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Text of the page (random words):
oneg deutsch ཇོང ཁ français galego avañe ẽ gaelg हिन्दी igbo italiano 日本語 کٲشُر коми latina polski piemontèis پنجابی português русский slovenščina kiswahili tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia eastern language of bhutan tshangla native to bhutan india tibet ethnicity sharchops monpa pemako tibetans native speakers 170 000 cited 1999 2007 1 language family sino tibetan tibeto burman bodic languages bodish languages kalaktang tshangla tshangla dialects bhutan tshangla trashigang west kameng kalaktang and dirang west kameng india pemako tibet writing system none official tibetan used language codes iso 639 3 either tsj tshangla kkf kalaktang monpa glottolog tsha1247 tshangla is classified as vulnerable by the unesco atlas of the world s languages in danger this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa tshangla is a sino tibetan language of the bodish branch closely related to the tibetic languages tshangla is primarily spoken in eastern bhutan and acts as a lingua franca in the region it is also spoken in the adjoining tawang tract in the indian state of arunachal pradesh and the pemako region of tibet tshangla is the principal pre tibetic language of bhutan 2 3 classification edit tshangla is frequently assumed to be close to the tibetic languages bradley 2002 includes in among the east bodish languages 4 van driem 2011 however leaves it unclassified within sino tibetan pending further research 5 bodt 2012 188 189 6 classifies tshangla as a bodish language but notes that tshangla like east bodish is related to but not directly descended from classical tibetan 6 grollmann gerber 2023 note that tshangla is not particularly closely related to bodish at all and should be placed in a separate part of the sino tibetan also referred to as trans himalayan linguistic phylum 7 varieties edit tshangla is a dialect cluster consisting of a few mutually unintelligible language varieties including gerber 2018 8 trashigang dungsam dirang bjokapakha bjoka the tshangla variety of trashigang town is used as a lingua franca dungsam is conservative while dirang and bjokapakha are divergent 8 number of speakers and status of the language edit tshangla is primarily spoken in east and southeast bhutan especially in the trashigang district the language is referred to as sharchopkha meaning the people in the east 9 in dzongkha the national language of bhutan it is also spoken in the arunachal pradesh of india where it is sometimes referred to as central monpa and in southeast tibet 9 4 6 there are approximately 170 000 speakers of tshangla living in bhutan 157 000 india 11 000 and tibet 7000 it is not reported to be endangered in any way as there are still many children learning it as their first language indeed it is often described as being the majority language of eastern bhutan where it functions as something of a lingua franca andvic 2010 4 reports that most bhutanese have at least some rudimentary knowledge of tshangla in addition it is common for western bhutanese to learn some tshangla through classmates in the school system yang gyeltshen p c despite its predominance in eastern bhutan tshangla is described by andvik 2010 4 as an unwritten language meaning that it is not in any country standardized by governing fiat taught in the schools recognized as an official language or even given status as a minority language however ethnologue reports that 47 of l1 speakers are literate mainly using the tibetan uchen script though there are no official publications in tshangla the language is used in radio and television broadcasts it remains undetermined what kind of orthography is used for writing copy for those broadcasts yang gyeltshen p c the official national language of bhutan is dzongkha which is derived from the tibetan spoken by lama shabdrung and his followers who left tibet to found the nation of bhutan in the 1600s tshangla however is one of bhutan s many indigenous languages and is the most widely spoken of the indigenous sino tibetan languages tshangla is found scattered throughout eastern himalayan ridges as well as the southern regions 10 spoken by around 175 000 people most of the tshangla populace live in eastern bhutan trashigang eastern pemagatshel samdrup jongkhar eastern mongar and trashiyangtse districts where they formed a major ethnic group of the country probably accounting for 25 30 of the total population scattered tshangla speakers can also be found in neighbouring countries with different names in the indian state of arunachal pradesh they are called kalaktang monpa and are lexically distinct whereas about 7 000 tshangla speaking people also live in pemako bomê and mêdog county in southeastern tibet china and india 3 11 there are about 8 000 kalaktang monpa speakers in khalaktang balimu and tomko villages kalaktang administrative center west kameng district arunachal pradesh india ethnologue about 1000 to 15000 tsangla speakers are also live in tuting town kopu bona gelling bishing along the tsangpo siang river and nyering payingdem nyukong yortong mankota tashigong singa along the yangsang chu river upper siang district arunachal pradesh india the distantly related olekha language of the black mountains also called monpa and predating dzongkha belongs to the sino tibetan east bodish languages 2 3 olekha is most closely related to the bumthang language both are east bodish languages tshangla and related languages form a sister branch not to the east bodish group but to its parent bodish branch thus the ambiguous term monpa risks separating languages that should be grouped together while grouping languages together that are quite separate 9 4 7 12 writing system edit tshangla is traditionally an unwritten language and has no official status in any country when written by native speakers it is most often rendered in tibetan script however grammarians have devised a romanized transcription system 9 phonology edit below appears a table of tshangla consonants according to andvik 2010 non native phonemes in parentheses are contrasted only marginally with native sounds ɬ is often nativized to l dz becomes z and ʑ becomes j 9 8 12 tshangla consonants labial alveolar retroflex palatal velar glottal approximant w w ཝ j y ཡ h h ཧ nasal m m མ n n ན ɲ ny ཉ ŋ ng ང plosive voiceless p p པ t t ཏ ʈ tr ཏྲ k k ཀ aspirated pʰ ph ཕ tʰ th ཐ ʈʰ thr ཐྲ kʰ kh ཁ voiced b b བ d d ད ɖ dr དྲ ɡ g ག affricate voiceless ts ts ཅ tɕ tsh ཆ voiced dz dz ཛ dʑ j ཇ fricative voiceless s s ས ɕ sh ཤ voiced z z ཟ ʑ zh ཞ lateral voiceless ɬ lh ལྷ voiced l l ལ flap r r ར the above table generally describes onset consonants consonant clusters in the onset position are limited to consonant plus r with the exception of the syllable pɕi used in only two contexts nb 1 9 14 15 intervocalic positioning of aspirated onsets pʰ tʰ and kʰ results in lenition to ɸ θ and x or h respectively with some exceptions 9 10 syllable final consonants are limited to p t k s m n and ŋ 9 16 tshangla vowels appear in the chart below following andvik 2010 vowels in parentheses appear in non native words inherited from tibetan dzongkha and the latter s archaic liturgical form chöke non native front rounded vowels may be nativized as front unrounded vowels 9 12 14 tshangla vowels front central back unrounded rounded unrounded rounded close i i ི y ü ུ u u ུ mid e e ེ œ ö ོ o o ོ open a a vowel clusters native to the tshangla lexicon are ai and au and in derived contexts oi and ui also appear e g a verbal ending bu i take imp in these native contexts final i and u are pronounced as if they were y or w respectively in loanwords iu and eu rarely appear and tend to be realized as iwu and ewu respectively 9 15 16 basic tshangla words spoken romanized hello kuzu zangpo goodbye lassola house phai boy za girl zamin friend charo bhutan tosang younger brother bonying younger sister usa bhutan zi older brother ata older sister ana tshangla basic phrases spoken romanized how are you hang ten cha ya what is your name na ga mingsho hang ya my name is galey ja ga ming galey gila i live in bhutan jang druk ga choncha i know tshangla ji tshangla sencha tshangla basic counting number tshangla number tshangla 1 thur 11 songthur 2 niktsing 12 songniktsing 3 sum 13 songsum 4 phi 14 songphi 5 nga 15 songnga 6 khung 16 songkhung 7 zuum 17 songzuum 8 yen 18 songyen 9 guu 19 songguu 10 say 20 songsay tone edit most dialects of tshangla do not make lexical distinctions according to tone however the language overall may be in the process of tonogenesis some dialects such as those of central monpa and padma bkod have replaced voiceless voiced contrasts with a high low tone distinction respectively 9 20 grammar edit tshangla grammar features nouns adjectives adverbs and verbs word order is generally subject object verb sov its morphology is generally agglutinative though most unmarked tshangla lexicon comprises one or two syllables nouns are arranged into either head first or head last noun phrases demonstratives relative clauses and genitive phrases precede nouns whereas markers for definiteness number topic focus case and other particles follow the noun 9 while adjectives comprise a lexically distinct category in their own right some adjectival words are grammatically nouns this dichotomy is complicated by equally common relative clauses that function as adjectives for example dukpu waktsa means the badly poor child and waktsa dukpu means the child who is badly poor some combinations are strictly noun adjective however 9 tshangla is a pro drop language with two otherwise notable features first multi valent verbs drop objects even though they are not recoverable from context through which verbs reduce their valency i e become intransitive in other situations where the argument is topically important and where confusion is impossible a zero impersonal pronoun is used otherwise personal pronouns are extensively used they appear below 9 tshangla personal pronouns singular dual plural 1p jang a ching ai 2p nan na ching nai 3p ro da ching rokte when pronouns are followed by numbers plurals are not used e g ro nyiktsing the two of them noun cases include absolutive nominative agentive ergative instrumental gi genitive ga ablative gai and dative locative ga these suffices undergo devoicing in certain circumstances 9 verbs are generally transitive or intransitive the transitivity of some verbs corresponds to lexical distinctions yekpa means to speak in a transitive sense but to be called in an intransitive sense similarly lekpe means to lick in a transitive sense but to be licked in an intransitive sense with the agent suppressed 9 the copula which has many forms is used extensively in marking tshangla verbs verbs are marked differently depending on whether they are predicate finite or relative or participial non finite only finite verbs take personal conjugations while various non finite forms take different suffices adverbs appear as suffixes on non final and participial verb forms 9 negation of adjectives nouns and verbs takes different forms sentence final particles include interrogatory and non declarative mood markers 9 dialects edit tshangla dialects represent a continuum centered around the town of trashigang whose dialect is considered by tshangla speakers to be the prestige dialect differences between dialects do not prevent mutual intelligibility and many loanwords have come through classical tibetan chöke 9 in arunachal pradesh tshangla is spoken by the monpa tribe in the kalaktang and dirang area of west kameng the dialect there called central monpa is spoken by some 6 000 people more speakers of tshangla dialects live in kathmandu darjeeling and assam 9 in bhutan tshangla is virtually identical to the tshangla chinese 仓洛 pinyin cāngluò of southeastern tibet also called mêdog bomê monpa the bomê county region of tibet formerly known as padma bkod or pemako contains remnants of these tshangla communities separated by hundreds of miles 9 see also edit tshangla comparative vocabulary list wiktionary languages of bhutan languages of china notes edit the cluster pɕi is used only in the words for four pɕi and to fart pɕi pʰule references edit tshangla at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required kalaktang monpa at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required 1 2 van driem george l 1993 language policy in bhutan london soas archived from the original pdf on 2010 11 01 retrieved 2011 01 18 1 2 3 van driem george 2001 languages of the himalayas an ethnolinguistic handbook of the greater himalayan region brill p 915 et seq david bradley 2002 the subgrouping of tibeto burman in beckwith blezer medieval tibeto burman languages brill pp 73 112 george van driem 2011 tibeto burman subgroups and historical grammar himalayan linguistics journal 10 1 31 39 1 2 bodt timotheus a 2012 the new lamp clarifying the history peoples languages and traditions of eastern bhutan and eastern mon wageningen monpasang publications grollmann selin gerber pascal 2023 the phylogenetic position of tshangla 26th himalayan languages symposium 4 6 september 2023 paris inalco 1 2 gerber pascal 2018 areal features in gongduk bjokapakha and black mountain mönpa phonology unpublished draft 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 andvik erik e 2010 a grammar of tshangla tibetan studies library vol 10 brill isbn 978 90 04 17827 4 andvik erik e 2010 01 01 a grammar of tshangla brill isbn 978 9004178274 tshangla ethnologue online dallas sil international 2009 retrieved 2011 01 18 blench roger post mark 2011 10 chaos and resolution monpa pdf de classifying arunachal languages reconsidering the evidence kay williamson educational foundation pp 8 9 archived from the original pdf on 2011 07 21 retrieved 2011 04 07 further reading edit abraham binny kara sako elina kinny isapdaile zeliang 2018 sociolinguistic research among selected groups in western arunachal pradesh highlighting monpa sil electronic survey reports 2018 009 egli roduner s 1987 handbook of the sharchhokpa lo tshangla thimphu helvetas hoshi michiyo 1987 a sharchok vocabulary a language spoken in eastern bhutan integral study on the ecology languages and cultures of tibet and himalayas vol 8 tokyo tokyo research institute for languages and cultures of asia and africa tokyo university of foreign studies yak andvik erik 1993 tshangla verb inflections a preliminary sketch pdf linguistics of the tibeto burman area 16 1 75 136 ...