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chang an 5 2 literature 5 3 religion and philosophy 5 4 leisure 5 5 position of women 5 6 cuisine 6 science and technology toggle science and technology subsection 6 1 engineering 6 2 woodblock printing 6 3 cartography 6 4 medicine 6 5 alchemy gas cylinders and air conditioning 7 historiography 8 notes 9 references toggle references subsection 9 1 citations 9 2 works cited 10 further reading 11 external links toggle the table of contents tang dynasty 125 languages afrikaans alemannisch አማርኛ aragonés العربية مصرى অসমীয়া asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса žemaitėška беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা བོད ཡིག brezhoneg bosanski буряад català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ нохчийн cebuano کوردی qırımtatarca čeština чӑвашла cymraeg dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français nordfriisk gaeilge 贛語 galego avañe ẽ 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ilokano ido íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa ქართული kabɩyɛ қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 kurdî latina lingua franca nova ladin ລາວ lietuvių latviešu madhurâ minangkabau македонски മലയാളം монгол bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی plattdüütsch नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski piemontèis پنجابی پښتو português română русский саха тыла سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски සිංහල simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย türkmençe tagalog türkçe татарча tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray 吴语 ייִדיש vahcuengh 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia imperial dynasty of china 618 907 for other uses see tang dynasty disambiguation tang 唐 618 690 705 907 the empire in 661 when it reached its greatest extent 1 2 3 civil administration military administration briefly controlled areas a b capital chang an 618 690 705 904 luoyang 904 907 common languages middle chinese literary chinese official religion majorities chinese buddhism taoism chinese folk religion minorities nestorian christianity chinese manichaeism zoroastrianism islam government absolute monarchy emperor 618 626 first emperor gaozu 626 649 emperor taizong 712 756 emperor xuanzong 904 907 last emperor ai historical era medieval east asia established june 18 618 wu zhou interregnum 690 705 an lushan rebellion 755 763 huang chao rebellion 874 884 abdication in favour of later liang june 1 907 area 715 4 5 6 5 400 000 km 2 2 100 000 sq mi population 7th century 50 million 9th century 80 million currency cash coins preceded by succeeded by sui dynasty western turkic khaganate eastern turkic khaganate later liang yang wu wuyue min former shu liao dynasty second turkic khaganate chinese name chinese 唐朝 hanyu pinyin tángcháo transcriptions standard mandarin hanyu pinyin tángcháo bopomofo ㄊㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ wade giles tʻang 2 chʻao 2 tongyong pinyin táng cháo ipa tʰa ̌ ŋ ʈʂʰa ̌ ʊ wu romanization daon zau yue cantonese yale romanization tòhngchìuh jyutping tong4 ciu4 ipa tʰɔŋ tsʰiw southern min hokkien poj tông tiâu tâi lô tông tiâu middle chinese middle chinese dang djew part of a series on the history of china timeline dynasties historiography prehistoric paleolithic c 2 43 ma c 12 ka mesolithic c 10 c 7 ka neolithic c 8500 c 2000 bc yellow yangtze and liao civilization ancient xia c 2070 c 1600 bc shang c 1600 c 1046 bc late shang c 1250 c 1046 bc zhou c 1046 c 256 bc western zhou c 1046 c 771 bc eastern zhou c 771 c 256 bc spring and autumn c 770 c 476 bc warring states c 475 c 221 bc imperial qin 221 207 bc han 202 bc 220 ad chu han contention 206 202 bc western han 202 bc 9 ad xin 9 23 ad xuan han 23 25 ad eastern han 25 220 ad three kingdoms 220 280 ad wei shu han and wu jin 266 420 western jin 266 316 eastern jin 317 420 sixteen kingdoms 304 439 northern and southern dynasties 420 589 sui 581 618 tang 618 907 wu zhou 690 705 five dynasties and ten kingdoms 907 979 song 960 1279 northern song 960 1127 southern song 1127 1279 liao 916 1125 western xia 1038 1227 jin 1115 1234 yuan 1271 1368 ming 1368 1644 southern ming 1644 1662 tungning 1662 1683 qing 1644 1912 modern republic of china mainland 1912 1949 people s republic of china 1949 present republic of china taiwan 1949 present related articles art history cuisine history economic history education history environmental history jewish history legal history lgbtq history media history music history timeline military history before 1912 naval history religion in china buddhism christianity daoism islam science and technology history archaeology cartography discoveries inventions space sports history transport history women s history v t e the tang dynasty was an imperial dynasty of china that ruled from 618 to 907 with an interregnum between 690 and 705 it was preceded by the sui dynasty and followed by the five dynasties and ten kingdoms period historians generally regard the tang as a high point of chinese civilisation and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture 7 tang territory acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers surpassed that of the han dynasty the li family founded the dynasty after taking advantage of a period of sui decline and precipitating their final collapse in turn inaugurating a period of progress and stability in the first half of the dynasty s rule the dynasty was formally interrupted from 690 to 705 when empress wu zetian seized the throne proclaiming the wu zhou dynasty and becoming the only legitimate chinese female emperor the an lushan rebellion 755 763 led to devastation and the decline of central authority during the latter half of the dynasty the tang maintained a civil service system by recruiting scholar officials through standardised examinations and recommendations to office the rise of regional military governors known as jiedushi during the 9th century undermined civil order the dynasty and central government went into decline by the latter half of the 9th century agrarian rebellions resulted in mass population loss and displacement widespread poverty and further government dysfunction that ultimately ended the dynasty in 907 the tang capital at chang an present day xi an was the world s most populous city for much of the dynasty s existence two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries estimated the empire s population at about 50 million people 8 9 which grew to an estimated 80 million by the dynasty s end 10 11 c the dynasty raised professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers for control of inner asia and the lucrative trade routes along the silk road far flung kingdoms and states paid tribute to the tang court while the tang also indirectly controlled several regions through a protectorate system in addition to its political hegemony the tang exerted a powerful cultural influence over neighbouring east asian nations such as japan and korea chinese culture flourished and further matured during the tang era it is traditionally considered the greatest age for chinese poetry 12 two of china s most famous poets li bai and du fu belonged to this age contributing with poets such as wang wei to the monumental three hundred tang poems many famous painters such as han gan zhang xuan and zhou fang were active while chinese court music flourished with instruments such as the popular pipa tang scholars compiled a rich variety of historical literature as well as encyclopaedias and geographical works notable innovations included the development of woodblock printing buddhism became a major influence in chinese culture with native chinese sects gaining prominence however in the 840s emperor wuzong enacted policies to suppress buddhism which subsequently declined in influence history further information timeline of the tang dynasty portrait of emperor gaozu of tang 566 635 dating to the ming dynasty 1368 1644 establishment further information transition from sui to tang and emperor taizong of tang the tang dynasty was founded by emperor gaozu born li yuan he was previously the duke of tang and governor of taiyuan the capital of modern shanxi during the collapse of the sui dynasty 581 618 13 14 the house of li had ethnic han origins and it belonged to the northwest military aristocracy prevalent during the sui dynasty 13 15 according to official tang records they were paternally descended from laozi the traditional founder of taoism whose personal name was li dan or li er the han dynasty general li guang and li gao the founder of the han ruled western liang kingdom 16 17 18 this family was known as the longxi li lineage which also included the prominent tang poet li bai the tang emperors were partially of xianbei ancestry as emperor gaozu of tang s mother duchess dugu was part xianbei 19 20 some historians have argued that the tang imperial family s ties to the distinguished longxi li clan of han descent may be fabricated howard j wechsler notes that it has been suggested that the tang house of li was descended from a minor offshoot of the eastern li clan of zhaojun in hebei that had intermarried substantially with non han tribal aristocracy chen sanping argues that the house of li had a patrilineal xianbei lineage that was concealed by the royal family through modifying their genealogy this argument is partially based on a comparison with li xian a northern zhou general whose epitaph states that he was both descended from the han dynasty general li ling and yidigui a 10th generation ancestor who came from the steppes 21 22 however a genetic study of the daughter of the duke of longxi li hu the tang founder s paternal grandfather and her nuclear family shows that they were primarily related to agricultural farming communities in northern china 95 8 97 3 with minor admixture with eurasian steppe pastoralists 2 7 4 2 the family s haplogroups are common in han and east asian populations and atypical in xianbei individuals despite possessing xianbei names bulugu and daye the findings suggest that they were likely han aristocrats reflecting the historical policy of granting xianbei names to han elites in western wei 23 li yuan had prestige and military experience and was a first cousin of emperor yang of sui through their mothers both of whom were one of the dugu sisters 8 li yuan rose in rebellion in 617 along with his son and his equally militant daughter princess pingyang d 623 who raised and commanded her own troops in winter 617 li yuan occupied chang an relegated emperor yang to the position of taishang huang retired emperor and acted as regent to the puppet child emperor yang you 24 on the news of emperor yang s murder by general yuwen huaji on june 18 618 li yuan declared himself emperor of the newly founded tang dynasty 24 25 emperor gaozu ruled until 626 when he was forcefully deposed by his son li shimin the prince of qin li shimin had commanded troops since the age of 18 had prowess with bow and arrow sword and lance and was known for his effective cavalry charges 8 26 fighting a numerically superior army he defeated dou jiande 573 621 at luoyang in the battle of hulao on may 28 621 27 28 due to fear of assassination li shimin ambushed and killed two of his brothers li yuanji b 603 and crown prince li jiancheng b 589 in the xuanwu gate incident on july 2 626 29 shortly thereafter his father abdicated in his favour and li shimin ascended the throne he is conventionally known by his temple name taizong 8 although killing two brothers and deposing his father contradicted the confucian value of filial piety 29 taizong showed himself to be a capable leader who listened to the advice of the wisest members of his council 8 in 628 emperor taizong held a buddhist memorial service for the casualties of war in 629 he had buddhist monasteries erected at the sites of major battles so that monks could pray for the fallen on both sides of the fight 30 during the tang campaign against the eastern turks the eastern turkic khaganate was destroyed after the capture of its ruler illig qaghan by the famed tang military officer li jing 571 649 who later became a chancellor of the tang dynasty with this victory the turks accepted taizong as their khagan a title rendered as tian kehan in addition to his rule as emperor of china under the traditional title son of heaven 31 32 taizong was succeeded by his son li zhi as emperor gaozong in 649 tang circuits 道 dào in 742 according to the cambridge history of china tang emissaries to the sogdian king varkhuman in samarkand 648 651 afrasiab murals 7th century sogdian huteng dancer xiuding temple pagoda anyang henan the tang engaged in military campaigns against the western turks exploiting the rivalry between western and eastern turks in order to weaken both under emperor taizong campaigns were dispatched in the western regions against gaochang in 640 karasahr in 644 and 648 and kucha in 648 the wars against the western turks continued under emperor gaozong and the western turkic khaganate was finally annexed after general su dingfang s defeat of khagan ashina helu in 657 around this time the tang court enjoyed visits by numerous dignitaries from foreign lands these were depicted in the portraits of periodical offering probably painted by yan liben 601 673 33 d foreign ambassadors visiting the tang court the portraits of periodical offering by yan liben 601 673 wu zetian s usurpation main article wu zhou wu zetian the sole recognised empress regnant in chinese history having entered emperor gaozong s court as a lowly consort wu zetian ultimately acceded to the highest position of power in 690 establishing the short lived wu zhou emperor gaozong suffered a stroke in 655 and wu began to make many of his court decisions for him discussing affairs of state with his councillors who took orders from her while she sat behind a screen 34 when empress wu s eldest son the crown prince began to assert his authority and advocate policies opposed by empress wu he suddenly died in 675 many suspected he was poisoned by empress wu although the next heir apparent kept a lower profile wu accused him of plotting a rebellion in 680 he was banished and later obliged to commit suicide 35 in 683 emperor gaozong died and was succeeded by emperor zhongzong his eldest surviving son by wu zhongzong tried to appoint his wife s father as chancellor after only six weeks on the throne he was deposed by empress wu in favour of his younger brother emperor ruizong 35 this provoked a group of tang princes to rebel in 684 wu s armies suppressed them within two months 35 she procla...