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a mobile cellular telephone in the same year 98 the mobile network operators are moov africa togo maroc telecom moov africa group and yas togo formerly known ae togocel owned by togo telecom a state enterprise demographics edit main article demographics of togo population 15 16 year million 1950 1 4 2000 5 0 2021 8 6 the november 2010 census gave togo a population of 6 191 155 more than double the total counted in the last census in 2022 the togo population was 8 680 832 99 that census taken in 1981 showed the nation had a population of 2 719 567 the capital lomé grew from 375 499 in 1981 to 837 437 in 2010 when the urban population of surrounding golfe prefecture is added the lomé agglomeration contained 1 477 660 residents in 2010 100 101 other cities in togo according to the new census were sokodé 95 070 kara 94 878 kpalimé 75 084 atakpamé 69 261 dapaong 58 071 and tsévié 54 474 with an estimated population of 8 644 829 as of 2021 update togo is the 107th largest country by population most of the population 65 live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures the population of togo shows a stronger growth from 1961 the year after independence to 2003 it quintupled 100 101 largest cities or towns in togo according to the 2022 census 102 rank name region pop 1 lomé maritime 2 188 376 2 kara kara 158 090 3 dapaong savanes 117 675 4 sokodé centrale 115 442 5 atakpamé plateaux 98 193 6 kpalimé plateaux 87 478 7 tsévié maritime 76 861 8 anié plateaux 61 068 9 cinkassé savanes 56 830 10 notsé plateaux 49 143 ethnic groups edit people in the 1980s in togo there are about 40 different ethnic groups the most numerous of which are the ewe in the south who make up 32 of the population along the southern coastline they account for 21 of the population also found are kotokoli or tem and tchamba in the centre and the kabye people in the north 22 the ouatchis fr are 14 of the population sometimes the ewes and ouatchis are considered the same while the french who studied both groups considered them different people 103 other ethnic groups include the mina mossi the moba and bassar the tchokossi of mango about 8 non africans include french people and portuguese people 104 the adele people edit the adele who call themselves bédéré speak gédéré a language of the gur family 105 their villages number about twenty divided between eastern ghana and the western edge of togo s blitta prefecture according to their oral tradition in the original village of dibemkpa the deity ouroubwaré lowered four men and three women from the sky who brought essential skills such as pottery spinning basketry forging and weaving over time new migrations spread the community to dikpéléou site of the nayo shrine and then into multiple villages founded by different lineages 105 adélé settlements are known for their distinctive round windowless houses with thatched roofs supported by external wooden posts the village of dibemkpa still holds numerous archaeological remains and is considered key for understanding the group s historical or mythical origins 105 the akebou people edit the akebou live in one of the plateaus of the atakora mountains in central togo accessible by road from atakpamé to badou 106 early settlement in the upper gbankparé valley developed around independent villages each maintaining shrines dedicated to local protective deities and affirming its autochthonous roots over time several groups joined this area the first ewe migrants led by a figure named aké or eké arrived in the late 18th century settling near lonfo and spreading into villages such as vé and kougnohou a second wave of ewe migrants in the late 19th century founded djakpodji which gave rise to other settlements additional groups included the anyanga who settled after conflicts in the plains and the ntribou who fled ashanti raids to find refuge in akebou lands 106 to organise these diverse communities a central chieftaincy was established at lonfo creating a unique political centre in what had been an acephalous society lonfo s dry hilltop site and stone walled palace unlike the forested villages around it symbolised a place reserved for leadership rather than everyday settlement oral accounts recall three successive chiefs culminating in the reign of akountsou whose rule ended the system amid local resistance 106 archaeological remains of lonfo s stone structures still stand today and libations are made in memory of the chiefs the plii chief held significant ritual authority separate from religious sanctuaries maintained by older villages despite the centralised role each group retained its distinct identity and village territory within akébou society 106 conflicts with neighbouring ashanti and occasional disputes with akposso communities marked parts of akébou history the introduction of firearms possibly linked to coastal trade may have reinforced the power of lonfo s leadership during regional conflicts 106 the ntrubo people edit the ntrubo are represented in togo by two small villages diguinge and abosomkope located in the southern part of the adele plateau most ntrubo communities however live in ghana just west of this area 107 in togo the ntrubo coexist closely with the adele speaking both delo their own language and the adele language delo belongs to the tem language group which includes tem kotokoli kabiye bago and lamba this connection is linguistically puzzling because the ntrubo are geographically isolated from other tem speakers suggesting that the region once formed a more continuous mountain settlement zone before later ethnic reshaping 107 local genealogies trace the diguinge community to an ancestor named boisa whose descendants spread across multiple villages abosomkope by contrast traces its origins to gounou a neighbour of boisa with settlement movements linked to the early rubber trade promoted by the germans 107 historical evidence suggests that the ntrubo once formed part of an extensive mountain settlement area stretching from the lamba in the north to the adele in the south over time migrations and the arrival of other groups such as the adele and anyanga have made the ntribou a linguistic and cultural frontier at the southern edge of the tem speaking region 107 the akposso people edit the akposso trace their origins to two main traditions a belief in local autochthony especially strong in the logbo area and a more widespread migration narrative from notsé likely symbolic but possibly linked to the arrival of ewe groups 108 according to oral accounts the ancestor ida founded agbogboli a fortified hilltop site between the logbo and haito mountains from there the akposso moved westward to akposso koubi in present day ghana where they reportedly resisted expansionist neighbours like the akwamu in the 17th century subsequent migrations spread eastward into today s akposso plateau through multiple waves and lineages 108 the akposso society consists of several major groups including the litime ouwui ikponou logbo and ouma each with its own villages linguistically the akposso speak akposso classified by early scholars in the avatime bouem group contacts with neighbouring peoples have shaped distinct dialects ikposso logbo and ikpana with additional ewe and ashanti influences 108 politically traditional akposso communities were decentralised governed by village elders whose authority was primarily ritual there was no overarching chiefdom until the colonial era introduced the role of awli supreme chief despite this they maintained a strong cultural cohesion through shared religious practices notably the cult of the deity kolissa guardian of agricultural rites like the fonio harvest festival known today as ovazau 108 the bogo ahlon people edit the bogo also called ahlon are a small group of about 6 000 people living in the valleys of danyi togo and parts of ghana they descend from a mix of an ancient clan the issassoumè and later migrant groups possibly from ilé ifè or notsé 109 their society is structured around three main clans boloè bougli bonoè plus the issassoumè who are recognised as the original landowners political power is shared the boloè hold the chieftaincy the bonoè manage regalia and the bougli provide warriors the issassoumè alone grant the sacred clay used in chief installation rituals 109 religious life centres on the danyi river and the odo sanctuary at inénébia despite ewe influence the bogo remain culturally distinct and keep their igo language alive 109 religion edit main article religion in togo religion in togo 2022 census 3 christianity 49 2 islam 18 6 traditional faiths 17 0 no religion 9 40 other not stated 5 80 church in kpalime according to a 2012 us government religious freedoms report in 2004 the university of lomé estimated that 33 of the population were traditional animists 28 were roman catholic 20 sunni muslim 9 protestant and another 5 belonged to other christian denominations the remaining 5 were reported to include persons not affiliated with any religious group the report noted that many christians and muslims continue to perform indigenous religious practices 110 in 2020 the world factbook estimated that 42 3 of the population was christian and 14 muslim with 36 9 being followers of indigenous beliefs less than one percent being hindus jews and followers of other religions and 6 2 being unaffiliated 88 the 2022 census found 49 2 of togolese identified as christian 18 6 as muslim 17 0 as traditionalist 9 4 with no religion 2 9 with other religions and another 2 9 did not state their religious affiliation 3 christianity began to spread from the middle of the 15th century after the arrival of portuguese catholic missionaries germans introduced protestantism in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the bremen missionary society were sent to the coastal areas of togo and ghana togo s protestants were known as brema a corruption of the word bremen after world war i german missionaries had to leave which gave birth to the early autonomy of the ewe evangelical church 111 landose de agnanram mosque kara in 2022 freedom house rated togo s religious freedom as 3 out of 4 112 noting that religious freedom is constitutionally protected and generally respected in practice islam catholicism and protestantism are recognized by the state other groups must register as religious associations to receive similar benefits the registration process has been subject to long delays with almost 900 applications pending at the beginning of 2021 languages edit main article languages of togo according to ethnologue 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country some of them by communities that number fewer than 100 000 members 113 of the 39 languages the sole official language is french 114 two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as national languages in 1975 ewé ewe èʋegbe french evé and kabiyé 114 though not native to most groups french is used in formal education legislature all forms of media administration and commerce ewe is a language of wider communication in the south tem functions to a limited extent as a trade language in some northern towns 115 officially ewe and kabiye are national languages which in the togolese context means languages that are promoted in formal education and used in the media others are gen aja moba ntcham and ife in joining the commonwealth the togolese government has anticipated opportunities for togolese citizens to learn english 48 health edit the human rights measurement initiative 116 finds that togo is fulfilling 73 1 of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income 117 when looking at the right to health with respect to children togo achieves 93 8 of what is expected based on its current income 117 in regards to the right to health amongst the adult population the country achieves 88 2 of what is expected based on the nation s level of income 117 it falls into the very bad category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling 37 3 of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources income it has available 117 health expenditure in togo was 5 2 of gdp in 2014 which ranks the country in 45th place in the world 88 the infant mortality rate is approximately 43 7 deaths per 1 000 children in 2016 88 male life expectancy at birth was at 62 3 in 2016 whereas it was at 67 7 years for females 88 there were 5 physicians per 100 000 people in 2008 88 according to a 2013 unicef report 118 4 of women in togo have undergone female genital mutilation as of 2015 update the maternal mortality rate per 100 000 births for togo is 368 compared with 350 in 2010 and 539 7 in 1990 88 the under 5 mortality rate per 1 000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5 s mortality is 32 in togo the number of midwives per 1 000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67 119 in 2016 togo had 4100 2400 6100 new hiv infections and 5100 3100 7700 aids related deaths there were 100 000 73 000 130 000 people living with hiv in 2016 among whom 51 37 67 were accessing antiretroviral therapy among pregnant women living with hiv 86 59 95 were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of hiv to their children an estimated 1000 500 1400 children were newly infected with hiv due to mother to child transmission among people living with hiv approximately 42 30 55 had suppressed viral loads 120 afd is working to enhance living conditions in lomé the coastal city with a population of 1 4 million by modernising solid waste management services the project involves enhancing garbage collection through the construction of a new landfill that meets international standards 121 122 in 2024 a universal health insurance programme was launched covering 800 000 people within six months and implemented through the national social security fund and the national health insurance institute 123 education edit education in togo is compulsory for six years 124 in 1996 the gross primary enrolment rate was 119 6 and the net primary enrolment rate was 81 3 124 in 2011 the net enrolment rate was 94 the education system has suffered from teacher shortages lower educational quality in rural areas and high repetition and dropout rates 124 culture edit main articles culture of togo and music of togo this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2025 learn how and when to remove this message taberma houses togo s cultural life reflects traditions of its major groups ewe mina in the south and kabye tem in the north notably the regional use of ewe and kabiye as widely spoken languages 125 ewe mina religious practices centred on the creator god mawu and associated vodun 126 and among the kabye the evala wrestling initiation rite 127 while the guin com...