Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

mountains, tam, transantarctic, contents, geography, geology, ecology, history, of, exploration, see, also, external, links, references, bibliography, further, reading, soils, victoria, land, central, queen, maud, southern,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (139), #mountains (48), and (41), transantarctic (32), ice (29), glacier (27), antarctica (26), range (24), edit (18), ross (16), #antarctic (16), are (16), from (14), mountain (13), tam (13), land (12), doi (11), sea (10), with (9), east (9), 2004 (9), these (9), was (8), victoria (8), campbell (8), claridge (8), wikipedia (7), ranges (7), west (7), geology (7), isbn (7), expedition (7), which (7), soil (6), dry (6), main (6), 175 (6), this (5), commons (5), page (5), queen (5), national (5), shackleton (5), history (5), southern (5), geographic (5), south (5), pole (5), glaciers (5), geography (5), soils (5), cryosols (5), valleys (5), cape (5), continent (5), first (5), many (5), shelf (5), crossed (5), that (5), toggle (4), contents (4), search (4), view (4), about (4), wikidata (4), coordinates (4), other (4), scott (4), james (4), mcmurdo (4), lake (4), sheet (4), climate (4), flow (4), 1994 (4), springer (4), ecology (4), john (4), 2011 (4), 978 (4), 662 (4), 06429 (4), links (4), also (4), through (4), into (4), british (4), rock (4), than (4), have (4), sedimentary (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), under (3), wikimedia (3), use (3), april (3), 2022 (3), maud (3), bibliography (3), robert (3), clark (3), byrd (3), amundsen (3), research (3), english (3), years (3), age (3), weddell (3), subglacial (3), water (3), places (3), david (3), geological (3), science (3), elsevier (3), microbial (3), further (3), geophysical (3), between (3), illustrated (3), stump (3), 1995 (3), new (3), 1007 (3), 1960 (3), hamilton (3), tectonic (3), evolution (3), recent (3), central (3), fernandez (3), carazo (3), arid (3), has (3), related (3), ferrar (3), see (3), names (3), during (3), party (3), named (3), after (3), they (3), via (3), upon (3), being (3), been (3), article (3), free (3), mount (3), highest (3), 500 (3), 166 (3), tools (3), languages (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), text (2), terms (2), using (2), foundation (2), last (2), august (2), categories (2), category (2), link (2), pages (2), short (2), description (2), articles (2), coats (2), index (2), international (2), authority (2), ernest (2), falcon (2), roald (2), areas (2), day (2), society (2), system (2), programs (2), birds (2), life (2), sound (2), magnetic (2), extreme (2), realm (2), regions (2), streams (2), change (2), portal (2), 2007 (2), 119 (2), 1449 (2), reading (2), winter (2), 2018 (2), 4907 (2), 1029 (2), 4899 (2), letters (2), woodford (2), 2000 (2), reprint (2), 104 (2), wollemi (2), studinger (2), inland (2), light (2), data (2), 1016 (2), 391 (2), earth (2), issn (2), nature (2), associated (2), permanent (2), priscu (2), paerl (2), tectonics (2), paper (2), warren (2), goodge (2), 2020 (2), gondwana (2), fitzgerald (2), september (2), 503 (2), low (2), mensing (2), 2010 (2), media (2), faure (2), graeme (2), iain (2), kimble (2), berlin (2), 573 (2), heidelberg (2), 291 (2), barr (2), 5526 (2), million (2), references (2), map (2), external (2), stream (2), support (2), thiel (2), prince (2), beardmore (2), alexandra (2), drygalski (2), tongue (2), albert (2), hallett (2), admiralty (2), adare (2), much (2), igy (2), entire (2), name (2), geologist (2), following (2), aerial (2), year (2), 1902 (2), 1904 (2), before (2), same (2), were (2), seen (2), 1841 (2), sailors (2), exploration (2), community (2), common (2), who (2), smaller (2), populations (2), throughout (2), occupied (2), limited (2), more (2), moss (2), found (2), high (2), elevation (2), cold (2), extremely (2), for (2), forests (2), covered (2), however (2), terrain (2), region (2), content (2), peak (2), groups (2), outlet (2), large (2), divide (2), layers (2), include (2), beginning (2), beacon (2), supergroup (2), jurassic (2), cenozoic (2), uplifted (2), some (2), kirkpatrick (2), 856 (2), 528 (2), length (2), 200 (2), what (2), northern (2), 333 (2), 417 (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), norsk (2), беларуская (2), subsection (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, additional, may, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, gadget, wikiminiatlas, dmy, dates, matches, retrieved, https, org, php, title, transantarctic_mountains, oldid, 1371606691, yale, lux, israel, united, states, gnd, viaf, control, databases, legendary, rangiora, douglas, mawson, richard, famous, explorers, women, airports, transport, tourism, time, telecommunications, stations, churches, religion, protected, organizations, midwinter, gateway, cities, food, list, flags, firefighting, field, camps, economy, disasters, demographics, crime, elections, treaty, territorial, claims, military, activity, council, managers, politics, historic, sites, monuments, covid, pandemic, colonization, world, war, heroic, expeditions, krill, mammals, wildlife, microorganisms, flora, dinosaurs, ocean, rivers, lakes, vostok, mercer, cecs, bodies, ridge, islands, floristic, kingdom, points, shield, peninsula, biogeographic, volcanoes, tundra, shelves, weather, danger, classification, heat, waves, lewis, adam, marchant, ashworth, allan, 1461, 1130, 0016, 7606, mmmgcc, america, bulletin, major, middle, miocene, global, evidence, hemming, sidney, 1987, developments, vol, 9780080869841, weathering, processes, environment, sokol, herbold, lee, cary, 2013, 136, 10289, 12593, hdl, 1890, es13, 00136, ecosphere, local, regional, influences, over, metacommunities, gildea, damien, march, 2015, primento, 9782511031384, mountaineering, travel, guide, kate, neil, ferraccioli, fausto, jordan, tom, 2018gl077504, 2018georl, 4899w, bibcode, topographic, steering, enhanced, bottleneck, 1966, revised, melbourne, publishing, 9781876485481, pine, edmund, cambridge, university, press, 9780521433143, orogen, michael, bell, robin, buck, roger, karner, garry, sub, aerogeophysical, 408, s0012, 821x, 00066, 220, planetary, november, 230, 1432, 184x, s002489900109, 221, phototrophic, heterotrophic, diazotrophic, activities, aggregates, cover, bonney, charles, hans, interpretation, government, printing, office, colorado, denver, survey, professional, ancient, craton, enigma, 122, 2019, 001, paul, thermochronologic, constraints, post, paleozoic, 836, 94tc00595, 818, american, union, rafael, hodgson, dominic, convey, peter, wilmotte, annick, 517, 1111, 1574, 6941, 01132, fems, microbiology, cyanobacterial, diversity, biotopes, teresa, 9789048193905, business, rocks, meteorites, gunter, biology, 580, 0_28, 302, 0_15, iestyn, spagnolo, matteo, rea, brice, 36130952, pmid, 9492669, pmc, 2041, 1723, 1038, s41467, 022, 33310, communications, glaciation, bingham, 575, 574, 515, 295, 293, 820, 222, 392, peakbagger, com, bailey, theron, force, pensacola, horlick, reedy, zorawar, supporters, hughes, olav, herbert, dominion, commonwealth, bush, liv, taz, nimrod, mulock, mackay, priestley, terra, nova, bay, aviator, mariner, victory, tucker, concord, lillie, order, towards, landsat, far, distance, remained, unexplored, until, late, 1940s, 1950s, when, missions, such, made, extensive, concentrated, thorough, investigation, applied, his, fieldwork, subsequently, recommended, 1962, purely, descriptive, label, contrast, internationally, accepted, present, currently, runs, traverse, advisory, committee, photography, operation, highjump, crossing, took, place, reconnaissance, command, reached, altitude, leader, location, now, known, explored, part, returning, 1908, returned, 1911, while, axel, heiberg, plateau, 900, 700, armitage, 10th, january, naval, officer, attempted, sail, natural, barrier, must, reach, phototrophs, small, most, animals, worms, graze, plant, matter, alongside, grazers, turn, preyed, apex, predators, ecosystem, springtails, mites, rotifers, tardigrades, nematode, microfauna, ecological, role, distributed, important, photosynthesizer, able, grow, crevices, but, milder, rare, scattered, appearing, summer, around, discovered, exposed, faces, rather, lichens, meltwater, plants, algae, cyanobacteria, phototroph, make, them, difficult, survive, penguins, seals, live, along, coastline, once, including, plentiful, gradual, cooling, break, gradually, disappeared, believed, trees, beeches, pines, sufficient, their, composition, analysed, largely, result, polar, desert, very, salty, permafrost, usually, frozen, can, release, any, moisture, flows, series, generally, perpendicular, orientation, define, subranges, thought, follow, traces, scale, geologic, theories, will, evaluated, surveys, revealed, presence, three, previously, unknown, deep, affecting, mountainous, topography, beneath, features, likely, significant, impact, models, calculations, penetrating, radar, faults, consist, lying, deposited, period, continuing, intruded, locations, within, formations, fossils, dolerite, sills, dikes, silurian, coal, siltstones, sandstones, gneisses, granites, basement, considerably, older, mainly, origin, opening, ago, early, soon, became, rift, volcanic, subrange, 942, 335, herschel, 1957, dugdale, stratigraphy, summits, few, not, rise, above, level, home, largest, stretch, snow, occurs, due, precipitation, ablation, metres, 800, stretches, width, hence, total, one, wide, forms, boundary, 100, 300, longest, 000, oates, coast, sighted, later, commander, 1901, abbreviated, comprise, primarily, extends, interruptions, across, number, separately, often, again, subdivided, dimensions, point, near, roberts, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, pdf, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, information, here, general, actions, talk, tiếng, việt, українська, türkçe, ไทย, kiswahili, svenska, српски, srpski, simple, scots, русский, română, português, polski, occitan, bokmål, nynorsk, nederlands, македонски, latviešu, lietuvių, ladin, latina, kurdî, 한국어, қазақша, ქართული, 日本語, italiano, bahasa, indonesia, հայերեն, magyar, हिन्दी, עברית, galego, français, suomi, فارسی, euskara, eesti, español, esperanto, ελληνικά, deutsch, dansk, cymraeg, čeština, cebuano, català, bosanski, বাংলা, български, тарашкевіца, башҡортса, azərbaycanca, asturianu, العربية, afrikaans, top, personal, special, learn, help, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump,

Text of the page (random words):
nt log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 geography 2 geology toggle geology subsection 2 1 soils 3 ecology 4 history of exploration 5 see also toggle see also subsection 5 1 victoria land 5 2 central tam 5 3 queen maud mountains 5 4 southern tam 6 external links 7 references 8 bibliography 9 further reading toggle the table of contents transantarctic mountains 61 languages afrikaans العربية asturianu azərbaycanca башҡортса беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা bosanski català cebuano čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego עברית हिन्दी magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული қазақша 한국어 kurdî latina ladin lietuvių latviešu македонски nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski português română русский scots simple english српски srpski svenska kiswahili ไทย türkçe українська tiếng việt 吴语 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 85 s 175 w 85 s 175 w 85 175 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia mountain range in antarctica transantarctic mountains the transantarctic mountains in northern victoria land near cape roberts highest point peak mount kirkpatrick elevation 4 528 m 14 856 ft coordinates 84 20 s 166 25 e 84 333 s 166 417 e 84 333 166 417 dimensions length 3 500 km 2 200 mi geography continent antarctica range coordinates 85 s 175 w 85 s 175 w 85 175 geology rock age cenozoic the transantarctic mountains abbreviated tam comprise a mountain range of uplifted rock primarily sedimentary in antarctica which extends with some interruptions across the continent from cape adare in northern victoria land to coats land these mountains divide east and west antarctica they include a number of separately named mountain groups which are often again subdivided into smaller ranges the range was first sighted by the sailors of the british ross expedition in 1841 at what was later named the ross ice shelf after expedition commander james clark ross it was first crossed during the british national antarctic expedition of 1901 1904 geography edit map of the transantarctic mountains the mountain range stretches between the oates coast and the weddell sea the entire width of antarctica hence the name 1 with a total length of about 3 500 km 2 000 mi the transantarctic mountains are one of the longest mountain ranges on earth 2 the 100 300 km 60 200 mi wide range forms the boundary between east and west antarctica 3 the large summits and dry valleys of the tam are some of the few places in antarctica not covered by ice the highest of which rise more than 4 500 metres 14 800 ft above sea level 4 the tam are home to the mcmurdo dry valleys the largest stretch of antarctic snow and ice free terrain which occurs due to the extremely limited precipitation and ablation of ice in the valleys 5 the highest mountain of the tam is the 4 528 m 14 856 ft high mount kirkpatrick in the queen alexandra range 6 geology edit main articles tectonic evolution of the transantarctic mountains and geology of antarctica stratigraphy of southern victoria land aerial view of the dugdale glacier in 1957 mount herschel 3 335 m 10 942 ft in the admiralty mountains subrange as seen from cape hallett the transantarctic mountains are considerably older than other mountain ranges of the continent which are mainly volcanic in origin the range was uplifted during the opening of the west antarctic rift system to the east beginning about 65 million years ago in the early cenozoic and soon after became occupied by glaciers 7 the mountains consist of sedimentary layers lying upon a basement of granites and gneisses the sedimentary layers include the beacon supergroup sandstones siltstones and coal deposited beginning in the silurian period and continuing into the jurassic in many places the beacon supergroup has been intruded by dikes and sills of jurassic age ferrar dolerite many of the fossils found in antarctica are from locations within these sedimentary formations ice from the east antarctic ice sheet flows through the transantarctic mountains via a series of outlet glaciers into the ross sea ross ice shelf and west antarctic ice sheet these glaciers generally flow perpendicular to the orientation of the range and define subranges and peak groups it has been thought that many of these outlet glaciers follow the traces of large scale geologic faults however the ice flow theories will be re evaluated in light of new data from recent ice penetrating radar surveys which revealed the presence of three previously unknown deep subglacial valleys affecting the mountainous subglacial topography beneath the ice divide 8 these geographic features are likely to have a significant impact on models and calculations related to ice flow through the transantarctic mountain region 8 soils edit the transantarctic mountains have sufficient ice free terrain for their soil composition to be analysed 9 the soils of the tam are largely arid cryosols as a result of the region s dry and cold polar desert climate 10 these soils are very salty and have a low water content the tam being so dry that permafrost is usually dry frozen before it can release any moisture 11 ecology edit main article antarctic realm the high elevation and extreme cold of the transantarctic mountains make them extremely difficult for life to survive in 12 penguins seals and sea birds live along the ross sea coastline in victoria land forests once covered antarctica including plentiful wollemi pines and southern beeches 13 however with the gradual cooling associated with the break up of gondwana these forests gradually disappeared 13 it is believed that the last trees on the antarctic continent were on the tam 13 in many regions throughout the range the ecological role of main phototroph is occupied by cyanobacteria which are distributed throughout the soil 14 15 algae is also an important photosynthesizer being able to grow in soil and rock crevices but is limited to the milder areas of the mountain range 15 land plants are rare with scattered populations of moss appearing in summer around meltwater streams 15 lichens are more common than moss and have been discovered much further inland being found on exposed rock faces rather than in soil 15 these phototrophs support a small community of microfauna the most common animals in the tam are nematode worms who graze upon plant matter alongside smaller populations of tardigrades and rotifers these grazers are in turn preyed upon by mites and springtails who are the apex predators of the transantarctic ecosystem 16 history of exploration edit the transantarctic mountains were first seen from the ross ice shelf on the 10th of january 1841 by british naval officer james clark ross and the sailors of the ross expedition as they attempted to sail to the south magnetic pole 17 the range is a natural barrier that must be crossed to reach the south pole from the ross ice shelf the first crossing of the transantarctic mountains took place during the 1902 1904 british national antarctic expedition at the ross ice shelf a reconnaissance party under the command of albert armitage reached 2 700 m 8 900 ft altitude in 1902 the following year a party under expedition leader robert falcon scott crossed into east antarctica at a location now known as ferrar glacier named after the geologist of the expedition they explored part of victoria land on the antarctic plateau before returning via the same glacier in 1908 ernest shackleton s party crossed the mountains through the beardmore glacier scott returned to that same glacier in 1911 while roald amundsen crossed the range via the axel heiberg glacier much of the range remained unexplored until the late 1940s and 1950s when missions such as operation highjump and the international geophysical year igy made extensive use of aerial photography and concentrated on a thorough investigation of the entire continent the name transantarctic mountains was first applied to this range in a 1960 paper by geologist warren b hamilton following his igy fieldwork 18 it was subsequently recommended by the advisory committee on antarctic names a us authority on geographic names in 1962 this purely descriptive label in contrast to many other geographic names on antarctica is internationally accepted at present the south pole traverse currently runs through the tam see also edit david glacier with the drygalski ice tongue in the far distance byrd glacier from landsat the thiel mountains in geographic order from the ross sea towards the weddell sea victoria land edit lillie glacier concord mountains cape adare admiralty mountains cape hallett tucker glacier victory mountains mariner glacier aviator glacier terra nova bay priestley glacier prince albert mountains david glacier and drygalski ice tongue mackay glacier mcmurdo dry valleys ferrar glacier mcmurdo sound central tam edit mulock glacier byrd glacier nimrod glacier queen alexandra range beardmore glacier taz glacier queen maud mountains edit shackleton glacier liv glacier amundsen glacier scott glacier bush mountains commonwealth range dominion range herbert range prince olav mountains hughes range supporters range zorawar range southern tam edit reedy glacier horlick mountains thiel mountains pensacola mountains support force glacier foundation ice stream shackleton range theron mountains bailey ice stream external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to transantarctic mountains map of the transantarctic mountains transantarctic mountains at peakbagger com references edit goodge 2020 p 58 studinger et al 2004 p 391 392 stump 1995 p 1 faure mensing 2010 p 42 paerl priscu 1994 pp 222 fitzgerald 1994 p 820 barr et al 2022 p 5526 1 2 winter et al 2018 pp 4899 4907 campbell claridge 2004 p 291 campbell claridge 2004 p 293 campbell claridge 2004 p 295 fernandez carazo et al 2011 p 515 1 2 3 woodford 2000 pp 85 104 fernandez carazo et al 2011 pp 503 1 2 3 4 claridge campbell 2004 p 573 574 claridge campbell 2004 p 575 stump 1995 p 9 hamilton 1960 bibliography edit barr iestyn d spagnolo matteo rea brice r bingham robert g et al 21 september 2022 60 million years of glaciation in the transantarctic mountains nature communications 13 1 5526 doi 10 1038 s41467 022 33310 z issn 2041 1723 pmc 9492669 pmid 36130952 campbell iain b claridge graeme c c 2004 cryosols of the arid antarctic in john m kimble ed cryosols heidelberg springer berlin p 291 302 doi 10 1007 978 3 662 06429 0_15 isbn 978 3 662 06429 0 claridge graeme c c campbell iain b 2004 the biology of arid cryosols in john m kimble ed cryosols heidelberg springer berlin p 573 580 doi 10 1007 978 3 662 06429 0_28 isbn 978 3 662 06429 0 faure gunter mensing teresa m 2010 the transantarctic mountains rocks ice meteorites and water illustrated ed springer science business media isbn 9789048193905 fernandez carazo rafael hodgson dominic a convey peter wilmotte annick 1 september 2011 low cyanobacterial diversity in biotopes of the transantarctic mountains and shackleton range 80 82 s antarctica fems microbiology ecology 77 3 503 517 doi 10 1111 j 1574 6941 2011 01132 x fitzgerald paul g august 1994 thermochronologic constraints on post paleozoic tectonic evolution of the central transantarctic mountains antarctica tectonics 13 4 american geophysical union 818 836 doi 10 1029 94tc00595 goodge john w april 2020 geological and tectonic evolution of the transantarctic mountains from ancient craton to recent enigma gondwana research 80 elsevier 50 122 doi 10 1016 j gr 2019 11 001 hamilton warren b 1960 new interpretation of antarctic tectonics u s geological survey professional paper denver colorado u s government printing office paerl hans w priscu john charles november 1994 microbial phototrophic heterotrophic and diazotrophic activities associated with aggregates in the permanent ice cover of lake bonney antarctica microbial ecology 36 3 springer nature 221 230 doi 10 1007 s002489900109 issn 1432 184x studinger michael bell robin e buck w roger karner garry d 15 april 2004 sub ice geology inland of the transantarctic mountains in light of new aerogeophysical data earth and planetary science letters 220 3 4 elsevier 391 408 doi 10 1016 s0012 821x 04 00066 4 stump edmund 1995 the ross orogen of the transantarctic mountains illustrated reprint ed cambridge university press isbn 9780521433143 woodford james 2000 1966 the wollemi pine illustrated reprint revised ed melbourne text publishing pp 85 104 isbn 9781876485481 winter kate ross neil ferraccioli fausto jordan tom a et al 2018 topographic steering of enhanced ice flow at the bottleneck between east and west antarctica geophysical research letters 45 10 4899 4907 bibcode 2018georl 45 4899w doi 10 1029 2018gl077504 further reading edit gildea damien 4 march 2015 transantarctic mountains mountaineering in antarctica travel guide primento isbn 9782511031384 sokol e r herbold c w lee c k cary s c et al 2013 local and regional influences over soil microbial metacommunities in the transantarctic mountains ecosphere 4 11 136 doi 10 1890 es13 00136 1 hdl 10289 12593 campbell i b claridge g g c 1987 antarctica soils weathering processes and environment developments in soil science vol 16 elsevier pp 30 32 isbn 9780080869841 lewis adam r marchant david r ashworth allan c hemming sidney r et al 2007 major middle miocene global climate change evidence from east antarctica and the transantarctic mountains geological society of america bulletin 119 11 12 1449 1461 doi 10 1130 0016 7606 2007 119 1449 mmmgcc 2 0 co 2 portal geography v t e antarctica geography south pole antarctic sea ice climate climate change heat waves weather danger classification geology glaciers ice shelves ice streams mountains places tundra volcanoes regions biogeographic realm antarctic peninsula east antarctica ice sheet shield extreme points floristic kingdom islands ridge a south pole geographic magnetic west antarctica ice sheet bodies of water lake cecs lake mercer lake vostok lakes subglacial mcmurdo sound rivers ross sea southern ocean weddell sea life dinosaurs flora microorganisms wildlife birds mammals krill history expeditions heroic age world war ii colonization covid 19 pandemic historic sites and monuments years politics council of managers of national antarctic programs military activity national programs territorial claims treaty system elections society antarctic english antarctica day crime demographics disasters economy field camps firefighting flags list food gateway cities midwinter day organizations protected areas relig...