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ўзбекча vèneto tiếng việt winaray 吴语 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 42 n 80 e 42 n 80 e 42 80 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia system of mountain ranges in central asia tianshan redirects here for other uses see tianshan disambiguation tian shan tengir too tengri tagh 天山 snow covered peaks of central tian shan behind alpine meadows with nansen peak c 5 697 m 18 691 ft in the middle highest point peak jengish chokusu elevation 7 439 m 24 406 ft coordinates 42 02 06 n 80 07 32 e 42 03500 n 80 12556 e 42 03500 80 12556 geography tian shan location within continental asia show map of continental asia tian shan location within china show map of china countries kyrgyzstan china kazakhstan uzbekistan tajikistan range coordinates 42 n 80 e 42 n 80 e 42 80 geology rock age s mesozoic and cenozoic unesco world heritage site official name xinjiang tianshan type natural criteria vii ix designated 2013 37th session reference no 1414 region asia unesco world heritage site official name western tien shan type natural criteria x designated 2016 40th session reference no 1490 region asia tian shan chinese 天山 literal meaning mountains of heaven transcriptions standard mandarin hanyu pinyin tiānshān wade giles t ien 1 shan 1 ipa tʰjɛ ́ n ʂa ́ n yue cantonese yale romanization tīnsāan jyutping tin1 saan1 ipa tʰin san southern min hokkien poj thiⁿ soaⁿ the tian shan note 1 also known as the tengri tagh 1 or tengir too 2 is a large system of mountain ranges in central asia the highest peak is jengish chokusu at 7 439 metres 24 406 ft high and located in kyrgyzstan its lowest point is at the turpan depression which is 154 m 505 ft below sea level 3 the tian shan is sacred in tengrism its second highest peak is known as khan tengri which can be translated as lord of the spirits 4 at the 2013 conference on world heritage the eastern portion of tian shan in western china s xinjiang region was listed as a world heritage site 5 the western portion in kyrgyzstan kazakhstan and uzbekistan was then listed in 2016 6 name edit one of the earliest historical references to these mountains may be related to the xiongnu word qilian traditional chinese 祁連 simplified chinese 祁连 pinyin qílián which according to tang commentator yan shigu is the xiongnu word for sky or heaven 7 sima qian in the records of the grand historian mentioned qilian in relation to the homeland of the yuezhi and the term is believed to refer to the tian shan rather than the range 1 500 kilometres 930 mi further east now known as the qilian mountains 8 9 the name of the otgontenger in mongolia has the same meaning geography edit tian shan with the ancient silk road the tian shan range is located north and west of the taklamakan desert and directly north of the tarim basin it straddles the border regions of kazakhstan kyrgyzstan uzbekistan and xinjiang in northwest china to the south it connects with the pamir mountains while to north and east it meets the altai mountains of mongolia the tian shan range extends eastwards for approximately 2 900 kilometers from tashkent uzbekistan 3 it forms part of the himalayan orogenic belt resulting from the collision of the indian and eurasian tectonic plates during the cenozoic era the range encompasses the bogda shan in the east as defined by both western and chinese cartography the tian shan s highest peak is jengish chokusu also known as victory peak shared by kyrgyzstan and china at 7 439 metres 24 406 ft high it is the highest point in kyrgyzstan 3 the tian shan s second highest peak khan tengri king heaven straddles the kazakhstan kyrgyzstan china tripoint and at 7 010 metres 23 000 ft is the highest point of kazakhstan mountaineers class these as the two northernmost peaks surpassing 7 000 metres 23 000 ft in the world the torugart pass at 3 752 metres 12 310 ft marks the border between kyrgyzstan and xinjiang the lower altitude forested alatau ranges in the northern tian shan is home to turkic speaking pastoral tribes the tian shan is separated from the tibetan plateau by the taklimakan desert and the tarim basin to the south the syr darya ili river and tarim river originate in the tian shan the aksu canyon is a prominent feature in the mountain range s northwestern section continuous permafrost typically forms in the tian shan at elevations above 3 500 3 700 meters discontinuous permafrost can be found as low as 2 000 meters in specific locations influenced by unique topographical and climatic conditions though it generally occurs between 2 700 and 3 300 meters altitude 10 the tian shan s glaciers are rapidly receding losing 27 or 5 4 billion tons of ice since 1961 nearly four times the global average of 7 by 2050 half of the remaining ice is projected to disappear 11 russian explorer peter semenov was one of the first europeans to extensively document the tian shan in the 1850s ultimately changing his family name to refer to the mountains ranges edit the tian shan have a number of named ranges which are often mentioned separately all distances are approximate barkol tagh barkol shan bei shan bogda shan borohoro shan irenchabirga qarliq tagh qarlik shan karkik tagh karlik shan harlik shan kyrgyz ala too range kyrgyz alatau kyrgyz range alexander range kakshaal too kokschaal tau qaqşaal too küngöy ala too range kungej alatau kungey alatau kungoy ala too küngei alataw kungey alataw ketmen ridge kuruk tagh quruq tagh kuruktagh kuluketage kuruktage shan talas alatau talas alatow talas ala too suusamyr too terskey alatoo terskey alatau terskej alatau teskey alatoo trans ili alatau ile alatau ile alatauy zailiisky alatau transili alatau in china the tian shan starts from about 600 to 400 kilometres 370 to 250 mi east of ürümqi north of kumul city hami with the qarliq tagh and the barkol mountains then the bogda shan god mountains run from 350 to 40 kilometres 217 to 25 mi east of ürümqi then there is a low area between ürümqi and the turfan depression the borohoro mountains start just south of ürümqi and run west northwest 450 kilometres 280 mi separating dzungaria from the ili river basin their north end abuts on the 200 kilometres 120 mi dzungarian alatau which runs east northeast along sino kazakh border they start 50 kilometres 31 mi east of taldykorgan in kazakhstan and end at the dzungarian gate the dzungarian alatau in the north the borohoro mountains in the middle and the ketmen ridge in the south make a reversed z or s the northeast enclosing part of dzungaria and the southwest enclosing the upper ili valley map of kyrgyzstan borders marked in red the tian shan makes up large parts of southern kyrgyzstan the indentation on the west is the fergana valley map of tian shan tian shan as viewed from the karakol valley issyk kul region kyrgyzstan snow capped peaks of the tian shan seen from an issyk kul lake beach in kyrgyzstan the mainline of the tian shan continues as narat range from the base of the borohoros west 570 kilometres 350 mi to the point where china kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan meet here is the highest part of the range the central tian shan with peak pobeda kakshaal too range and khan tengri west of this the tian shan split into an eye with issyk kul lake in its center the south side of the lake is the terskey alatau and the north side the kyungey ala too shady and sunny ala too north of the kyungey ala too and parallel to it is the trans ili alatau in kazakhstan just south of almaty west of the eye the range continues 400 kilometres 250 mi as the kyrgyz ala too separating chüy region from naryn region of kyrgyzstan and then kazakhstan from the upper valley of the river talas the south side of which is the 200 kilometres 120 mi talas ala too range ala too is a kyrgyz spelling while alatau is a kazakh spelling at the east end of the talas alatau the suusamyr too range runs southeast enclosing the suusamyr valley or plateau as for the area south of the fergana valley there is an 800 kilometres 500 mi group of mountains that curves west southwest from south of issyk kul lake separating the tarim basin from the fergana valley the fergana range runs northeast towards the talas ala too and separates the upper naryn basin from fergana proper the southern side of these mountains merge into the pamirs in tajikistan alay mountains and trans alay range west of this is the turkestan range which continues almost to samarkand ice age edit the tian shan plateau stretching 100 to 120 km wide is located on the northern margin of the tarim basin between the kokshaal tau mountain chain to the south and the terskey alatau mountain chain to the north the kokshaal tau extends for 570 km from pik dankowa in the west to pik pobeda in the east northeast this mountain chain along with the parallel terskey alatau and the tian shan plateau in between were covered by connected ice stream networks and a plateau glacier during glacial times the only remaining interglacial remnant of this glaciation is the 61 km long south inylschek glacier the outlet glacier tongues of the plateau glacier flowed northward down to lake issyk kul calving in this 160 km long lake similarly strong glaciation was present in the high mountain area of the kungey alatau which stretches for 230 km north of issyk kul and connects to the mountain foreland near alma ata the glacial glaciers from the kungey alatau also calved into lake issyk kul with the ak sai valley glacier developing a mountain foreland glacier 12 13 14 the chon kemin valley was glaciated up to its inflow into the chu valley 12 15 14 altogether the glacial tian shan glaciation occupied an area of approximately 118 000 square kilometers the glacier snowline was about 1200m lower during the last ice age than it is today this would result in a depression of the average annual temperature of 7 2 to 8 4 c for the last glacial maximum compared with today assuming a comparable precipitation ratio 12 ecology edit koldeneng valley in ili prefecture the tian shan holds important forests of schrenk s spruce picea schrenkiana at altitudes of over 2 000 metres 6 600 ft the lower slopes have unique natural forests of wild walnuts and apples 16 the tian shan in its immediate geological past was kept from glaciation due to the protecting warm influence of the indian ocean monsoon climate this defined its ecological features which could sustain its distinctive ecosphere the mountains were subjected to constant geological changes with constantly evolving drainage systems which affected the patterns of vegetation as well as exposing fertile soil for newly emerging seedlings to thrive in tulips originated in the tian shan mountains the plant then made its way to turkey via the silk road and became a symbol of the ottoman empire 17 ancestors of important crop vegetation were established and thrived in the area among them apricots prunus armeniaca pears pyrus spp pomegranates punica granatum figs ficus cherries prunus avium and mulberries morus the tian shan region also included important animals like bears deer and wild boar which helped to spread seeds and expand ecological diversity among the vegetation colonizing the tian shan came likely via birds from the east the ancestors of what we know as the sweet apple the fruit probably then looked like a tiny long stalked bitter apple something like malus baccata the siberian crab the pips may have been carried in a bird s crop or clotted onto feet or feathers what natural features of the unique tian shan might have contributed to this rigorous selection program time is as we have seen not a problem the turnover of individual trees is likewise conducive to the rapid evolution of a tree species as is the fact that sweet apples are now at least for all practical purposes self incompatible that is they cannot pollinate themselves therefore each apple tree within the forest and even each pip usually five within each individual fruit will be different there are many apples on a mature tree so natural selection has a rich and diverse population upon which to work birds of course eat all manner of fruit but most birds eat seeds a dietary feature not conducive either to the selection or spread of a fruit tree sweet apples are often eviscerated by birds but the seeds are frequently left in the empty shell of the pome the reason is that apple and pear and quince seeds are rich in cyanoglycosides which are highly repellent particularly to birds moreover the placenta of the apple fruit the womb contains inhibitory substances that prevent the germination of the apple seed in situ this is a commonly observed phenomenon in fruits as michael evenari showed in 1949 so what then does or did distribute the original apple seed the bear barrie e juniper 18 the strain of y pestis which caused the bubonic plague now know as the black death may have originated in the tian shan spreading along the silk road and killing half of europe s population in the mid 1300s 19 climate edit tian shan has an alpine climate köppen climate classification eth climate data for tian shan urumqi glacier no 1 elevation 3 539 m 11 611 ft 1991 2020 normals extremes 1981 2010 month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 0 4 32 7 2 2 36 0 8 5 47 3 13 2 55 8 15 5 59 9 15 6 60 1 19 2 66 6 18 5 65 3 16 4 61 5 11 2 52 2 6 5 43 7 3 2 37 8 19 2 66 6 mean daily maximum c f 10 8 12 6 8 6 16 5 4 1 24 6 1 3 34 3 5 0 41 0 8 7 47 7 10 8 51 4 10 5 50 9 6 9 44 4 0 9 33 6 4 8 23 4 8 9 16 0 0 6 33 0 daily mean c f 15 3 4 5 13 5 7 7 9 5 14 9 4 3 24 3 0 2 31 6 3 7 38 7 5 9 42 6 5 3 41 5 1 5 34 7 4 1 24 6 9 5 14 9 13 4 7 9 4 4 24 0 mean daily minimum c f 19 1 2 4 17 6 0 3 13 8 7 2 8 4 16 9 4 2 24 4 0 0 32 0 2 2 36 0 1 6 34 9 2 2 28 0 7 8 18 0 13 2 8 2 17 2 1 0 8 3 17 0 record low c f 39 7 39 5 34 7 30 5 31 2 24 2 24 6 12 3 18 8 1 8 12 9 8 8 6 9 19 6 14 4 6 1 17 5 0 5 21 8 7 2 36 4 33 5 35 5 31 9 39 7 39 5 average precipitation mm inches 2 5 0 10 4 5 0 18 11 8 0 46 34 3 1 35 59 6 2 35 108 3 4 26 133 8 5 27 98 7 3 89 40 8 1 61 14 1 0 56 5 8 0 23 2 9 0 11 517 1 20 37 average precipitation days 0 1 mm 3 6 5 5 9 0 14 4 18 4 21 6 23 1 19 4 13 7 8 5 4 7 3 6 145 5 average snowy days 5 0 6 5 9 9 14 9 19 1 15 2 9 8 9 3 13 4 10 0 5 6 4 4 123 1 average relative humidity 48 50 52 59 63 70 71 67 61 54 50 48 58 mean monthly sunshine hours 144 1 172 5 231 0 250 5 250 8 215 9 212 7 232 7 225 2 208 4 153 4 134 2 2 431 4 percentage possible sunshine 49 57 62 62 55 47 46 55 61 62 54 48 55 source china meteorological administration 20 21 climate data for tian shan kyrgyzstan weather station 1991 2020 normals month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov ...