Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

velvet, ant, contents, distribution, description, behavior, defense, mechanisms, life, cycle, taxonomy, see, also, references, external, links, sources,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (122), #velvet (45), and (45), ants (29), wasps (28), ant (26), mutillidae (25), are (20), species (19), doi (17), that (17), with (15), bees (15), their (15), edit (14), this (13), from (11), also (11), hymenoptera (11), predators (11), one (11), female (10), sawflies (9), bibcode (9), mutillids (9), have (9), sting (9), aposematic (8), university (8), evolution (8), mimicry (8), for (8), females (8), only (8), wikipedia (7), links (7), families (7), 978 (7), isbn (7), defense (7), family (7), these (7), were (7), was (6), articles (6), all (6), other (6), north (6), mechanisms (6), pmid (6), dasymutilla (6), insect (6), avoid (6), exoskeleton (6), they (6), but (6), search (5), page (5), dead (5), external (5), vespoidea (5), cow (5), american (5), predator (5), distinct (5), williams (5), wilson (5), rings (5), two (5), more (5), attack (5), both (5), coloration (5), them (5), contents (4), about (4), may (4), commons (4), wikidata (4), description (4), life (4), myrmosidae (4), common (4), field (4), guide (4), killer (4), related (4), brodie (4), journal (4), classification (4), 1111 (4), kevin (4), müllerian (4), schmidt (4), venom (4), predation (4), after (4), mating (4), local (4), has (4), than (4), during (4), resulted (4), shrew (4), lizard (4), side (4), while (4), often (4), mealworms (4), some (4), which (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), toggle (3), view (3), wikimedia (3), link (3), title (3), national (3), control (3), europaea (3), see (3), bradynobaenidae (3), wood (3), insecta (3), hymenopteran (3), insects (3), red (3), florida (3), society (3), 143 (3), biology (3), press (3), natural (3), avoidance (3), brothers (3), lelej (3), current (3), pitts (3), 2008 (3), superfamily (3), s2cid (3), joseph (3), issn (3), lizards (3), world (3), stings (3), 225 (3), painful (3), 1990 (3), pdf (3), known (3), prey (3), references (3), subfamily (3), male (3), wasp (3), hosts (3), within (3), found (3), tropical (3), black (3), headed (3), timulla (3), being (3), hours (3), organ (3), when (3), would (3), however (3), attacked (3), immediately (3), blotched (3), not (3), same (3), birds (3), painted (3), behavior (3), active (3), called (3), sexes (3), felt (3), lines (3), history (3), tools (3), main (3), languages (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), under (2), terms (2), using (2), september (2), categories (2), taxon (2), short (2), latreille (2), retrieved (2), index (2), tree (2), fauna (2), new (2), wikispecies (2), mason (2), orchid (2), cuckoo (2), honey (2), pompiloidea (2), thynnidae (2), chyphotidae (2), gall (2), class (2), phylum (2), arthropoda (2), kingdom (2), animalia (2), texas (2), nebraska (2), audubon (2), united (2), states (2), museum (2), bulletin (2), biological (2), investigations (2), mutillid (2), 2020 (2), vol (2), princeton (2), selection (2), 1991 (2), survival (2), ecology (2), 1968 (2), adult (2), 1441757 (2), sources (2), 2017 (2), phylogeny (2), higher (2), 2013 (2), 1016 (2), cub (2), evolutionary (2), relationships (2), among (2), von (2), dohlen (2), its (2), subfamilies (2), denis (2), science (2), special (2), pan (2), aaron (2), iguanian (2), 1977 (2), occidentalis (2), simple (2), pain (2), pmc (2), 2018 (2), indestructible (2), nonveiller (2), oclc (2), catalogue (2), region (2), agriculture (2), forister (2), 2012 (2), repeated (2), 2015 (2), form (2), largest (2), complexes (2), permanent (2), 1999 (2), most (2), defenses (2), ultimate (2), guido (2), genera (2), recent (2), remainder (2), taxonomy (2), nest (2), social (2), whose (2), exhibit (2), members (2), viduata (2), cycle (2), strong (2), generally (2), been (2), difficult (2), determine (2), times (2), well (2), durable (2), making (2), attempted (2), trials (2), protection (2), helps (2), moisture (2), stridulatory (2), squeaking (2), abdomen (2), mechanism (2), every (2), time (2), occurred (2), through (2), stinger (2), researcher (2), rated (2), spp (2), experimental (2), cases (2), whiptail (2), ring (2), learned (2), resemble (2), consumed (2), klugii (2), morphology (2), between (2), sunset (2), rather (2), occur (2), unusually (2), hair (2), pronotum (2), lack (2), metasoma (2), eastern (2), entomologists (2), males (2), wingless (2), traits (2), worldwide (2), 000 (2), distribution (2), bright (2), name (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), english (2), article (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, text, available, additional, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, foundation, inc, use, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, containing, video, clips, taxonbars, ids, category, permanently, july, 2025, microformats, matches, taxa, named, pierre, andré, animals, apocrita, https, org, php, velvet_ant, oldid, 1376732203, yale, lux, israel, authority, databases, 2914bd70, ce32, 0b70, 5afa, f240fb4af960, plazi, 152045, paleobiology, database, 368352, open, nzor, 68bbd4ca, c4a7, 4546, 856f, 7ed5fc5598e9, 50626, ncbi, nbnsys0000160472, nbn, 154181, itis, 102916, irmng, 48511, inaturalist, old, 7912, gbif, 82a2e148, 28b6, 4bd4, 9460, 75f4211c2e29, 11357, 1mutlf, eppo, 709, eol, czw, col, 159, bugguide, 33177, bold, biolib, 17559, afd, adw, q252363, identifiers, unicalcarida, stenotritidae, melittidae, megachilidae, leafcutter, halictidae, sweat, colletidae, plasterer, stingless, carpenter, bumblebees, apidae, andrenidae, anthophila, sphecidae, thread, waisted, psenidae, philanthidae, pemphredonidae, mellinidae, crabronidae, bembicidae, astatidae, ampulicidae, cockroach, ammoplanidae, sphecoid, spheciformes, apoidea, formicidae, formicoidea, scoliidae, scoliid, scolioidea, sapygidae, sapygid, club, horned, pompilidae, spider, sierolomorphidae, sierolomorphid, flower, thynnoidea, tiphiidae, tiphiid, tiphioidea, vespidae, paper, potter, pollen, yellowjackets, hornets, rhopalosomatidae, rhopalosomatid, scolebythidae, sclerogibbidae, plumariidae, embolemidae, dryinidae, chrysididae, bethylidae, chrysidoidea, trigonalidae, trigonaloidea, megalyridae, megalyroidea, stephanidae, stephanoidea, gasteruptiidae, evaniidae, ensign, aulacidae, evanioidea, trichogrammatidae, torymidae, tetracampidae, tanaostigmatidae, systasidae, spalangiidae, signiphoridae, pteromalidae, pirenidae, perilampidae, pelecinellidae, ormyridae, ooderidae, neodiparidae, neanastatidae, mymaridae, fairyflies, moranilidae, metapelmatidae, melanosomellidae, megastigmidae, macromesidae, lyciscidae, leucospidae, idioporidae, heydeniidae, hetreulophidae, herbertiidae, eutrichosomatidae, eurytomidae, eupelmidae, eunotidae, eulophidae, eucharitidae, epichrysomallidae, encyrtidae, diparidae, cynipencyrtidae, coelocybidae, cleonymidae, chrysolampidae, chalcididae, chalcedectidae, cerocephalidae, ceidae, calesidae, boucekiidae, baeomorphidae, azotidae, aphelinidae, agaonidae, fig, chalcid, chalcidoidea, mymarommatidae, mymarommatoidea, monomachidae, maamingidae, ismaridae, diapriidae, austroniidae, diaprioidea, vanhorniidae, proctotrupidae, peradeniidae, pelecinidae, heloridae, roproniidae, proctorenyxidae, str, proctotrupoidea, liopteridae, ibaliidae, figitidae, diplolepididae, cynipidae, austrocynipidae, cynipoidea, sparasionidae, scelionidae, platygastridae, nixoniidae, neuroscelionidae, janzenellidae, geoscelionidae, platygastroidea, proctotrupomorpha, megaspilidae, ceraphronidae, ceraphronoidea, ichneumonidae, ichneumon, braconidae, braconids, ichneumonoidea, orussidae, parasitic, orussoidea, cephidae, stem, cephoidea, xiphydriidae, xiphydrioidea, siricidae, horntails, anaxyelidae, cedar, siricoidea, pamphiliidae, web, spinning, megalodontesidae, pamphilioidea, xyelidae, xyeloidea, zenargidae, cypress, pine, tenthredinidae, pergidae, pergid, diprionidae, conifer, cimbicidae, cimbicid, blasticotomidae, fern, argidae, argid, tenthredinoidea, superorder, holometabola, infraclass, neoptera, subclass, pterygota, extant, institute, food, agricultural, sciences, extension, lancaster, county, lincoln, media, 1980, turtleback, knopf, 394, 50763, spiders, milne, lorus, mickel, 1928, 351, 5479, 03629236, taxonomic, endler, 1986, monographs, population, 101, 691, 20951, 12987, 9780691209517, wild, formanowicz, iii, antipredator, pathways, 1080, 08927014, 9525390, 1991etece, 73b, ethology, skin, toxin, rough, skinned, newt, 313, jstor, 2307, 307, copeia, taricha, granulosa, 3897, jhr, 20091, 2017jhymr, research, based, morphological, reanalyses, johnson, 24094856, 050, 2013cbio, 2058j, 2058, phylogenomics, resolves, pilgrim, molecular, phylogenetics, indicate, paraphyly, novel, component, 560, 85905070, 1463, 6409, 00340, 539, zoologica, scripta, 1975, 648, 483, kansas, aculeate, reference, 447, 0024, 4066, bij, 12894, 436, 120, linnean, diurnal, drivers, blum, adaptations, responses, 111, 83847876, 1570, 7458, tb02663, 1977eeapp, 99s, entomologia, experimentalis, applicata, starr, 1985, scale, comparison, 232, 18474, 0749, 8004, entomological, jensen, walker, nguyen, jin, deuis, vetter, king, robinson, june, 2021, 33970306, 11072429, 1007, s00018, 021, 03847, 5163, cell, mol, sci, chemistry, underlying, spivey, chapman, delph, 29938098, 6010712, 1002, ece3, 4123, 2018ecoev, 5852g, 5852, across, representatives, major, tetrapod, clades, suarez, hymenopterorum, catalogus, spb, academic, 889162931, 5103, 048, neotropical, including, mexico, 2002, vladivostok, dalnauka, 8044, 0280, palaearctic, lima, dill, behavioral, decisions, made, risk, review, prospect, 640, 1139, z90, 092, 1990cajz, 619l, 619, canadian, zoology, goulet, henri, huber, john, 1993, canada, 28024976, 660, 14933, identification, 2024, 0691253763, america, matthew, carol, james, 1272, 23232402, 2041, 1723, 1038, ncomms2275, 2012natco, 1272w, nature, communications, overlapping, jahner, sheehan, r704, 26294178, 053, 2015cbio, r704w, mullerian, ifas, featured, creatures, hunt, 237, 205781311, 28565172, 1558, 5646, tb05348, 1999evolu, 225h, trait, mapping, salience, eusocial, vespid, meyer, 1996, book, records, toxic, arkansas, division, archived, 2011, original, arthropod, evans, david, justin, suny, 419, 88706, 896, 387, adaptive, strategies, venoms, striving, toward, against, vertebrates, pagliano, cambra, roberto, arkady, cascio, pietro, matteini, palmerini, maurizio, scaramozzino, pier, luigi, romano, marcello, 425, 0392, 758x, 4081, bmrsn, bollettino, del, museo, regionale, scienze, naturali, torino, checklist, names, illustrations, selected, list, proposed, classifications, beginning, concluded, contained, unrelated, removed, separate, sensu, lato, fly, enters, host, typically, ground, nesting, bee, burrow, deposits, egg, near, each, few, parasitize, types, exceptions, include, european, attacks, genus, dwelling, larvae, then, develop, eventually, killing, immobile, larval, pupal, week, sex, determination, haplodiploid, idiobiont, ectoparasitoids, pappognatha, bombus, mutilla, pupa, larva, pallas, 1773, looks, deposit, her, eggs, bembix, oculata, nemka, due, study, subtropical, dactyloidae, remarkably, required, force, crush, honeybee, round, pierce, bites, led, fracture, total, death, aside, possess, produces, audible, contracted, auditory, cue, warning, stay, away, experiment, got, meter, begin, stridulating, stridulations, became, frequent, moved, closer, never, different, scenarios, shrews, shown, stridulate, dropped, inject, investigated, five, revealing, composed, primarily, peptides, according, painfulness, outscored, stinging, tested, having, bullet, warrior, setting, exposed, exhibiting, rapid, lateral, vertical, movements, ward, off, once, dropping, trial, tank, later, corresponds, specific, consisting, dozens, offers, because, many, test, none, ceased, experiments, provide, evidence, causes, hesitate, acting, visual, tarantula, hawks, hemipepsis, pepsis, synoeca, septentrionalis, paraponera, clavata, strongest, forces, uses, drive, organism, physiology, following, venomous, alarm, secretion, mandibular, gland, array, contributed, attributed, bestowed, interactions, potential, feed, although, strictly, nocturnal, day, sometimes, before, 1963, hypothesized, light, temperatures, usually, thermophilic, stenothermic, tricholabiodes, thisbe, nectar, case, capable, inflicting, modified, long, maneuverable, structure, used, produce, chirping, sound, alarmed, bear, lined, grooves, vespoid, transverse, suture, separating, thoracic, segments, completely, fused, formerly, classified, mesonotum, stridulitrum, ovipositor, aculeates, tough, point, reported, difficulty, piercing, steel, pins, attempting, mount, display, cabinets, characteristic, allows, successfully, invade, nests, retain, extreme, wings, find, very, hard, whether, given, belong, unless, captured, carries, smaller, aloft, seen, sexual, dimorphism, eight, phenotypically, geographically, limited, desert, madrean, texan, western, planet, result, convergent, occurring, shared, phylogenetic, defended, can, 230, subgenera, around, over, 400, southwest, large, hairy, refers, resemblance, dense, pile, scarlet, orange, white, silver, gold, colors, serve, signals, extremely, lasts, minutes, applied, aggressive, addition, actual, toxicity, much, lower, unlike, true, solitary, complex, systems, harvester, pair, ticoplinae, sphaeropthalminae, rhopalomutillinae, pseudophotopsidinae, myrmillinae, mutillinae, 1802, order, pancrustacea, clade, scientific, redirected, free, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, information, what, here, general, actions, talk, winaray, tiếng, việt, türkçe, kiswahili, svenska, русский, română, português, polski, diné, bizaad, norsk, bokmål, nederlands, қазақша, 日本語, italiano, français, فارسی, español, esperanto, deutsch, čeština, cebuano, català, العربية, subsection, top, personal, pages, community, portal, learn, help, contribute, random, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
ght but rather are active during temperatures that usually occur only after sunset defense mechanisms edit predation is one of the strongest forces natural selection uses to drive the evolution of an organism s morphology physiology and behavior 11 12 13 velvet ants avoid predation using the following defense mechanisms a venomous sting if female aposematic coloration a stridulatory organ in their abdomen an alarm secretion from their mandibular gland and a durable exoskeleton this array of defenses has contributed to the velvet ants being attributed the title of the indestructible insect this title was bestowed on them after experimental interactions between velvet ants and their potential predators that resulted in the survival of the ant and ultimate avoidance by the predator 14 the venom that velvet ants inject through their stinger has been investigated for five species of dasymutilla revealing that they are composed primarily of peptides 15 according to one researcher the painfulness of the sting of dasymutilla klugii outscored 58 other species of stinging insects tested the only species this researcher rated as having a more painful sting were paraponera clavata bullet ant synoeca septentrionalis warrior wasp and pepsis and hemipepsis spp tarantula hawks 16 in an experimental setting only two lizard species one whiptail and one side blotched lizard attacked a velvet ant they were exposed to 14 in both cases the velvet ants were exhibiting rapid lateral and vertical movements to ward off an attack once the attack occurred the velvet ants would immediately sting the lizards this sting resulted in the dropping of the ants in both cases and avoidance for the remainder of the trial 14 the side blotched lizard was found dead in its tank 24 hours later 14 the side blotched lizard is a natural predator of velvet ants while the whiptail is not 14 the aposematic coloration of velvet ants often corresponds to a specific müllerian mimicry ring consisting of dozens of species this offers protection because many local predators have learned to avoid prey with this same coloration 7 to test the aposematic coloration on birds mealworms were painted to resemble a velvet ant during these trials none of the painted mealworms were consumed while all the control mealworms were consumed immediately 14 however the painted mealworms were attacked by the birds but the birds immediately ceased the attack 14 these experiments provide evidence that the aposematic coloration of velvet ants causes their predators to hesitate acting as a visual defense mechanism the stridulatory organ that velvet ants possess produces an audible squeaking when the abdomen is contracted 17 this mechanism is an auditory cue warning predators that are about to attack to stay away in one experiment every time a shrew got within 1 meter of a velvet ant the velvet ant would begin stridulating 14 stridulations became more frequent as the predator moved closer to the velvet ant and the shrew never attempted to attack the velvet ant however different scenarios with shrews have shown that the velvet ant would also stridulate after the shrew attacked it every time this occurred the shrew dropped the wasp 14 the exoskeleton of the velvet ant is remarkably strong it required 11 times more force to crush than that of the honeybee 17 as well as being durable the exoskeleton is also round making it more difficult for predators to pierce it with attempted stings or bites during all the trials that led to the fracture of a velvet ant s exoskeleton a total of 4 times resulted in the death of that velvet ant within 24 hours aside from protection from predators the exoskeleton also helps control moisture 17 due to these strong defense mechanisms local predators generally avoid the velvet ants so it has been difficult to determine their predators 14 one study found tropical and subtropical iguanian lizards dactyloidae to be a local predator of velvet ants in the black headed timulla and tropical mimicry rings 18 life cycle edit a female of nemka viduata viduata pallas 1773 looks for a nest of bembix oculata to deposit her eggs male mutillids fly in search of females after mating the female enters a host insect nest typically a ground nesting bee or wasp burrow and deposits one egg near each larva or pupa only a few species are known to parasitize other types of hosts 19 exceptions include the european velvet ant mutilla europaea one of the only species that attacks social bees e g bombus and the genus pappognatha whose hosts are tree dwelling orchid bees the mutillid larvae then develop as idiobiont ectoparasitoids eventually killing their immobile larval pupal hosts within a week or two velvet ants exhibit haplodiploid sex determination as do other members of the superfamily vespoidea taxonomy edit recent classifications of vespoidea sensu lato beginning in 2008 concluded that the family mutillidae contained one subfamily that was unrelated to the remainder and this subfamily was removed to form a separate family myrmosidae 20 21 proposed higher classification of mutillidae 22 see also edit list of mutillidae genera references edit pagliano guido brothers denis j cambra roberto a lelej arkady s lo cascio pietro matteini palmerini maurizio scaramozzino pier luigi williams kevin a romano marcello 2020 checklist of names in mutillidae hymenoptera with illustrations of selected species bollettino del museo regionale di scienze naturali di torino 36 1 2 5 425 doi 10 4081 bmrsn 2018 46 issn 0392 758x evans david l schmidt justin o 1990 hymenopteran venoms striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates insect defenses adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators suny press pp 387 419 isbn 978 0 88706 896 6 red velvet ant cow killer arthropod museum university of arkansas division of agriculture archived from the original on may 26 2012 retrieved september 12 2011 meyer w l 1996 most toxic insect venom book of insect records university of florida hunt j h 1999 trait mapping and salience in the evolution of eusocial vespid wasps pdf evolution 53 1 225 237 bibcode 1999evolu 53 225h doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 1999 tb05348 x pmid 28565172 s2cid 205781311 permanent dead link mutillidae velvet ants featured creatures university of florida ifas 1 2 wilson j s jahner j p forister m l sheehan e s williams k a pitts j p 2015 north american velvet ants form one of the world s largest known mullerian mimicry complexes current biology 25 16 r704 6 bibcode 2015cbio 25 r704w doi 10 1016 j cub 2015 06 053 pmid 26294178 wilson joseph s williams kevin a forister matthew l von dohlen carol d pitts james p 2012 12 11 repeated evolution in overlapping mimicry rings among north american velvet ants nature communications 3 1 1272 bibcode 2012natco 3 1272w doi 10 1038 ncomms2275 issn 2041 1723 pmid 23232402 williams kevin a pan aaron d wilson joseph s 2024 velvet ants of north america princeton university press p 9 isbn 978 0691253763 goulet henri huber john t 1993 hymenoptera of the world an identification guide to families agriculture canada isbn 978 0 660 14933 2 oclc 28024976 lima s l dill l m 1990 behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation a review and prospect canadian journal of zoology 68 4 619 640 bibcode 1990cajz 68 619l doi 10 1139 z90 092 lelej a s 2002 catalogue of the mutillidae hymenoptera of the palaearctic region pdf vladivostok dalnauka isbn 978 5 8044 0280 9 nonveiller g suarez f j 1990 catalogue of the mutillidae myrmosidae and bradynobaenidae of the neotropical region including mexico insecta hymenoptera hymenopterorum catalogus vol 18 spb academic isbn 978 90 5103 048 8 oclc 889162931 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 gall b g spivey k l chapman t l delph r j brodie e d jr wilson j s 2018 the indestructible insect velvet ants from across the united states avoid predation by representatives from all major tetrapod clades ecology and evolution 8 11 5852 62 bibcode 2018ecoev 8 5852g doi 10 1002 ece3 4123 pmc 6010712 pmid 29938098 jensen t walker aa nguyen sh jin ah deuis jr vetter i king gf schmidt jo robinson sd june 2021 venom chemistry underlying the painful stings of velvet ants hymenoptera mutillidae cell mol life sci 78 12 5163 77 doi 10 1007 s00018 021 03847 1 pmc 11072429 pmid 33970306 starr c k 1985 a simple pain scale for field comparison of hymenopteran stings journal of entomological science 20 2 225 232 doi 10 18474 0749 8004 20 2 225 1 2 3 schmidt j o blum m s 1977 adaptations and responses of dasymutilla occidentalis hymenoptera mutillidae to predators entomologia experimentalis et applicata 21 2 99 111 bibcode 1977eeapp 21 99s doi 10 1111 j 1570 7458 1977 tb02663 x s2cid 83847876 pan aaron d williams kevin a wilson joseph s 2017 02 01 are diurnal iguanian lizards the evolutionary drivers of new world female velvet ant hymenoptera mutillidae müllerian mimicry rings biological journal of the linnean society 120 2 436 447 doi 10 1111 bij 12894 issn 0024 4066 brothers denis j 1975 phylogeny and classification of the aculeate hymenoptera with special reference to mutillidae university of kansas science bulletin 50 11 483 648 pilgrim e von dohlen c pitts j 2008 molecular phylogenetics of vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel relationships of its component families and subfamilies zoologica scripta 37 5 539 560 doi 10 1111 j 1463 6409 2008 00340 x s2cid 85905070 johnson b r et al 2013 phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants bees and wasps current biology 23 20 2058 62 bibcode 2013cbio 23 2058j doi 10 1016 j cub 2013 08 050 pmid 24094856 brothers dj lelej as 2017 phylogeny and higher classification of mutillidae hymenoptera based on morphological reanalyses journal of hymenoptera research 60 1 97 bibcode 2017jhymr 60 1b doi 10 3897 jhr 60 20091 sources edit brodie e d jr 1968 investigations on the skin toxin of the adult rough skinned newt taricha granulosa copeia 1968 2 307 313 doi 10 2307 1441757 jstor 1441757 brodie e d jr formanowicz d r jr brodie e d iii 1991 predator avoidance and antipredator mechanisms distinct pathways to survival ethology ecology evolution 3 1 73 77 bibcode 1991etece 3 73b doi 10 1080 08927014 1991 9525390 endler j a 2020 1986 natural selection in the wild monographs in population biology vol 101 princeton university press doi 10 12987 9780691209517 isbn 978 0 691 20951 7 mickel c e 1928 biological and taxonomic investigations on the mutillid wasps united states national museum bulletin 143 143 1 351 doi 10 5479 si 03629236 143 1 milne lorus j 1980 national audubon society field guide to north american insects and spiders audubon society field guide turtleback knopf isbn 978 0 394 50763 7 external links edit media related to mutillidae at wikimedia commons cow killer at the university of nebraska lincoln extension in lancaster county nebraska mutillidae at the university of florida institute of food and agricultural sciences red velvet ant or cow killer texas a m field guide to common texas insects v t e extant hymenopteran families kingdom animalia phylum arthropoda class insecta subclass pterygota infraclass neoptera superorder holometabola s y m p h y t a tenthredinoidea argidae argid sawflies blasticotomidae fern sawflies cimbicidae cimbicid sawflies diprionidae conifer sawflies pergidae pergid sawflies tenthredinidae common sawflies zenargidae cypress pine sawflies xyeloidea xyelidae pamphilioidea megalodontesidae pamphiliidae web spinning sawflies siricoidea anaxyelidae cedar wood wasps siricidae horntails xiphydrioidea xiphydriidae wood wasps cephoidea cephidae stem sawflies orussoidea orussidae parasitic wood wasps a p o c r i t a p a r a s i t i c a ichneumonoidea braconidae braconids ichneumonidae ichneumon wasps ceraphronoidea ceraphronidae megaspilidae proctotrupomorpha platygastroidea geoscelionidae janzenellidae neuroscelionidae nixoniidae platygastridae scelionidae sparasionidae cynipoidea austrocynipidae cynipidae gall wasps diplolepididae figitidae ibaliidae liopteridae proctotrupoidea s str proctorenyxidae roproniidae heloridae pelecinidae peradeniidae proctotrupidae vanhorniidae diaprioidea austroniidae diapriidae ismaridae maamingidae monomachidae mymarommatoidea mymarommatidae chalcidoidea chalcid wasps agaonidae fig wasps aphelinidae azotidae baeomorphidae boucekiidae calesidae ceidae cerocephalidae chalcedectidae chalcididae chrysolampidae cleonymidae coelocybidae cynipencyrtidae diparidae encyrtidae epichrysomallidae eucharitidae eulophidae eunotidae eupelmidae eurytomidae eutrichosomatidae herbertiidae hetreulophidae heydeniidae idioporidae leucospidae lyciscidae macromesidae megastigmidae melanosomellidae metapelmatidae moranilidae mymaridae fairyflies neanastatidae neodiparidae ooderidae ormyridae pelecinellidae perilampidae pirenidae pteromalidae signiphoridae spalangiidae systasidae tanaostigmatidae tetracampidae torymidae trichogrammatidae evanioidea aulacidae evaniidae ensign wasps gasteruptiidae stephanoidea stephanidae megalyroidea megalyridae trigonaloidea trigonalidae a c u l e a t a chrysidoidea bethylidae chrysididae cuckoo wasps dryinidae embolemidae plumariidae sclerogibbidae scolebythidae vespoidea rhopalosomatidae rhopalosomatid wasps vespidae paper wasps potter wasps pollen wasps yellowjackets hornets tiphioidea bradynobaenidae tiphiidae tiphiid wasps thynnoidea chyphotidae thynnidae flower wasps sierolomorphidae sierolomorphid wasps pompiloidea mutillidae velvet ants myrmosidae pompilidae spider wasps sapygidae sapygid or club horned wasps scolioidea scoliidae scoliid wasps formicoidea formicidae ants apoidea spheciformes sphecoid wasps ammoplanidae ampulicidae cockroach wasps astatidae bembicidae crabronidae mellinidae pemphredonidae philanthidae psenidae sphecidae thread waisted wasps anthophila bees andrenidae mason bees apidae honey bees bumblebees cuckoo bees carpenter bees orchid bees stingless bees colletidae plasterer bees halictidae sweat bees megachilidae mason bees leafcutter bees melittidae stenotritidae see also unicalcarida taxon identifiers mutillidae wikidata q252363 wikispecies mutillidae adw mutillidae afd mutillidae biolib 17559 bold 33177 bugguide 159 col czw eol 709 eppo 1mutlf fauna europaea 11357 fauna europaea new 82a2e148 28b6 4bd4 9460 75f4211c2e29 gbif old 7912 inaturalist 48511 irmng 102916 itis 154181 nbn nbnsys0000160472 ncbi 50626 nzor 68bbd4ca c4a7 4546 856f 7ed5fc5598e9 open tree of life 368352 paleobiology database 152045 plazi 2914bd70 ce32 0b70 5afa f240fb4af960 authority control databases national israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title velvet_ant oldid 1376732203 categories mutillidae apocrita families aposematic animals taxa named by pierre andré latreille hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles with species microformats all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from july 2025 articles with pe...