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the (128), and (48), url (38), rfc (38), resource (34), uri (33), web (27), from (21), path (21), uniform (21), for (18), component (17), retrieved (16), berners (16), lee (16), internet (14), scheme (14), http (14), name (14), that (14), original (14), 2015 (14), example (14), world (13), wide (13), archived (13), syntax (13), page (12), identifier (12), network (12), group (12), 17487 (12), doi (12), not (12), with (11), 1994 (11), domain (11), urls (11), working (11), part (11), protocol (10), also (10), this (9), https (9), authority (9), hypertext (9), html (9), file (9), wikipedia (8), may (8), use (8), tim (8), slashes (8), 1738 (8), used (8), com (8), are (8), empty (8), was (7), history (7), fragment (7), locator (7), ietf (7), standard (7), optional (7), view (6), identifiers (6), link (6), internationalized (6), addresses (6), obsoletes (6), masinter (6), schemes (6), 2017 (6), www (6), preceded (6), document (6), defined (6), colon (6), non (5), october (5), 2020 (5), see 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Text of the page (random words):
ски മലയാളം монгол bahasa melayu नेपाली nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski پښتو português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు tetun тоҷикӣ ไทย türkçe ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto tiếng việt 吴语 ייִדיש yorùbá 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiversity wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from uniform resource locator address on the world wide web for other uses see url disambiguation url uniform resource locator status published first published 1994 32 years ago 1994 latest version living standard 2023 organization internet engineering task force ietf committee web hypertext application technology working group whatwg series request for comments rfc editors anne van kesteren authors tim berners lee base standards rfc 3986 uniform resource identifier uri generic syntax 1 internet standard 66 rfc 4248 the telnet uri scheme 2 rfc 4266 the gopher uri scheme 3 rfc 6068 the mailto uri scheme 4 rfc 6270 the tn3270 uri scheme 5 related standards uri urn domain world wide web license cc by 4 0 website url spec whatwg org a uniform resource locator url colloquially known as a web address 6 is a reference to a resource on the world wide web a url specifies the location of a resource on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it a url is a specific type of uniform resource identifier uri 7 1 although many people use the two terms interchangeably 8 a a url is most commonly used to reference a web page http https but is also used for file transfer ftp email mailto database access jdbc and many other applications most web browsers display the url of a web page above the page in an address bar as an example of a web page url https www example com index html indicates protocol https hostname www example com and file name index html history the uniform resource locator was defined in rfc 1738 10 in 1994 by tim berners lee the inventor of the world wide web and the uri working group of the internet engineering task force ietf 11 as an outcome of collaboration started at the ietf living documents birds of a feather session in 1992 11 12 the format combines the pre existing system of domain names created in 1985 with file path syntax where slashes are used to separate directory and filenames conventions already existed where server names could be prefixed to complete file paths preceded by a double slash 13 berners lee later expressed regret at the use of dots to separate the parts of the domain name within uris wishing he had used slashes throughout 13 and also said that given the colon following the first component of a uri the two slashes before the domain name were unnecessary 14 early collaborators to the worldwideweb browser including berners lee originally proposed the use of udis universal document identifiers an early 1993 draft of the html specification 15 referred to universal resource locators this was dropped some time between june 1994 16 and october 1994 17 in his book weaving the web berners lee emphasizes his preference for the original inclusion of universal in the expansion rather than the word uniform to which it was later changed and he gives a brief account of the contention that led to the change syntax main article uniform resource identifier syntax part of this section is transcluded from uniform resource identifier edit history every http url conforms to the syntax of a generic uri the uri generic syntax consists of five components organized hierarchically in order of decreasing significance from left to right 1 3 uri scheme authority path query fragment a component is undefined if it has an associated delimiter and the delimiter does not appear in the uri the scheme and path components are always defined 1 5 2 1 a component is empty if it has no characters the scheme component is always non empty 1 3 the authority component consists of subcomponents authority userinfo host port this is represented in a syntax diagram as the uri comprises a non empty scheme component followed by a colon consisting of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters digits plus period or hyphen although schemes are case insensitive the canonical form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters examples of popular schemes include http https ftp mailto file data and irc uri schemes should be registered with the internet assigned numbers authority iana although non registered schemes are used in practice 18 an optional authority component preceded by two slashes comprising an optional userinfo subcomponent followed by an at symbol that may consist of a user name and an optional password preceded by a colon use of the format username password in the userinfo subcomponent is deprecated for security reasons applications should not render as clear text any data after the first colon found within a userinfo subcomponent unless the data after the colon is the empty string indicating no password a host subcomponent consisting of either a registered name including but not limited to a hostname or an ip address ipv4 addresses must be in dot decimal notation and ipv6 addresses must be enclosed in brackets 1 3 2 2 b an optional port subcomponent preceded by a colon consisting of decimal digits a path component consisting of a sequence of path segments separated by a slash a path is always defined for a uri though the defined path may be empty zero length a segment may also be empty resulting in two consecutive slashes in the path component a path component may resemble or map exactly to a file system path but does not always imply a relation to one if an authority component is defined then the path component must either be empty or begin with a slash if an authority component is undefined then the path cannot begin with an empty segment that is with two slashes since the following characters would be interpreted as an authority component 20 3 3 by convention in http and https uris the last part of a path is named pathinfo and it is optional it is composed by zero or more path segments that do not refer to an existing physical resource name e g a file an internal module program or an executable program but to a logical part e g a command or a qualifier part that has to be passed separately to the first part of the path that identifies an executable module or program managed by a web server this is often used to select dynamic content a document etc or to tailor it as requested see also cgi and path_info etc example uri http www example com questions 3456 my document where questions is the first part of the path an executable module or program and 3456 my document is the second part of the path named pathinfo which is passed to the executable module or program named questions to select the requested document an http or https uri containing a pathinfo part without a query part may also be referred to as a clean url whose last part may be a slug query delimiter example ampersand key1 value1 key2 value2 semicolon c key1 value1 key2 value2 an optional query component preceded by a question mark consisting of a query string of non hierarchical data its syntax is not well defined but by convention is most often a sequence of attribute value pairs separated by a delimiter an optional fragment component preceded by a hash the fragment contains a fragment identifier providing direction to a secondary resource such as a section heading in an article identified by the remainder of the uri when the primary resource is an html document the fragment is often an id attribute of a specific element and web browsers will scroll this element into view a web browser will usually dereference a url by performing an http request to the specified host by default on port number 80 urls using the https scheme require that requests and responses be made over a secure connection to the website internationalized url internet users are distributed throughout the world using a wide variety of languages and alphabets and expect to be able to create urls in their own local alphabets an internationalized resource identifier iri is a form of url that includes unicode characters all modern browsers support iris the parts of the url requiring special treatment for different alphabets are the domain name and path 23 24 the domain name in the iri is known as an internationalized domain name idn web and internet software automatically convert the domain name into punycode usable by the domain name system for example the chinese url http 例子 卷筒纸 becomes http xn fsqu00a xn 3lr804guic the xn indicates that the character was not originally ascii 25 the url path name can also be specified by the user in the local writing system if not already encoded it is converted to utf 8 and any characters not part of the basic url character set are escaped as hexadecimal using percent encoding for example the japanese url http example com 引き割り html becomes http example com e5 bc 95 e3 81 8d e5 89 b2 e3 82 8a html the target computer decodes the address and displays the page 23 protocol relative urls protocol relative links prl also known as protocol relative urls prurl are urls that have no protocol specified for example example com will use the protocol of the current page typically http or https 26 27 see also hyperlink purl persistent url uri fragment internet resource locator irl internationalized resource identifier iri clean url typosquatting uniform resource identifier uri normalization use of slashes in networking notes a url implies the means to access an indicated resource and is denoted by a protocol or an access mechanism which is not true of every uri 1 8 thus http www example com is a url while www example com is not 9 for uris relating to resources on the world wide web some web browsers allow 0 portions of dot decimal notation to be dropped or raw integer ip addresses to be used 19 historic rfc 1866 obsoleted by rfc 2854 21 encourages cgi authors to support in addition to 22 8 2 1 citations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t berners lee r fielding l masinter january 2005 uniform resource identifier uri generic syntax network working group doi 10 17487 rfc3986 std 66 rfc 3986 internet standard 66 obsoletes rfc 2732 2396 and 1808 updated by rfc 6874 7320 and 8820 updates rfc 1738 p hoffman october 2005 the telnet uri scheme network working group doi 10 17487 rfc4248 rfc 4248 proposed standard obsoletes rfc 1738 p hoffman november 2005 the gopher uri scheme network working group doi 10 17487 rfc4266 rfc 4266 proposed standard obsoletes rfc 1738 m duerst l masinter j zawinski october 2010 the mailto uri scheme internet engineering task force doi 10 17487 rfc6068 issn 2070 1721 rfc 6068 proposed standard obsoletes rfc 2368 m yevstifeyev june 2011 the tn3270 uri scheme internet engineering task force doi 10 17487 rfc6270 issn 2070 1721 rfc 6270 proposed standard updates rfc 1041 1738 and 2355 w3c 2009 forward and backslashes in urls zzz buzz archived from the original on 2018 09 04 retrieved 2018 09 19 1 2 mealling michael h denenberg ray august 2002 report from the joint w3c ietf uri planning interest group uniform resource identifiers uris urls and uniform resource names urns clarifications and recommendations network working group doi 10 17487 rfc3305 rfc 3305 informational miessler daniel the difference between urls and uris archived from the original on 2017 03 17 retrieved 2017 03 16 t berners lee l masinter m mccahill december 1994 uniform resource locators url network working group doi 10 17487 rfc1738 rfc 1738 obsolete obsoleted by rfc 4248 and 4266 updated by rfc 1808 2368 2396 3986 6196 6270 and 8089 1 2 w3c 1994 ietf 1992 1 2 berners lee 2015 bbc news 2009 berners lee tim connolly daniel dan march 1993 hypertext markup language draft rfcxxx technical report p 28 archived from the original on 2017 10 23 retrieved 2017 10 23 berners lee tim june 1994 universal resource identifiers in www a unifying syntax for the expression of names and addresses of objects on the network as used in the world wide web network working group doi 10 17487 rfc1630 rfc 1630 informational berners lee tim masinter larry mccahill mark perry october 1994 uniform resource locators url technical report this internet draft was published later that year as rfc 1738 cited in ang c s martin d c january 1995 constituent component interface technical report ucsf library and center for knowledge management archived from the original on 2017 10 23 retrieved 2017 10 23 hansen tony hardie ted june 2015 thaler dave ed guidelines and registration procedures for uri schemes internet engineering task force doi 10 17487 rfc7595 issn 2070 1721 bcp 35 rfc 7595 best current practice 35 updated by rfc 8615 obsoletes rfc 4395 lawrence 2014 t berners lee r fielding l masinter august 1998 uniform resource identifiers uri generic syntax network working group doi 10 17487 rfc2396 rfc 2396 obsolete obsoleted by rfc 3986 updated by rfc 2732 updates rfc 1808 and 1738 d connolly l masinter june 2000 the text html media type network working group doi 10 17487 rfc2854 rfc 2854 informational legacy obsoletes rfc 1980 1867 1942 1866 and 2070 not endorsed by the ietf berners lee tim connolly daniel w november 1995 hypertext markup language 2 0 network working group doi 10 17487 rfc1866 rfc 1866 historic obsoleted by rfc 2854 1 2 w3c 2008 w3c 2014 iana 2003 glaser j d 2014 03 10 secure development for mobile apps how to design and code secure mobile applications with php and javascript 1st ed crc press p 193 isbn 978 1 48220903 7 retrieved 2015 10 12 schafer steven m 2011 html xhtml and css bible 1st ed john wiley sons p 124 isbn 978 1 11808130 3 retrieved 2015 10 12 references berners lee sorry for slashes bbc news 2009 10 14 archived from the original on 2020 06 05 retrieved 2010 02 14 living documents bof minutes world wide web consortium 1992 03 18 archived from the original on 2012 11 22 retrieved 2011 12 26 berners lee tim 1994 03 21 uniform resource locators url a syntax for the expression of access information of objects on the network world wide web consortium archived from the original on 2015 09 09 retrieved 2015 09 13 berners lee tim 2015 2000 why the etc frequently asked questions world wide web consortium archived from the original on 2020 05 14 retrieved 2010 02 03 connolly daniel dan sperberg mcqueen c michael eds 2009 05 21 web addresses in html 5 world wide web consortium archived from the original on 2015 ...