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usb (754), the (617), and (354), from (163), for (145), #device (132), retrieved (125), devices (115), with (112), original (111), archived (106), power (100), specification (83), pdf (80), may (76), host (75), data (71), that (68), type (65), bus (65), usb4 (62), are (62), gbit (62), gen (61), edit (56), interface (55), can (53), standard (52), speed (49), serial (44), 2018 (43), implementers (42), forum (42), superspeed (42), audio (41), september (40), computer (39), 2021 (39), this (38), connectors (38), not (38), was (36), class (36), cable (36), high (36), all (35), use (34), thunderbolt (34), protocol (34), april (34), june (33), used (32), 2023 (31), universal (31), which (31), transfer (31), 2022 (30), july (30), other (30), connector (30), two (30), november (29), cables (29), 2014 (29), one (29), low (29), full (29), august (28), mode (28), firewire (27), october (26), march (26), also (26), peripheral (25), ports (25), 2017 (25), has (25), support (25), such (25), over 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by treating peripherals that had miniature connectors as though they had a tethered connection that is no plug or receptacle at the peripheral end there was no known miniature type a connector until usb 2 0 revision 1 01 introduced one usb 2 0 edit the hi speed usb logo usb 2 0 was released in april 2000 adding a higher maximum signaling rate of 480 mbit s maximum theoretical data throughput 53 mbyte s 37 named high speed or high bandwidth in addition to the usb 1 x full speed signaling rate of 12 mbit s maximum theoretical data throughput 1 2 mbyte s 38 various improvements of usb 2 0 includes usb selective suspend was introduced since usb 2 0 39 usb over current protection was introduced 40 modifications to the usb specification have been made via engineering change notices ecns the most important of these ecns are included into the usb 2 0 specification package available from usb org 41 mini a and mini b connector micro usb cables and connectors specification 1 01 interchip usb supplement on the go supplement 1 3 usb on the go makes it possible for two usb devices to communicate with each other without requiring a separate usb host battery charging specification 1 1 added support for dedicated chargers host chargers behavior for devices with dead batteries battery charging specification 1 2 42 with increased current of 1 5 a on charging ports for unconfigured devices allowing high speed communication while having a current up to 1 5 a link power management addendum ecn which adds a sleep power state usb 3 x edit main article usb 3 0 deprecated superspeed usb logo the usb 3 0 specification was released on 12 november 2008 with its management transferring from usb 3 0 promoter group to the usb implementers forum usb if and announced on 17 november 2008 at the superspeed usb developers conference 43 usb 3 0 adds a new architecture and protocol named superspeed with associated backward compatible plugs receptacles and cables superspeed plugs and receptacles are identified with a distinct logo and blue inserts in standard format receptacles the superspeed architecture provides for an operation mode at a rate of 5 0 gbit s in addition to the three existing operation modes its efficiency is dependent on a number of factors including physical symbol encoding and link level overhead at a 5 gbit s signaling rate with 8b 10b encoding each byte needs 10 bits to transmit so the raw throughput is 500 mb s when flow control packet framing and protocol overhead are considered it is realistic for about two thirds of the raw throughput or 330 mb s to transmit to an application 44 4 19 superspeed s architecture is full duplex all earlier implementations usb 1 0 2 0 are half duplex arbitrated by the host 45 low power and high power devices remain operational with this standard but devices implementing superspeed can provide an increased current of between 150 ma and 900 ma by discrete steps of 150 ma 44 9 9 usb 3 0 also introduced the usb attached scsi protocol uasp which provides generally faster transfer speeds than the bot bulk only transfer protocol usb 3 1 specification 5 released in july 2013 first it preserves usb 3 0 s superspeed architecture and protocol and its operation mode is newly named usb 3 1 gen 1 previously called usb 3 0 and with usb 3 2 specification finally named usb 3 2 gen 1x1 and later marketed as usb 5gbps in 2023 46 47 48 second it introduces a distinctively new superspeedplus architecture and protocol with a second operation mode named as usb 3 1 gen 2 this doubles the maximum signaling rate to 10 gbit s later finally named usb 3 2 gen 2x1 since 2023 marketed as usb 10gbps while reducing line encoding overhead to just 3 by changing the scheme to 128b 132b while flow control packet framing and protocol overhead still have a significant impact on real world data rates 46 49 usb 3 2 specification released in september 2017 17 preserves existing superspeed and superspeedplus architectures and protocols and their respective operation modes but introduces two additional superspeedplus operation modes usb 3 2 gen 1 2 and usb 3 2 gen 2 2 with total signaling rates of 10 and 20 gbit s raw data rates of 1212 and 2424 mb s respectively the increased bandwidth is a result of two lane operation over the additional wires included in all full featured usb c fabrics all involved devices hubs cables and host 50 naming scheme edit starting with the usb 3 2 specification usb if introduced a new marketing related naming scheme 51 to help companies with the branding of the different operation modes usb if recommended branding the 5 10 and 20 gbit s capabilities as superspeed usb 5gbps superspeed usb 10gbps and superspeed usb 20gbps respectively 52 in 2023 they were replaced again 53 removing superspeed with usb 5gbps usb 10gbps and usb 20gbps with new packaging and port logos 54 usb4 edit this section needs to be updated the reason given is incomplete erroneous and not up to date e g lacks differences between usb4 first version and 2 0 applies also to main article please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information august 2024 main article usb4 the usb4 specification version 1 0 was released on 29 august 2019 it is based on the thunderbolt 3 protocol defines 20 and 40 gbit s signalling rates over usb c and allows tunneling of usb 3 2 usb 2 0 pcie and displayport protocols thunderbolt 3 compatibility is optional for usb4 hosts devices 55 usb 40gbps logo usb4 version 2 0 announced 1 september 2022 adds a new physical layer and higher signalling rates up to 80 gbit s bidirectional and an asymmetric mode supporting 120 40 gbit s host device device host for video heavy use cases it achieves this using pam3 signaling and in many cases existing passive 40 gbit s usb c cables a new 80 gbit s active cable category is also defined version 2 0 updates tunneling to align with displayport 2 1 and pcie 4 0 and maintains backward compatibility with usb4 1 0 usb 3 2 2 0 and thunderbolt 3 56 57 since 2023 the usb if recommends consumer facing product names that reflect signalling rates e g usb 40gbps usb 80gbps replacing usb4 v1 v2 in marketing and certification listings 58 connection mandatory for remarks host hub device usb 2 0 480 mbit s yes yes yes contrary to other functions which use the multiplexing of high speed links usb 2 0 over usb c utilizes its own differential pair of data wires tunneled usb 3 2 gen 2 1 10 gbit s yes yes no tunneled usb 3 2 gen 2 2 20 gbit s no no no tunneled usb 3 gen t 5 80 gbit s no no no a type of usb 3 tunneling architecture where the enhanced superspeed system is extended to allow operation at the maximum bandwidth available on the usb4 link usb4 gen 2 10 or 20 gbit s yes yes yes either one or two lanes usb4 gen 3 20 or 40 gbit s no yes no tunneled displayport 1 4a yes yes no the specification requires that hosts and hubs support the displayport alternate mode tunneled pci express 3 0 no yes no the pci express function of usb4 replicates the functionality of previous versions of the thunderbolt specification host to host communications yes yes n a a lan like connection between two peers thunderbolt 3 alternate mode no yes no thunderbolt 3 uses cables with usb c plugs the usb4 specification allows hosts and devices and requires hubs to support interoperability with the standard using the thunderbolt 3 alternate mode namely displayport and pcie other alternate modes no no no usb4 products may optionally offer interoperability with the hdmi mhl and virtuallink alternate modes september 2022 marketing naming scheme edit an overview of usb marketing naming scheme that was put in place in september 2022 a mix of usb specifications and their marketing names are being displayed because specifications are sometimes wrongly used as marketing names disputed for usb4 20 gbit s does not exist usb4 2 2 is not interchangeable with usb 3 2 2 2 as indicated by the logo logos for usb 3 x and usb4 are different discuss because of the previous confusing naming schemes usb if decided to change it once again as of 2 september 2022 marketing names follow the syntax usb x gbps where x is the signalling rate in gbit s 59 overview of the updated names and logos can be seen in the adjacent table the operation modes usb 3 2 gen 2 2 and usb4 gen 2 2 or usb 3 2 gen 2 1 and usb4 gen 2 1 are not interchangeable or compatible all participating controllers must operate with the same mode version histories edit specification history edit usb specification list spec name issue date maximum signaling rates mode names note usb 0 7 11 november 1994 pre release usb 0 8 30 december 1994 usb 0 9 13 april 1995 12 mbit s full speed fs usb 0 99 25 august 1995 usb 1 0 fdr 13 november 1995 release candidate usb 1 0 15 january 1996 1 5 mbit s low speed ls 12 mbit s full speed fs first official specification usb 1 1 23 september 1998 updated all chapters to fix problems identified usb 2 0 27 april 2000 480 mbit s high speed hs fully replaced and backward compatible with usb 1 0 1 1 usb 3 0 12 november 2008 5 gbit s usb 3 0 fully incorporated usb 2 0 and also marketed as superspeed ss usb 3 1 26 july 2013 10 gbit s usb 3 1 gen 2 fully replaced usb 3 0 and also marketed as superspeed ss usb 3 2 revision 1 0 22 september 2017 10 gbit s usb 3 2 gen 1 2 20 gbit s usb 3 2 gen 2 2 fully replaced usb 3 1 and requires full featured usb c fabrics for two lane operation usb 3 2 revision 1 1 june 2022 incorporated errata and ecns usb4 august 2019 20 gbit s usb4 gen 3 1 40 gbit s usb4 gen 3 2 first version usb4 functionally replaces usb 3 2 while retaining the usb 2 0 bus operating in parallel usb4 version 2 0 october 2022 80 gbit s gen 4 symmetric 120 40 gbit s gen 4 asymmetric version 2 0 power related standards history edit usb power related standards list release name release date max power usb 1 0 1 1 specification chapter 7 2 power distribution and chapter 7 3 physical layer 1996 01 15 1998 09 23 lpd 0 5 w 5 v 100 ma hpd 2 5 w 5 v 500 ma usb 2 0 specification chapter 7 2 power distribution and chapter 7 3 physical layer 2000 04 27 usb 3 0 specification chapter 11 interoperability and power delivery 2008 11 12 lpd 0 75 w 5 v 150 ma hpd 4 5 w 5 v 900 ma usb 3 1 specification chapter 11 interoperability and power delivery 2013 07 26 usb 3 2 revision 1 1 specification chapter 11 interoperability and power delivery 2022 07 usb battery charging rev 1 0 2007 03 08 7 5 w 5 v 1 5 a usb battery charging rev 1 1 2009 04 15 usb battery charging rev 1 2 2010 10 05 usb power delivery rev 1 0 v 1 0 1 3 2012 07 05 spr 100 w 20 v 5 a usb power delivery rev 2 0 v 1 0 1 3 2014 08 11 usb power delivery rev 3 0 v 1 0 2 0 2015 12 11 usb power delivery rev 3 1 v 1 0 1 9 2021 05 24 epr 240 w 48 v 5 a usb power delivery rev 3 2 v 1 0 1 1 2023 10 usb type c rev 1 0 2014 08 11 7 5 w 5 v 1 5 a and or 15 w 5 v 3 a usb type c rev 1 1 2015 04 03 usb type c rev 1 2 2016 03 25 usb type c rev 1 3 2017 07 14 usb type c rev 1 4 2019 03 29 usb type c rev 2 0 2019 08 29 usb type c rev 2 1 2021 05 25 usb type c rev 2 2 2022 10 usb type c rev 2 3 2023 10 usb type c rev 2 4 2024 10 28 system design edit a usb system consists of a host with one or more downstream facing ports dfp 60 and multiple peripherals forming a tiered star topology additional usb hubs may be included allowing up to five tiers a usb host may have multiple controllers each with one or more ports up to 127 devices may be connected to a single host controller 61 44 8 29 usb devices are linked in series through hubs the hub built into the host controller is called the root hub a usb device may consist of several logical sub devices that are referred to as device functions a composite device may provide several functions for example a webcam video device function with a built in microphone audio device function an alternative to this is a compound device in which the host assigns each logical device a distinct address and all logical devices connect to a built in hub that connects to the physical usb cable usb endpoints reside on the peripheral device the channels to the host are referred to as pipes usb device communication is based on pipes logical channels a pipe connects the host controller to a logical entity within a device called an endpoint because pipes correspond to endpoints the terms are sometimes used interchangeably each usb device can have up to 32 endpoints 16 in and 16 out though it is rare to have so many endpoints are defined and numbered by the device during initialization the period after physical connection called enumeration and so are relatively permanent whereas pipes may be opened and closed there are two types of pipe stream and message a message pipe is bi directional and is used for control transfers message pipes are typically used for short simple commands to the device and for status responses from the device used for example by the bus control pipe number 0 a stream pipe is a uni directional pipe connected to a uni directional endpoint that transfers data using an isochronous 62 interrupt or bulk transfer isochronous transfers at some guaranteed data rate for fixed bandwidth streaming data but with possible data loss e g realtime audio or video interrupt transfers devices that need guaranteed quick responses bounded latency such as pointing devices mice and keyboards bulk transfers large sporadic transfers using all remaining available bandwidth but with no guarantees on bandwidth or latency e g file transfers when a host starts a data transfer it sends a token packet containing an endpoint specified with a tuple of device_address endpoint_number if the transfer is from the host to the endpoint the host sends an out packet a specialization of a token packet with the desired device address and endpoint number if the data transfer is from the device to the host the host sends an in packet instead if the destination endpoint is a uni directional endpoint whose manufacturer s designated direction does not match the token packet e g the manufacturer s designated direction is in while the token packet is an out packet the token packet is ignored otherwise it is accepted and the data transaction can start a bi directional endpoint on the other hand accepts both in and out packets two usb 3 0 standard a receptacles left and two usb 2 0 standard a receptacles right on a computer s front panel endpoints are grouped into interfaces and each interface is associated with a single device function an exception to this is endpoint zero which is used for device configuration and is not associated with any interface a single device function composed of independently controlled interfaces is called a composite device a composite device only has a single device address because the host only assigns a device address to a function when a usb device is first connected to a usb host the usb device enumeration process is started the enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the usb ...