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Text of the page (random words):
ply bit 12 physical representation edit a bit can be stored by a digital device or other physical system that exists in either of two possible distinct states these may be the two stable states of a flip flop two positions of an electrical switch two distinct voltage or current levels allowed by a circuit two distinct levels of light intensity two directions of magnetization or polarization the orientation of reversible double stranded dna etc perhaps the earliest example of a binary storage device was the punched card invented by basile bouchon and jean baptiste falcon 1732 developed by joseph marie jacquard 1804 and later adopted by semyon korsakov charles babbage herman hollerith and early computer manufacturers like ibm a variant of that idea was the perforated paper tape in all those systems the medium card or tape conceptually carried an array of hole positions each position could be either punched through or not thus carrying one bit of information per potential hole location the encoding of text by bits was also used in morse code 1844 and early digital communications machines such as teleprinters 1870 the first electrical devices for discrete logic such as elevator and traffic light control circuits telephone switches and konrad zuse s computer represented bits as the states of electrical relays which could be either open or closed these relays functioned as mechanical switches physically toggling between states to represent binary data forming the fundamental building blocks of early computing and control systems when relays were replaced by vacuum tubes starting in the 1940s computer builders experimented with a variety of storage methods such as pressure pulses traveling down a mercury delay line charges stored on the inside surface of a cathode ray tube or opaque spots printed on glass discs by photolithographic techniques in the 1950s and 1960s these methods were largely supplanted by magnetic storage devices such as magnetic core memory magnetic tapes drums and disks where a bit was represented by the polarity of magnetization of a certain area of a ferromagnetic film or by a change in polarity from one direction to the other the same principle was later used in the magnetic bubble memory developed in the 1980s and is still found in various magnetic strip items such as metro tickets and some credit cards in modern semiconductor memory such as dynamic random access memory or a solid state drive the two values of a bit are represented by two levels of electric charge stored in a capacitor or a floating gate mosfet in certain types of programmable logic arrays and read only memory a bit may be represented by the presence or absence of a conducting path at a certain point of a circuit in optical discs a bit is encoded as the presence or absence of a microscopic pit on a reflective surface in one dimensional bar codes and two dimensional qr codes bits are encoded as lines or squares which may be either black or white in modern digital computing bits are transformed in boolean logic gates transmission and processing edit bits are transmitted one at a time in serial transmission by contrast multiple bits are transmitted simultaneously in a parallel transmission a serial computer processes information in either a bit serial or a byte serial fashion from the standpoint of data communications a byte serial transmission is an 8 way parallel transmission with binary signalling in programming languages such as c a bitwise operation operates on binary strings as though they are vectors of bits rather than interpreting them as binary numbers data transfer rates are usually measured in decimal si multiples for example a channel capacity may be specified as 8 kbit s 1 kb s storage edit file sizes are often measured in binary iec multiples of bytes for example 1 kib 1024 bytes 8192 bits confusion may arise in cases where for historic reasons file sizes are specified with binary multipliers using the ambiguous prefixes k m and g rather than the iec standard prefixes ki mi and gi 15 mass storage devices are usually measured in decimal si multiples for example 1 tb 10 12 displaystyle 10 12 bytes confusingly the storage capacity of a directly addressable memory device such as a dram chip or an assemblage of such chips on a memory module is specified as a binary multiple using the ambiguous prefix g rather than the iec recommended gi prefix for example a dram chip that is specified and advertised as having 1 gb of capacity has 2 30 displaystyle 2 30 bytes of capacity as of 2022 the difference between the popular understanding of a memory system with 8 gb of capacity and the si correct meaning of 8 gb was still causing difficulty to software designers 16 unit and symbol edit the bit is not defined in the international system of units si however the international electrotechnical commission issued standard iec 60027 which specifies that the symbol for binary digit should be bit and this should be used in all multiples such as kbit for kilobit 17 however the lower case letter b is widely used as well and was recommended by the ieee 1541 standard 2002 in contrast the uppercase letter b is the standard and customary symbol for byte multiple bits edit mbit and tbit redirect here for the technical high school see mbit for the international terminal in los angeles international airport lax see tbit multiple bit units v t e decimal binary value si value iec jedec 1000 kbit kilobit 1024 kibit kibibit kbit kb kilobit 1000 2 mbit megabit 1024 2 mibit mebibit mbit mb megabit 1000 3 gbit gigabit 1024 3 gibit gibibit gbit gb gigabit 1000 4 tbit terabit 1024 4 tibit tebibit 1000 5 pbit petabit 1024 5 pibit pebibit 1000 6 ebit exabit 1024 6 eibit exbibit 1000 7 zbit zettabit 1024 7 zibit zebibit 1000 8 ybit yottabit 1024 8 yibit yobibit 1000 9 rbit ronnabit 1024 9 ribit robibit 1000 10 qbit quettabit 1024 10 qibit quebibit orders of magnitude of data multiple bits may be expressed and represented in several ways for the convenience of representing recurring groups of bits in information technology several units of information have traditionally been used the most common is the unit byte coined by werner buchholz in june 1956 which historically was used to represent the group of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer 4 18 19 20 21 and for this reason it was used as the basic addressable element in many computer architectures by 1993 the trend in hardware design had converged on the 8 bit byte 22 however because of the ambiguity of relying on the underlying hardware design the unit octet was defined to explicitly denote a sequence of eight bits computers usually manipulate bits in groups of a fixed size conventionally named words like the byte the number of bits in a word also varies with the hardware design and is typically between 8 and 80 bits or even more in some specialized computers in the early 21st century retail personal or server computers have a word size of 32 or 64 bits larger numbers of bits are commonly expressed using the standard si metric prefixes for multiples of units these are defined from kilo 1000 or 10 3 units to quetta 10 30 and their values increase sequentially by a factor of one thousand the corresponding multiple bit units range from kilobit kbit to quettabit qbit see also edit baud symbol rate measurement in telecommunications binary numeral system number expressed in the base 2 numeral system pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets bit rate information transmission rate expressed in bits per second bitstream sequence of binary digits entropy information theory average uncertainty in variable s states fuzzy bit integer computer science datum of integral data type primitive data type extremely basic data type qubit basic unit of quantum information quantum bit shannon unit unit of information trit ternary numeral system base 3 numeral system ternary digit references edit mackenzie charles e 1980 coded character sets history and development pdf the systems programming series 1 ed addison wesley publishing company inc p x isbn 978 0 201 14460 4 lccn 77 90165 archived pdf from the original on may 26 2016 retrieved august 25 2019 bit per the iec 80000 13 2008 standard b per the ieee 1541 2002 standard 1 2 bemer robert william 2000 08 08 why is a byte 8 bits or is it computer history vignettes archived from the original on 2017 04 03 retrieved 2017 04 03 with ibm s stretch computer as background handling 64 character words divisible into groups of 8 i designed the character set for it under the guidance of dr werner buchholz the man who did coin the term byte for an 8 bit grouping the ibm 360 used 8 bit characters although not ascii directly thus buchholz s byte caught on everywhere i myself did not like the name for many reasons anderson john b johnnesson rolf 2006 understanding information transmission haykin simon 2006 digital communications ieee std 260 1 2004 units b archived from the original on 2016 05 04 breipohl arthur m 1963 08 18 adaptive communication systems ph d thesis university of new mexico p 7 retrieved 2025 01 07 binit the free dictionary retrieved 2025 01 07 abramson norman 1963 information theory and coding mcgraw hill 1 2 shannon claude elwood july 1948 a mathematical theory of communication pdf bell system technical journal 27 3 379 423 bibcode 1948bstj 27 379s doi 10 1002 j 1538 7305 1948 tb01338 x hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 002c 4314 2 archived from the original pdf on 1998 07 15 via bell labs computing and mathematical sciences research the choice of a logarithmic base corresponds to the choice of a unit for measuring information if the base 2 is used the resulting units may be called binary digits or more briefly bits a word suggested by j w tukey shannon claude elwood october 1948 a mathematical theory of communication bell system technical journal 27 4 623 666 bibcode 1948bstj 27 623s doi 10 1002 j 1538 7305 1948 tb00917 x hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 002c 4314 2 shannon claude elwood weaver warren 1949 a mathematical theory of communication pdf university of illinois press isbn 0 252 72548 4 archived from the original pdf on 1998 07 15 via bell labs computing and mathematical sciences research cite book isbn date incompatibility help unitspolicy ubuntu wiki retrieved 2025 01 07 use mb gb tb suffix for vm memory input github netbox community 2022 retrieved 2025 01 08 national institute of standards and technology 2008 guide for the use of the international system of units online version archived 3 june 2016 at the wayback machine buchholz werner 1956 06 11 7 the shift matrix pdf the link system ibm pp 5 6 stretch memo no 39g archived pdf from the original on 2017 04 04 retrieved 2016 04 04 most important from the point of view of editing will be the ability to handle any characters or digits from 1 to 6 bits long the shift matrix to be used to convert a 60 bit word coming from memory in parallel into characters or bytes as we have called them to be sent to the adder serially the 60 bits are dumped into magnetic cores on six different levels thus if a 1 comes out of position 9 it appears in all six cores underneath the adder may accept all or only some of the bits assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit decimal digits starting at the right the 0 diagonal is pulsed first sending out the six bits 0 to 5 of which the adder accepts only the first four 0 3 bits 4 and 5 are ignored next the 4 diagonal is pulsed this sends out bits 4 to 9 of which the last two are again ignored and so on it is just as easy to use all six bits in alphanumeric work or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis or to offset the bytes by any number of bits buchholz werner february 1977 the word byte comes of age byte magazine 2 2 144 the first reference found in the files was contained in an internal memo written in june 1956 during the early days of developing stretch a byte was described as consisting of any number of parallel bits from one to six thus a byte was assumed to have a length appropriate for the occasion its first use was in the context of the input output equipment of the 1950s which handled six bits at a time the possibility of going to 8 bit bytes was considered in august 1956 and incorporated in the design of stretch shortly thereafter the first published reference to the term occurred in 1959 in a paper processing data in bits and pieces by g a blaauw f p brooks jr and w buchholz in the ire transactions on electronic computers june 1959 page 121 the notions of that paper were elaborated in chapter 4 of planning a computer system project stretch edited by w buchholz mcgraw hill book company 1962 the rationale for coining the term was explained there on page 40 as follows byte denotes a group of bits used to encode a character or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input output units a term other than character is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code and different codes may use different numbers of bits ie different byte sizes in input output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual characters the term is coined from bite but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to bit system 360 took over many of the stretch concepts including the basic byte and word sizes which are powers of 2 for economy however the byte size was fixed at the 8 bit maximum and addressing at the bit level was replaced by byte addressing blaauw gerrit anne brooks jr frederick phillips buchholz werner 1962 chapter 4 natural data units pdf in buchholz werner ed planning a computer system project stretch mcgraw hill book company inc the maple press company york pa pp 39 40 lccn 61 10466 archived from the original pdf on 2017 04 03 retrieved 2017 04 03 bemer robert william 1959 a proposal for a generalized card code of 256 characters communications of the acm 2 9 19 23 doi 10 1145 368424 368435 s2cid 36115735 iso iec 2382 1 1993 en information technology vocabulary part 1 fundamental terms p 01 02 09 retrieved 2025 01 08 external links edit look up bit in wiktionary the free dictionary bit calculator a tool providing conversions between bit byte kilobit kilobyte megabit megabyte gigabit gigabyte bitxbyteconverter archived 2016 04 06 at the wayback machine a tool for computing file sizes storage capacity and digital information in various units v t e units of information platform independent units bit hextet octet platform dependent units nibble byte syllable word metric bit units kilobit megabit metric byte units kilobyte megabyte gigabyte v t e data types uninterpreted bit byte trit tryte word bit array numeric arbitrary precision or bignum complex decimal fixed point block floating point floating point reduced precision minifloat half precision bfloat16 single precision double precision quadruple precision octuple precision extended precision long doub...