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ibetic the hypothetical proto language ancestral to the tibetic languages has been reconstructed by tournadre 2014 3 proto tibetic is similar to but not identical to written classical literary tibetan the following phonological features are characteristic of proto tibetic tournadre 2014 113 the prefixes s ǝ d ǝ g ǝ m ǝ and b ǝ which have been retained from proto tibeto burman s ǝ is primarily used with animals and body parts as well as d ǝ g ǝ and m ǝ r ǝ palatalization of dental and alveolar consonants before y j consonant change from lateral to dental position after m e g ml md distinctive aspirated initial stops this phenomenon is attested by alternating aspirated and non aspirated consonants in old tibetan orthography examples include gcig gchig གཅིག གཆིག one phyin chad phyin cad ཕྱིན ཆད ཕྱིན ཅད from now on ci chi ཅི ཆི what and cu chu ཅུ ཆུ water reconstructed proto tibetic forms from tournadre 2014 include g ǝ tɕik one g ǝ nyis two g ǝ su three b ǝ ʑi four l ǝ ŋa five d ǝ ruk six b ǝ dun seven b ǝ rgyat eight d ǝ gu nine b ǝ tɕu ten s ǝ dik pa scorpion s ǝ bal frog s ǝ tak tiger s ǝ b rul snake s ǝ pra monkey s ǝ kra hair s ǝ nyiŋ heart s ǝ na nose d ǝ myik eye m ǝ go head r ǝ na ear pre tibetic edit pre tibetic is a hypothetical pre formation stage of proto tibetic 3 ty ly sy were not palatalized in pre tibetic but underwent palatalization in proto tibetic tournadre 2014 113 114 3 posited sound changes from pre tibetic to proto tibetic include ty tɕ sy ɕ tsy tɕ and ly ʑ however tournadre 2014 114 notes that many bodish languages such as basum tamang and kurtöp east bodish have not undergone these changes e g bake basum ti what vs proto tibetic tɕ h i and bake tɨ one vs proto tibetic g ǝ tɕ h ik kurtöp h la iron and bumthap lak iron vs proto tibetic ltɕaks some pre tibetic reconstructions along with reconstructed proto tibetic forms and orthographic classical literary tibetan from tournadre 2014 114 116 are listed below gloss pre tibetic proto tibetic classical literary tibetan one g ǝ tyik g ǝ tɕ h ik gcig gchig གཅིག གཆིག old tibetan big tye tɕ h e che ཆེ old tibetan ten b ǝ tyu b ǝ tɕu bcu bchu བཅུ བཆུ old tibetan what tyi tɕ h i ci chi ཅི ཆི old tibetan flesh sya ɕa sha ཤ know syes ɕes shes ཤེས wood sying ɕiŋ shing ཤིང to cut past stem b ǝ tsyat b ǝ tɕat bcad བཅད spittle m ǝ tsyil ma m ǝ tɕ h il ma mchil ma མཆིལ མ liver m ǝ tsin pa m ǝ tɕ h in pa mchin pa མཆིན པ four b ǝ lyi b ǝ ʑi bzhi བཞི field lying ʑiŋ zhing ཞིང flea ldi ldʑi lji ལྗི ji འཇི iron s ǝ lak s l sak s l tsyak s ltɕaks lcags ལྕགས arrow mda mda མདའ to suppress bnans mnans mnand old tibetan to listen bnyan nyan mnyand eye d ǝ myik dmyig དམྱིག old tibetan mig flower mentok men tog མེན ཏོག old tibetan me tog comparison of numerals edit the numerals in different tibetan tibetic languages are 31 gloss ü tsang middle amdo khams classical tibetan lhasa cheng zhang dolpo jirel mugom sherpa yohlmo 1 ʨiʔ 53 ʨi 53 ʂik dokpoi ʧɪk ʦɪk 55 ʨīː xʨɨx ʨi 55 xʨik gtšig 2 ȵi 55 ȵi 55 ɲiː ŋi ŋi ŋi 55 ɲìː ɦȵi ɲɯ 53 gnis gnis 3 sum 55 sɔ̃ 53 sum sum sum sum 55 sūm sɘm sũ 53 xsum gsum 4 ɕi 13 ɣɯ 31 ɕi̤ː si ɕi ʣi 55 ʑì̤ ɦʑɘ ʐə 33 βʑi bži 5 ŋa 53 ɴɐ 53 ŋa ŋa ŋá ŋɑ 55 ŋɑ̀ ɦŋa ŋɑ 53 ɬŋɑ lŋa 6 tʂʰuʔ 13 tʂu 31 ʈṳk tʰuk duk ɖʊk 11 ʈṳ̀ː tʂəx tʂo 33 dɽuk drug 7 tỹ 15 dɛ̃ 24 ty̤n duin dun dɪn 55 t̪ì̤n ɦdɘn dĩ 33 βdun bdun 8 ɕɛʔ 13 dʑe 31 ce̤ʔ get ket gæ 55 cē̤ː ɦdʑʲɛ ʑe 33 βɽgjat brgyad 9 ku 13 ɡɯ 31 kṳ gu gu gu 55 kṳ̀ ɦgɘ gə 33 dgu dgu 10 ʨu 53 ʨɯ 53 tɕu ʦutʰambaː ʧú ʦi 55 tʰɑm 11 ba 11 ʨʉ̄ ʨɘ ʨə 55 ɸʨu btšu for the central or eastern tibetic languages gloss dzongkha lakha balti ladakhi spiti bhoti dzongkha sikkimese balti changthang ladakhi purik zangskari 1 ʨí ʧi ʧik ʧik ʧik ʧik ʧiʔ ʧík 2 ɲí ni ɲis ɲis ɲis ɲis ɲiː ɲiː 3 súm súm xsum sum sum sum sum súm 4 ʃi̤ ʒe βʒi zi zi ʒi ʒi ʒì 5 ŋə ŋa ɣɑ ŋa ʂŋa ʂŋə ŋa ŋá 6 dʑo tʰu truk ɖruk ʈuk ʈuk ʈuʔ ʈùk 7 ty̤n dĩ βdun dun rdun rdun ðun dùn 8 kæ̤ gɛ βgyʌt gʲat rgʲat rgyət ʝət ɟèt 9 kṳ go rgu gu rgu rgu ɣu gù 10 ʨu tʰam ʧɔːmba ɸʧu ʧu rʧu rču ʧu ʧú references edit beyer stephan v 1992 the classical tibetan language suny press isbn 0 7914 1099 4 denwood philip 1999 tibetan john benjamins publishing isbn 90 272 3803 0 izzard jeff robert 2015 language attitudes and identity in the tibetan dharamsala diaspora ph d thesis soas university of london retrieved 2024 02 20 nishi yoshiro 1987 gendei tibet go hoogen no bunrui 現代チベット語方言の分類 a classification of tibetan dialects bulletin of the national museum of ethnology 11 4 837 900 hdl 10502 2932 sagart laurent jacques guillaume lai yunfan ryder robin thouzeau valentin greenhill simon j list johann mattis 2019 dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of sino tibetan proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 116 21 10317 10322 doi 10 1073 pnas 1817972116 pmc 6534992 pmid 31061123 suzuki hiroyuki 2012 kamutibetto go sangdam hoogen no onsei bunseki to sono tokutyoo カムチベット語 sangdam 方言の音声分析とその方言特徴 khams tibetan sangdam dialect phonetic and dialectal analysis journal of asian and african studies 83 37 58 tournadre nicolas suzuki hiroyuki 2023 the tibetic languages an introduction to the family of languages derived from old tibetan paris lacito isbn 978 2 490768 08 0 footnotes edit 1 2 tournadre nicolas 2014 the tibetic languages and their classification in owen smith thomas hill nathan w eds trans himalayan linguistics historical and descriptive linguistics of the himalayan area de gruyter pp 103 129 isbn 978 3 11 031074 0 preprint tibetan language encyclopædia britannica archived from the original on 2 july 2026 tibetan language tibetic or bodic language belonging to the tibeto burman group of the sino tibetan language family it is spoken in tibet bhutan nepal and in parts of northern india including sikkim 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 tournadre nicolas 2014 the tibetic languages and their classification in trans himalayan linguistics historical and descriptive linguistics of the himalayan area berlin mouton de gruyter 1 2 tournadre suzuki 2023 nishi 1987 p 849 beyer 1992 p 7 tournadre suzuki 2023 p 654 tournadre suzuki 2023 p 66 zemp marius 2018 on the origins of tibetan proceedings of the 51st international conference on sino tibetan languages and linguistics 2018 kyoto kyoto university tournadre suzuki 2023 p 660 katia chirkova 2008 on the position of báimǎ within tibetan in lubotsky et al eds evidence and counter evidence vol 2 tournadre nicolas 2008 arguments against the concept of conjunct disjunct in tibetan pdf in b huber m volkart p widmer p schwieger eds chomolangma demawend und kasbek festschrift für roland bielmeier zu seinem 65 geburtstag vol 1 halle international institute for tibetan and buddhist studies pp 282 283 archived from the original pdf on 2011 07 20 sun jackson t s 2021 gser rdo a new tibetic language across the rngaba dkarmdzes border n tournadre 2005 l aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes lalies 2005 n 25 p 7 56 shao mingyuan 邵明园 2018 hexi zoulang binwei zangyu dongnahua yanjiu 河西走廊濒危藏语东纳话研究 study on the mdungnag dialect an endangered tibetan language in hexi corridor guangzhou zhongshan university publishing house 中山大学出版社 tibetan dialects www isw2 unibe ch minahan j b 2014 ethnic groups of north east and central asia an encyclopedia ethnic groups of the world bloomsbury publishing p 188 isbn 978 1 61069 018 8 retrieved 2024 05 12 china ethnologue languages of the world nineteenth edition 2016 archived from the original on 2016 09 09 tournadre suzuki 2023 p 49 tournadre suzuki 2023 p 78 tournadre suzuki 2023 p 62 tournadre suzuki 2023 pp 81 83 denwood 1999 p 34 1 2 3 4 5 tournadre suzuki 2023 p 54 denwood 1999 p 36 denwood 1999 pp 33 34 izzard 2015 tournadre suzuki 2023 p 50 1 2 suzuki 2012 p 38 1 2 suzuki 2012 p 39 bodish numerals eugene chan archived from the original on 2012 03 05 further reading edit denwood philip 2007 the language history of tibetan in bielmeier roland haller felix eds linguistics of the himalayas and beyond walter de gruyter pp 47 70 isbn 978 3 11 019828 7 dpal ldan bkra shis 2016 amdo tibetan language an introduction to normative oral amdo pdf asian highland perspectives 43 issn 1925 6329 lccn 2008944256 archived from the original pdf on 2016 06 28 van driem george 2001 languages of the himalayas an ethnolinguistic handbook of the greater himalayan region containing an introduction to the symbiotic theory of language brill isbn 9004103902 external links edit wikibooks has a book on the topic of research on tibetan languages a bibliography comparative dictionary of tibetan dialects cdtd languages on the tibetan plateau and the himalayas nicolas tournadre overview of old tibetan synchronic phonology by nathan hill l évolution des langues et les facteurs écolinguistiques le cas des langues d éleveurs et des langues d agriculteurs sur le haut plateau tibétain at cnrs lacito china s tibet policy continued attempt at erasing tibetan language v t e sino tibetan languages sinitic chinese mandarin yue hakka min wu hui gan xiang jin pinghua bai cai long caijia longjia luren tibeto burman bodish tibetan central amdo khams dzongkha ladakhi balti lahuli spiti kyirong kagate sherpa jirel east bodish tshangla basum nam burmo qiangic lolo burmese burmish burmese standard intha danu rakhine tavoyan achang lhao vo lashi zaiwa mondzish loloish qiangic gyalrongic ersuic naic greater magaric magaric magar kham chepangic chepang bhujel raji raute dura tandrange naga ao angami pochuri meitei tangkhulic western naga zeliangrong sal boro garo konyak jingpho luish gongduk ʼole kho bwa puroik tani chamdo tujia nungish karenic gong kathu west himalayish tamangic newaric newar baram thangmi kiranti dhimalish dhimal toto lhokpu lepcha karbi kuki chin miju mruic mru hkongso pyu taman bailang proposed groupings central tibeto burman kuki chin naga macro bai mahakiranti rung tibeto kanauri proto languages proto sino tibetan proto tibeto burman proto loloish proto karenic proto min proto hakka italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches v t e bodic tibeto kanauri languages west himalayish western lahaulic pattani tinani kinnauric kanashi kinnauri chitkuli shumcho jangshung eastern central bunan rongpo marcha tolcha sunam zhang zhung almora rangas darmiya chaudangsi byangsi dhuleli bodish tibetic central tibetan central tibetan ü tsang standard tibetan mugom amdo amdo tibetan gserpa khalong mdungnag kham eastern khams tibetan tseku baima choni zhongu dongwang drugchu stonggnyen zitsadegu southern sikkimese bhutia dzongkha bhutanese khamba laya lunana groma brokkat brokpa chochangachakha lakha naapa western ladakhi balti western archaic ladakhi zangskari changthang purgi balti lahuli spiti western innovative lahuli stod bhoti spiti bhoti nyamkat tukpa jad sherpa jirel sherpa jirel kyirong kagate kyirong kagate tsum yolmo nubri gyalsumdo tshangla east bodish tshangla tshangla east bodish takpa dzala nyen chali bumthang kheng kurtöp nupbi ʼole basum basum tamangic tgtm tamang gurung thakali seke manang chantyal ghale ghale kutang kaike kaike v t e tibetan language language tibetic languages old tibetan classical tibetan ü tsang khams amdo scripts tibetan alphabet umê drutsa bêtsug uchen regional joyig monyig and lhoyig numerals braille others transcription wylie tibetan pinyin thl transcription grammar modern standard tibetan grammar tibetic languages outside tibetan plateau dzongkha sikkimese ladakhi balti v t e tibet articles history overviews timeline list of rulers european exploration historical money chronology prehistory neolithic zhangzhung yarlung dynasty empire 7th 9th century timeline list of emperors lönchen relations with tang 618 907 era of fragmentation 9th 13th century guge kingdom tsongkha relations with song 960 1279 yuan dynasty rule 1270 1354 bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs phagmodrupa dynasty relations with ming 1368 1644 rinpungpa dynasty tsangpa dynasty ganden phodrang kashag khoshut khanate qing dynasty rule 1720 1912 lifan yuan list of qing ambans post qing to 1950 republic of china roc claim 1912 people s republic of china prc rule prc annexation tibet area 1951 1965 tibet autonomous region 1965 political leaders wars and conflicts tibetan attack on songzhou battle of chabuheluo battle of dafei river gaozong campaign of tibet battle of shenchuan mongol invasions of tibet battle of the bloody hills 1637 tibet ladakh mughal war battle of dartsedo battle of the salween river chinese expedition to tibet 1720 jinchuan campaigns lhasa riot of 1750 sino nepalese war dogra tibetan war nepal tibet war 1855 1856 sikkim expedition british expedition to tibet batang uprising chinese expedition to tibet 1910 xinhai lhasa turmoil sino tibetan war qinghai tibet war 1938 1939 german expedition to tibet 1939 japanese expedition to tibet battle of chamdo protests and uprisings since 1950 1959 tibetan uprising 1987 1989 tibetan unrest 2008 tibetan unrest self immolation protests by tibetans in china special frontier force documents treaty of tingmosgang 1684 13 article ordinance for the more effective governing of tibet 1751 29 article ordinance for the more effective governing of tibet 1793 treaty of chushul 1842 treaty of thapathali 1856 convention of calcutta 1890 treaty of lhasa 1904 convention between great britain and china respecting tibet 1906 anglo russian convention 1907 treaty of friendship and alliance with mongolia 1913 simla accord 1914 seventeen point agreement 1951 sino indian trade agreement over tibetan border 1954 70 000 character petition 1962 memorandum on genuine autonomy 2008 geography flora fauna environment mountains kailash lhotse changtse namcha barwa tanggula rivers yarlung tsangpo grand canyon rongbuk glacier tibetan plateau changtang nature reserve valleys traditional regions amdo kham ü tsang ngari politics tibet autonomous region ccp committee people s congress people s government foreign relations with india cia tibetan program golden urn patron and priest relationship serfdom controversy serfs emancipation day sovereignty debate disputes central tibetan administration emblem flag tibet area roc mongolian and tibetan affairs commission disbanded economy postage and postal history qinghai tibet highway qinghai tibet railway trans himalayan multi dimensional connectivity network medog hydropower station society education languages religion bon tibetan buddhism sakya imperial preceptor dpon chen nyingma kagyu jonang gelug ganden tripa dalai lama list lhamo la tso panchen lama list catholicism islam human rights chinese settlements cultural repression labour camps sinicization social classes tibetan people changpa yolmo diaspora names culture art rugs thangka tsakli sand mandala wall paintings wall murals calendar cuisine dzong architecture etymology festivals historical and cultural sites khata ceremonial scarf literature annals chronicle writers music tibetology traditional medicine outline index category 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