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usb (753), the (617), and (354), from (162), for (145), #device (132), retrieved (125), devices (115), with (112), original (111), archived (106), power (100), specification (83), pdf (80), may (76), host (75), data (71), that (68), type (65), bus (65), usb4 (62), are (62), gbit (62), gen (61), edit (56), interface (55), can (53), standard (52), speed (49), serial (44), 2018 (43), implementers (42), forum (42), superspeed (42), september (40), audio (40), computer (39), 2021 (39), this (38), connectors (38), not (38), was (36), cable (36), high (36), all (35), class (35), use (34), thunderbolt (34), protocol (34), april (34), june (33), used (32), 2023 (31), universal (31), which (31), transfer (31), 2022 (30), july (30), other (30), connector (30), two (30), november (29), cables (29), 2014 (29), one (29), low (29), full (29), august (28), mode (28), firewire (27), october (26), march (26), also (26), peripheral (25), ports (25), 2017 (25), has (25), support (25), such (25), over 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tom type bus production history designer compaq dec ibm intel microsoft nec nortel designed january 1996 30 years ago 1996 01 produced since may 1996 1 superseded adb firewire game parallel ps 2 scsi and serial ports open standard yes universal serial bus usb is an industry standard developed by usb implementers forum usb if for digital data transmission and power delivery between many types of electronics it specifies the architecture in particular the physical interfaces and communication protocols to and from hosts such as personal computers to and from peripheral devices e g displays keyboards and mass storage devices and to and from intermediate hubs which multiply the number of a host s ports 2 introduced in 1996 usb was originally designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to computers replacing various interfaces such as serial ports parallel ports game ports and apple desktop bus adb ports 3 early versions of usb became commonplace on a wide range of devices such as keyboards mice cameras printers scanners flash drives smartphones game consoles 4 usb has since evolved into a standard to replace virtually all common ports on computers mobile devices peripherals power supplies and various other small electronics in the latest standard the usb c connector replaces many types of connectors for power up to 240 w displays e g displayport hdmi and many other uses as well as all previous usb connectors as of 2024 update usb consists of four generations of specifications usb 1 x usb 2 0 usb 3 x and usb4 the usb4 specification enhances the data transfer and power delivery functionality with a connection oriented tunneling architecture designed to combine multiple protocols onto a single physical interface so that the total speed and performance of the usb4 fabric can be dynamically shared 2 in particular usb4 supports the tunneling of the thunderbolt 3 protocols namely pci express pcie load store interface and displayport display interface usb4 also adds host to host interfaces 2 each specification sub version supports different signaling rates from 1 5 and 12 mbit s half duplex in usb 1 0 1 1 to 80 gbit s full duplex in usb4 2 0 5 6 7 2 usb also provides power to peripheral devices the latest versions of the standard extend the power delivery limits for battery charging and devices requiring up to 240 watts as defined in usb power delivery usb pd rev 3 1 v1 1 in 2021 8 over the years usb pd has been adopted as the standard power supply and charging format for many mobile devices such as mobile phones reducing the need for proprietary chargers 9 overview edit usb was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers both to exchange data and to supply electric power it has largely replaced interfaces such as serial ports and parallel ports and has become commonplace on various devices peripherals connected via usb include computer keyboards and mice video cameras printers portable media players mobile portable digital telephones disk drives and network adapters 10 usb connectors have been increasingly replacing other types of charging cables for portable devices 11 12 13 the four wires contacts of a usb 1 x or 2 0 cable with standard a plug usb connector interfaces are classified into three types the many various legacy type a controlling host and type b attached device connectors found on hosts hubs and peripheral devices and the modern type c usb c connector which replaces the many legacy connectors as the only applicable connector for usb4 the type a and type b connectors came in standard mini and micro sizes the standard format was the largest and was mainly used for desktop and larger peripheral equipment the mini usb connectors mini a mini b mini ab were introduced for mobile devices still they were quickly replaced by the thinner micro usb connectors micro a micro b micro ab the type c connector also known as usb c is not exclusive to usb is the only current standard for usb is required for usb4 and is required by other standards including modern displayport and thunderbolt it is reversible and can support various functionalities and protocols including usb some are mandatory and many are optional depending on the type of hardware host peripheral device or hub 14 15 usb specifications provide backward compatibility usually resulting in decreased signaling rates maximal power offered and other capabilities the usb 1 1 specification replaces usb 1 0 the usb 2 0 specification is backward compatible with usb 1 0 1 1 the usb 3 2 specification replaces usb 3 1 and usb 3 0 while including the usb 2 0 specification usb4 functionally replaces usb 3 2 while retaining the usb 2 0 bus operating in parallel 5 6 16 2 the usb 3 0 specification defined a new architecture and protocol named superspeed aka superspeed usb marketed as ss which included a new lane for a new signal coding scheme 8b 10b symbols 5 gbit s later also known as gen 1 providing full duplex data transfers that physically required five additional wires and pins while preserving the usb 2 0 architecture and protocols and therefore keeping the original four pins wires for the usb 2 0 backward compatibility resulting in 9 wires with 9 or 10 pins at connector interfaces id pin is not wired in total the usb 3 1 specification introduced an enhanced superspeed system while preserving the superspeed architecture and protocol superspeed usb with an additional superspeedplus architecture and protocol aka superspeedplus usb adding a new coding schema 128b 132b symbols 10 gbit s also known as gen 2 for some time marketed as superspeed ss the usb 3 2 specification 17 added a second lane to the enhanced superspeed system besides other enhancements so that the superspeedplus usb system part implements the gen 1 2 gen 2 1 and gen 2 2 operation modes however the superspeed usb part of the system still implements the one lane gen 1 1 operation mode therefore two lane operations namely usb 3 2 gen 1 2 10 gbit s and gen 2 2 20 gbit s are only possible with full featured usb c as of 2023 they are somewhat rarely implemented intel however started to include them in its 11th generation soc processor models but apple never provided them on the other hand usb 3 2 gen 1 1 5 gbit s and gen 2 1 10 gbit s have been quite common for some years connector type quick reference edit main article usb hardware connectors each usb connection is made using two connectors a receptacle and a plug pictures show only receptacles available connectors by usb standard standard usb 1 0 1996 usb 1 1 1998 usb 2 0 2000 usb 2 0 revised usb 3 0 2008 usb 3 1 2013 usb 3 2 2017 usb4 2019 usb4 2 0 2022 max speed recommended marketing since 2022 18 basic speed high speed usb 5gbps usb 10gbps usb 20gbps usb 40gbps usb 80gbps original label low speed full speed superspeed or ss superspeed or ss superspeed usb 20gbps operation mode usb 3 2 gen 1 1 usb 3 2 gen 2 1 usb 3 2 gen 2 2 usb4 gen 3 2 usb4 gen 4 2 signaling rate 1 5 mbit s 12 mbit s 480 mbit s 5 gbit s 10 gbit s 20 gbit s 40 gbit s 80 gbit s connector standard a rem 1 n a standard b rem 1 mini a rem 2 n a mini ab rem 3 rem 4 mini b micro a rem 5 rem 2 rem 6 rem 1 n a micro ab rem 3 rem 7 rem 1 micro b rem 1 type c usb c rem 6 enlarged to show detail remarks 1 2 3 4 5 limited to max speed at 10 gbit s since only one lane 1 operation mode is possible 1 2 backward compatibility given 1 2 only as receptacle accepts both mini a and mini b plugs only as plug 1 2 backward compatibility given by usb 2 0 implementation accepts both micro a and micro b plugs objectives edit the universal serial bus was developed to simplify and improve the interface between personal computers and peripheral devices such as cell phones computer accessories and monitors when compared with previously existing standard or ad hoc proprietary interfaces 19 from the computer user s perspective the usb interface improves ease of use in several ways the usb interface is self configuring eliminating the need for the user to adjust the device s settings for speed or data format or configure interrupts input output addresses or direct memory access channels 20 usb connectors are standardized at the host so any peripheral can use most available receptacles usb takes full advantage of the additional processing power that can be economically put into peripheral devices so that they can manage themselves as such usb devices often do not have user adjustable interface settings the usb interface is hot swappable devices can be exchanged without shutting the host computer down small devices can be powered directly from the usb interface eliminating the need for additional power supply cables because the use of the usb logo is only permitted after compliance testing the user can have confidence that a usb device will work as expected without extensive interaction with settings and configuration the usb interface defines protocols for recovery from common errors improving reliability over previous interfaces 19 installing a device that relies on the usb standard requires minimal operator action when a user plugs a device into a port on a running computer either it entirely automatically configures using existing device drivers or the system prompts the user to locate a driver which it then installs and configures automatically the usb standard also provides multiple benefits for hardware manufacturers and software developers specifically in the relative ease of implementation the usb standard eliminates the requirement to develop proprietary interfaces to new peripherals the wide range of transfer speeds available from a usb interface suits devices ranging from keyboards and mice up to streaming video interfaces a usb interface can be designed to provide the best available latency for time critical functions or can be set up to do background transfers of bulk data with little impact on system resources the usb interface is generalized with no signal lines dedicated to only one function of one device 19 limitations edit as with all standards usb possesses multiple limitations to its design usb cables are limited in length as the standard was intended for peripherals on the same tabletop not between rooms or buildings however a usb port can be connected to a gateway that accesses distant devices usb data transfer rates are slower than those of other interconnects e g ethernet released in the same timeframe usb has a strict tree network topology and master slave protocol for addressing peripheral devices slave devices cannot interact with one another except via the host and two hosts cannot communicate over their usb ports directly some extension to this limitation is possible through usb on the go dual role devices 21 and protocol bridge a host cannot broadcast signals to all peripherals at once each must be addressed individually while converters exist between certain legacy interfaces and usb they might not provide a full implementation of the legacy hardware for example a usb to parallel port converter might work well with a printer but not with a scanner that requires bidirectional use of the data pins for a product developer using usb requires the implementation of a complex protocol and implies an intelligent controller in the peripheral device developers of usb devices intended for public sale generally must obtain a usb id which requires that they pay a fee to the usb implementers forum usb if developers of products that use the usb specification must sign an agreement with the usb if use of the usb logos on the product requires annual fees and membership in the organization 19 history edit the basic usb trident logo 22 a group of seven companies began the development of usb in 1995 23 compaq dec ibm intel microsoft nec and nortel the goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to pcs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of pcs addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to usb as well as permitting greater data transfer rates for external devices and plug and play features 24 concepts of the 1979 atari sio serial bus of the 8 bit atari computers and the 1980 ieee 488 derived commodore bus and hewlett packard s hp il bus pioneered this approach 25 26 a consortium led by apple and containing sony panasonic matsushita lg toshiba hitachi cannon philips electronics compaq thomson and texas instruments would develop the concept further from 1986 as the ieee 1394 firewire standard and patent pool 27 joseph c decuir originally of atari then commodore and a designer of the atari sio common bus would work on the usb project for microsoft obtaining one of the related us patents 28 sio was cited as prior art when defending usb against a patent troll 29 ajay bhatt and his team note 1 worked on the standard at intel 30 31 the first integrated circuits supporting usb were produced by intel in 1995 32 usb 1 x edit the basic speed usb logo released in january 1996 usb 1 0 specified signaling rates of 1 5 mbit s low bandwidth or low speed and 12 mbit s full speed 33 it did not allow for extension cables due to timing and power limitations few usb devices made it to the market until usb 1 1 was released in august 1998 usb 1 1 was the earliest revision that was widely adopted and led to what microsoft designated the legacy free pc 34 35 36 neither usb 1 0 nor 1 1 specified a design for any connector smaller than the standard type a or type b though many designs for a miniaturized type b connector appeared on many peripherals conformity to the usb 1 x standard was hampered by treating peripherals that had miniature connectors as though they had a tethered connection that is no plug or receptacle at the peripheral end there was no known miniature type a connector until usb 2 0 revision 1 01 introduced one usb 2 0 edit the hi speed usb logo usb 2 0 was released in april 2000 adding a higher maximum signaling rate of 480 mbit s maximum theoretical data throughput 53 mbyte s 37 named high speed or high bandwidth in addition to the usb 1 x full speed signaling rate of 12 mbit s maximum theoretical data throughput 1 2 mbyte s 38 various improvements of usb 2 0 includes usb selective suspend was introduced since usb 2 0 39 usb over current protection was introduced 40 modifications to the usb specification have been made via engineering change notices ecns the most important of these ecns are included into the usb 2 0 specification package available from usb org 41 mini a and mini b connector micro usb cables and connectors specification 1 01 interchip usb supplement on the go supplement 1 3 usb on the go makes it possible for two usb devices to communicate with each other without requiring a separate usb host battery charging specification 1 1 added support for dedicated chargers host chargers behavior for devices with dead batteries battery charging specification 1 2 4...