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vámbéry, students, faculties, centres, universities, love, own, enrichment, turkology, tend, youth, actively, instructions, migrants, diasporas, found, where, often, visible, restaurants, eateries, barbershops, shops, selling, fruit, vegetables, textiles, clinic, signage, labels, 2000s, conducted, forced, turkmenisation, living, era, 1990s, freely, hundred, few, approximately, partly, ashghabad, lebap, dashoghuz, roughly, centred, ferghana, form, basis, dominated, significant, border, notable, initial, khorezm, karakalpakstan, surxondaryo, extension, evident, residual, dating, rule, exist, relation, technical, everyday, sociopolitical, importantly, phraseology, heavily, influenced, historic, roots, estimated, scattered, birds, animals, household, items, chemical, elements, military, comes, before, element, sentence, she, ـسیزلر, سیزلر, ـسيز, سيز, ـسنلر, سينلر, sanlar, senlar, ـسن, سين, san, ـميز, بيز, ـمن, مين, smoking, allowed, چیکیش, ممکن, çekiş, mumkin, ـیش, particle, absence, prohibition, action, ـیوق, yöq, کورماقچی, körmoqçi, کورمه, körmay, negative, expressed, adding, auxiliary, examples, conjugations, serve, conjugation, ergäy, dropped, already, look, نْگ, qarang, qara

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و ه ی phonology edit words are usually stressed on the last syllable with the exception of some suffixal particles which are not stressed which citation needed consonants in brackets are only attested in loanwords vowels edit standard uzbek has six vowel phonemes 52 uzbek language has many dialects contrary to many turkic languages standard uzbek has completely lost vowel harmony due to persian influence but other dialects kipchak uzbek and oghuz uzbek retain it front central back close i ɨ u mid e o open æ ɑ ɔ ɒ around uvular consonants a goes back to ɑ i goes back to ɨ̞ u goes back to ʉ elsewhere a is pronounced æ i may be shortened to ɪ u may be shortened to ʊ despite the uzbek language no longer having vowel harmony some local varieties geographically close to other turkic languages who do like kazakh turkmen and kyrgyz may display it a goes back to ɑ around back vowels or uvular consonants e g soya سایه shadow sɒˈjɑ sɒˈjæ i goes back to ɨ around back vowels or uvular consonants e g yaxshi یخشی good jɑχˈʃɨ u may be fronted to y around front vowels or j e g salom alaykum سلام علیکم peace be upon you sɑˌlɒm‿ælæjˈkym o may be fronted to œ around front vowels or j e g özbekiston اوزبیکستان uzbekistan œzbekɪstɒn consonants edit labial dental alveolar palatal velar uvular glottal nasal m n ŋ plosive affricate voiceless p t̪ t͡s t͡ʃ k q ʔ voiced b d̪ d͡ʒ ɡ fricative voiceless ɸ s ʃ χ h voiced w v z ʒ ʁ approximant l j tap flap ɾ in word final position and preconsonantally q is an affricate q͡χ elsewhere it is a pre uvular plosive q 53 grammar edit as a turkic language uzbek is null subject agglutinative and has no noun classes gender or otherwise although uzbek has no definite articles it has indefinite articles bir بِیر and bitta بِیتَّه like other turkic languages nouns only conjugate as definite in the accusative case an indefinite direct object is conjugated in the nominative case the word order is subject object verb sov citation needed in uzbek there are two main categories of words nominals equivalent to nouns pronouns adjectives and some adverbs and verbals equivalent to verbs and some adverbs citation needed nouns edit plurals are formed by suffix lar ـلر nouns take the ni ـنی suffix as a definite article when they are direct objects unsuffixed nouns are understood as indefinite the dative case ending ga ـگه changes to ka ـکه when the noun ends in k ـک g ـگ or qa ـقه when the noun ends in q ـق ğ ـغ note toğqa toqqa تاغقَّه the possessive suffixes change the final consonants k ـک and q ـق to voiced g ـگ and ğ ـغ respectively yurak یورک yura g im یورگیم 54 unlike neighbouring turkmen and kazakh languages due to the loss of pronominal n there is no irregularity in forming cases after possessive cases uyida اویی ده in his her its house as opposed to turkmen öýü n de اؤیۆنده though saying uyi n da اویینده is also correct but such style is mainly used in literary contexts 55 cases case suffix example nominative uy اوی house ـ genitive ning uy ning اوی نینگ house gen of the house ـنینگ dative ga uy ga اوی گه house dat to the house ـگه definite accusative ni uy ni اوی نی house def acc the house ـنی locative da uy da اوی ده house loc in the house ـده ablative dan uy dan اوی دن house abl from the house ـدن instrumental literary la uy la اوی له house ins with the house ـله similative day dek daqa uy day اوی دی uy dek اوی دیک uy daqa اوی دقه house sim like a house in appearance ـدی ـدیک ـدقه equative approximative ça 1 uy ça اوی چه uy eq aprx similar to or equal to a house in amount or height ـچه possessive cases possessor number singular plural 1st i m i miz ـم ـیم ـمیز ـیمیز 2nd i ng i ngiz ـنگ ـینگ ـنگیز ـینگیز 3rd s i ـی ـسی verbs edit uzbek verbs are also inflected for number and person of the subject and it has more periphrases uzbek uses some of the inflectional simple verbal tenses 56 non finite tense suffixes function suffix example infinitive moq kör moq کورْماق to see ـماق finite tense suffixes function suffix example present future a y kör a کورَه see will see ـَه ـَه ی focal present yap kör yap کورْیَپ currently seeing ـیَپ momentary present yotir 2 kör yotir کورْیاتِیر seeing at the moment ـیاتِیر 3 present progressive moqda kör moqda کورْماقْدَه am seeing ـماقْدَه present perfect gan kör gan کورْگَن have seen ـگَن simple past di kör di کورْدِی saw ـدِی indirective past ib kör ib keldi کورِیب کیلْدِی came to see ـِیب definite future y ajak 4 kör ajak کورَه جَک will see at a defined point in the future ـَه جَک ـیَه جَک 5 obligatory future adigan ydigan kör adigan کورَه دِیگَن shall see ـَه دِیگَن ـیْدِیگَن conditional sa ـسَه kör sa کورْسَه if it sees intentional moqchi kör moqchi کورْماقْچِی want to see ـماقْچِی imperative a y men a ylik biz sen i ng siz i nglar sizlar sin u sinlar ular kör ay کورَه ی 1st person singular kör aylik کورَه یْلِیک 1st person plural kör کور 2nd person informal singular kör ing کورِینْگ 2nd person formal singular plural kör inglar کورِینْگْلَر 2nd person formal plural kör sin کورْسِین 3rd person singular kör sinlar کورْسِینْلَر 3rd person plural ـَه ی مین ـَه یْلِیک بِیز ـ سین ـِینْگ سِیز ـِینْگْلَر سِیزْلَر ـسِین اُو ـسِینْلَر اُولَر not to be confused with an identical diminutive suffix cha cognate with turkish present continuous suffix i yor ـِیار 57 cognate with turkish present continuous suffix i yor ـِیار 58 this suffix is likely a borrowing from ottoman turkish 59 but is usually used as a noun gerund this suffix is likely a borrowing from ottoman turkish 60 but is usually used as a noun gerund notes edit vowels marked with parentheses in suffixes are dropped if the verb root already ends in a vowel e g qara قَرَه i ng ـِینْگ qarang قَرَه نْگ look the third person plural is commonly replaced by the third person singular in the simple past and conditional tenses possessive suffixes are used at the end of the verb otherwise the full pronoun suffix is used except in the imperative the third person is usually not marked copula verb edit conjugations of the verb ermoq to be with the exception of the future tense serve as copula verbs the future conjugation of ermoq old turkic ergäy is not present in uzbek negation edit negative is expressed by adding ma after the verb root or with auxiliary verb emas examples körmay man کورمه ی من i don t see körmoqçi emas man کورماقچی ایمس من i don t want to see the particle yöq ـیوق is used to mark the absence or prohibition of a noun or action gerund edit the gerund is formed with the verb root iş ـیش çekiş mumkin emas چیکیش ممکن ایمس smoking is not allowed pronouns edit pronoun suffix translation men man i مين ـمن biz miz we بيز ـميز sen san you formal singular and informal singular without respect سين ـسن senlar sanlar you informal plural without respect سينلر ـسنلر siz siz you formal plural and informal singular with respect سيز ـسيز sizlar sizlar you informal plural with respect سیزلر ـسیزلر u he she it او ـ ular lar they اولر ـلر word order edit the word order in the uzbek language is subject object verb sov like all other turkic languages unlike in english the object comes before the verb and the verb is the last element of the sentence citation needed men مین 1sg kitobni کتاب نی book do sg acc kördim کوردیم see past ind 1sg men kitobni kördim مین کتاب نی کوردیم 1sg book do sg acc see past ind 1sg i saw the book influences edit the influence of islam and by extension arabic is evident in uzbek loanwords there is also a residual influence of russian dating from the period when uzbeks were under the rule of the russian empire and the soviet union a large number of russian loanwords exist in uzbek particularly in relation to technical and modern terms as well as everyday and sociopolitical vocabulary most importantly uzbek vocabulary phraseology and pronunciation have been heavily influenced by persian through its historic roots it is estimated that uzbek contains about 60 mongolian loanwords 61 scattered among the names of birds and other animals household items chemical elements and especially military terms citation needed dialects edit a man speaking uzbek uzbek can be roughly divided into three dialect groups the karluk dialects centred on tashkent samarkand bukhara and the ferghana valley form the basis of the standard uzbek language this dialect group shows the greatest influence of persian vocabulary particularly in the tajik dominated cities of bukhara and samarkand the kipchak dialect spoken from the surxondaryo region through north central uzbekistan into karakalpakstan shows significant influence from the kipchak turkic languages particularly in the mutation of j to ʑ as in kazakh and kyrgyz the oghuz dialect spoken mainly in khorezm along the turkmenistan border is notable for the mutation of word initial k to g citation needed by country edit turkmenistan edit in turkmenistan since the 2000s the government has conducted a forced turkmenisation of ethnic uzbeks living in the country 62 63 64 during the soviet era and in the 1990s the uzbek language was used freely in turkmenistan there were several hundred uzbek language schools and many newspapers were published in the language currently however there are only a few uzbek schools in the country as well as a small number of uzbek language newspapers despite this uzbek is still considered one of the recognised languages of national minorities in turkmenistan approximately 300 000 600 000 uzbeks live in turkmenistan most uzbek speakers reside in dashoghuz velayat as well as in lebap velayat and partly in ashghabad 65 russia edit uzbek is one of the many recognised languages of national minorities in russia more than 400 000 uzbeks are citizens of the russian federation and reside in the country in addition there are between 2 and 6 million uzbeks from the central asian republics mainly uzbekistan kyrgyzstan and tajikistan who live in russia as immigrants or migrants large uzbek diasporas are found in major russian cities such as saint petersburg where signs in uzbek are often visible particularly at restaurants eateries barbershops and shops selling fruit vegetables and textiles there is also a small clinic with signage and labels in uzbek citation needed uzbeks in russia tend to use the cyrillic uzbek alphabet although in recent years uzbek youth in russia have also been actively using the latin uzbek alphabet small newspapers in uzbek are published in large russian cities 66 67 68 some instructions for immigrants are also provided in uzbek uzbek is studied by russian students in faculties of turkology throughout russia citation needed the largest centres for uzbek language learning in russia are located at universities in moscow and saint petersburg there are also many russians who have a personal interest in and love for the uzbek language and culture and who study the language for their own enrichment uzbek is one of the most studied languages among the many post soviet languages in russia 69 uzbek language researchers edit scientific interest in the history of the uzbek language arose in the 19th century among european and russian orientalists á vámbéry v bartold sh lapin and others wrote on the history of the uzbek language considerable attention was devoted to the study of the language s history during the soviet period prominent linguists who wrote on the subject include e polivanov n baskakov 70 a kononov 71 u tursunov a mukhtarov and sh rakhmatullaev sample text edit the following is a sample text in uzbek arabic script of article 1 of the universal declaration of human rights with english version in the bottom contrasted with a version of the text in uzbek written in latin script citation needed uzbek arabic برچه آدم لر اېرکین قدر قیمت و حقوق لرده تېنگ بۉلیب توغیله دیلر اولر عقل و وجدان صاحبی دیرلر و بیر بیرلری ایله برادرلرچه معامله قیلیش لری ضرور uzbek latin barça odamlar erkin qadr qimmat va huquqlarda teng bölib tuğiladilar ular aql va vijdon sohibidirlar va bir birlari ila birodarlarça muomala qilişlari zarur uzbek cyrillic барча одамлар эркин қадр қиммат ва ҳуқуқларда тенг бўлиб туғиладилар улар ақл ва виждон соҳибидирлар ва бир бирлари ила биродарларча муомала қилишлари зарур ipa bæ̞ɾˈt͡ʃʰæ̞ ɒd̪æ̞mˈlæ̞ɾ eɾˈkʰɪ̞n qäˈd̪ɨ̞ɾ qɨ̞mˈmät̪ ʋæ̞ hŭquqläɾˈd̪æ̞ t̪ʰeŋ bɵˈlɪ̞p t̪ʰuʁɨ̞läd̪ɪ̞ˈlæ̞ɾ uˈlæ̞ɾ äˈqɨ̞l ʋæ̞ ʋɪ̞d͡ʒˈd̪ɒn sɒhɪ̞bɪ̞dɪ̞ɾˈlæ̞ɾ ʋæ̞ bɪ̞ɾ bɪ̞ɾlæ̞ˈɾɪ̞ iˈlæ̞ bɪ̞ɾɒdæ̞ɾlæ̞ɾˈt͡ʃʰæ̞ muɒmæ̞ˈlæ̞ qɨ̞lɨ̞ʃlæ̞ˈɾɪ̞ zæ̞ˈɾuɾ english original all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood see also edit chagatai language southern uzbek language uzbek literature the 35th anniversary of independence of the republic of uzbekistan notes edit used in afghanistan pakistan and china cyrillic script ўзбекча ўзбек тили latin script özbekça özbek tili arabic script اۉزبېکچه اۉزبېک تیلی ipa ɵzˈbektʃʰæ ɵzˈbek tʰɪˈlɪ references edit uzbek ethnologue retrieved 18 june 2026 1 2 scott newton 20 november 2014 law and the making of the soviet world the red demiurge routledge pp 232 isbn 978 1 317 92978 9 少数民族的语言文字有哪些 what are the languages and scripts of ethnic minorities in chinese ethnic groups and religious department fujian provincial government 13 september 2022 archived from the original on 28 october 2022 retrieved 28 october 2022 yusuf has hacib kutadğu bilig translated by mustafa s kaçalin t c kültür ve turizm bakanlığı kütüphaneler ve yayımlar genel mudürlüğü p 3 isbn 978 975 17 3359 7 uzbek ethnologue retrieved 18 june 2026 1 2 uzbek southern ethnologue retrieved 29 december 2022 uzbek northern ethnologue retrieved 29 december 2022 dalby andrew 1998 dictionary of languages the definitive reference to more than 400 languages new york columbia university press isbn 1 4081 0214 5 oclc 320322204 turaeva rano 19 november 2015 migration and identity in central asia routledge isbn 9781317430070 uzbekistan aims for full transition to latin based alphabet by 2023 radio free europe radio liberty 12 february 2021 в узбекистане в 2023 году узбекский алфавит в делопроизводстве переведут с кириллицы на латинскую графику in uzbekistan the uzbek alphabet in official work will be switched from cyrillic to latin script in 2023 archived from the original on 15 may 2021 retrieved 14 april 2022 uzbekistan keeping the karakalpak language alive 17 may 2019 archived from the original on 17 may 2019 retrieved 14 april 2022 uzbekistan s drawn out journey from cyrillic to latin script the diplomat retrieved 14 september 2023 the weird case of the uzbek language uzbek the penguin of turkic languages 25 february 2011 what languages are spoken in turkmenistan 12 june 2019 what languages are spoken in tajikistan august 2017 1 2 central asians in russia pressured to join moscow s fight in ukraine 17 march 2022 världens 100 största språk 2007 the world s 100 largest languages in 2007 nationalencyklopedin uzbekistan cia archived from the original on 10 january 2021 retrieved 7 december 2012 langua...