditions such as locomotion on a narrow ridge or during small balance perturbations these findings suggest that neuronal control of the mouse tail is organized in a context dependent manner with vestibulospinal signals helping to recruit tail movements as part of postural stabilization 21 human tails edit tail like structure on a female newborn from coccyx protrusion in humans tail bud refers to the part of the embryo which develops into the end of the spine 22 however this is not a tail 23 infrequently a child is born with a soft tail which contains no vertebrae but only blood vessels muscles and nerves but this is regarded as an abnormality rather than a vestigial true tail even when such an appendage is located where the tail would be expected 24 25 fewer than 40 cases have been reported of infants with true tails containing the caudal vertebrae a result of atavism 26 in 2024 scientists claimed to have found a genetic mutation that contributed to the loss of the tail in the common ancestor of humans and other apes 27 28 humans have a tailbone the coccyx attached to the pelvis it comprises fused vertebrae usually four at the bottom of the vertebral column it does not normally protrude externally humans are an acaudal or acaudate species i e tailless gallery edit lion panthera leo scorpion pig sus domestica glyptodon glyptodon asper longhorn cowfish lactoria cornuta grévy s zebra equus grevyi american alligator alligator mississipiensis hippopotamus hippopotamus amphibius red wolf canis rufus see also edit empennage the tail of an aircraft rump animal references edit robert w blake 26 may 1983 fish locomotion cup archive p 143 isbn 978 0 521 24303 2 lacava salvatore a isilak necmettin uusisaari marylka y 2024 11 06 the role of mouse tails in response to external and self generated balance perturbations on the roll plane journal of experimental biology 227 21 jeb247552 bibcode 2024jexpb 227b7552l doi 10 1242 jeb 247552 issn 0022 0949 pmc 11574348 pmid 39318334 outwitting cats tips tricks and techniques for persuading the felines in your life that what you want is also what they want rowman littlefield 2004 p 21 isbn 978 1 59921 625 6 byron dawson 2003 the heinemann science scheme heinemann p 125 isbn 978 0 435 58332 3 melissa stewart 1 january 2007 new world monkeys lerner publications p 11 isbn 978 0 8225 6765 3 gilbert waldbauer gilbert waldbauer 30 june 2009 what good are bugs insects in the web of life harvard university press p 253 isbn 978 0 674 04474 6 mary pope osborne natalie pope boyce 28 october 2014 magic tree house fact fiction horses random house children s books p 113 isbn 978 0 553 52368 3 adele richardson 1 july 2002 scorpions capstone p 20 isbn 978 0 7368 1318 1 masashi hasegawa nobuyo ohtani february 2014 dogs body language relevant to learning achievement animals 4 1 azabu university school of veterinary medicine 45 58 doi 10 3390 ani4010045 pmc 4494300 pmid 26479883 d muller schwarze 6 december 2012 chemical signals vertebrates and aquatic invertebrates springer science business media p 47 isbn 978 1 4684 1027 3 bruce m carlson 14 october 2008 beneath the surface a natural history of a fisherman s lake minnesota historical society p 240 isbn 978 0 87351 656 3 sunquist mel sunquist fiona 2017 05 15 wild cats of the world university of chicago press isbn 978 0 226 51823 7 stanley coren sarah hodgson 15 february 2011 understanding your dog for dummies john wiley sons p 250 isbn 978 1 118 05276 1 d isa r bebas p parsons mh kurek k and stryjek r july 2026 tail rattling in rodents more than a threat display journal of comparative physiology a 212 4 661 710 doi 10 1007 s00359 026 01808 2 pmid 42260014 stephen j divers douglas r mader 13 december 2005 reptile medicine and surgery elsevier health sciences p 3468 isbn 1 4160 6477 x mackenzie sj 2015 innervation and function of rat tail muscles for modeling cauda equina injury and repair muscle and nerve 52 1 94 102 doi 10 1002 mus 24498 pmid 25346299 s2cid 40356618 david burnie 5 may 2008 dk eyewitness books bird dk publishing p 19 isbn 978 0 7566 6758 0 exploring life science marshall cavendish 2000 p 731 isbn 978 0 7614 7145 5 robert w mcfarlane 1994 a stillness in the pines the ecology of the red cockaded woodpecker norton p 40 isbn 978 0 393 31167 9 lacava salvatore andrea isilak necmettin ranawat nishtha katzke julian hoedemaker johannes frederik hugo yoshida yutaka uusisaari marylka yoe 2025 07 22 a vestibulospinal pathway for context dependent motor control of the mouse tail cell reports 44 7 doi 10 1016 j celrep 2025 115957 issn 2211 1247 pmid 40638385 lacava salvatore andrea isilak necmettin ranawat nishtha katzke julian hoedemaker johannes frederik hugo yoshida yutaka uusisaari marylka yoe 2025 07 22 a vestibulospinal pathway for context dependent motor control of the mouse tail cell reports 44 7 doi 10 1016 j celrep 2025 115957 issn 2211 1247 pmid 40638385 tail bud merriam webster retrieved 4 june 2020 developmental stages in human embryos stage 16 the endowment for human development retrieved 4 june 2020 what kunitomo 1918 designated the longest tail at stage 16 is nothing of the kind but is merely the caudal end of the embryo which will develop into the coccygeal region human tail caudal appendage tethered cord nature february 1 2008 retrieved 2009 04 28 the human tail causing tethered cervical cord nature november 14 2006 retrieved 2009 04 28 shad jimmy biswas rakesh april 18 2012 an infant with caudal appendage bmj case reports 2012 bcr1120115160 doi 10 1136 bcr 11 2011 5160 pmc 3339178 pmid 22604513 weisberger mindy march 23 2024 why don t humans have tails scientists find answers in an unlikely place cnn retrieved march 24 2024 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link callaway ewen 2024 02 28 how humans lost their tails and why the discovery took 2 5 years to publish nature 627 8002 15 16 bibcode 2024natur 627 15c doi 10 1038 d41586 024 00610 x pmid 38418734 external links edit media related to tails at wikimedia commons authority control databases national czech republic retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title tail oldid 1378362134 category animal anatomy hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata cs1 maint deprecated archival service commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 4 october 2026 at 03 37 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents tail 111 languages add topic