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entury 23 the city was ruled by the andhra kings of vengi and pallavas the city is named after sri visakha varma 41 legend has it that radha and viśakha were born on the same day and were equally beautiful sri visakka sakhi is the second most important gopi of the eight main gopis she carries messages between radha and krishna and is the most expert gopi messenger residents believe that an andhra king built a temple to pay homage to his family deity viśakha this is now inundated under seawater near rk beach another theory is that it is named after a woman disciple of buddha named viśakha later it was ruled by kingdom of jeypore 1535 1571 qutb shahis 1571 1674 and 1674 1711 mughal empire 1711 1724 and nizam 1724 1757 the french 1757 and british 1765 established factories and influence over the city in 1794 the battle of padmanabham occurred between the zamindari of vizianagaram and the east india company 42 after the battle vizianagaram estate was acquired by the east india company in 1802 43 on 18 september 1804 the battle of visakhapatnam was fought between the french and british and the city remained the under british colonial rule until indian independence in 1947 which was a part of the northern circars buddhist influence hindu texts state that during the fifth century bce the visakhapatnam region was part of kalinga territory which extended to the godavari river relics found in the area also prove the existence of a buddhist empire in the region kalinga later lost the territory to king ashoka in the bloodiest battle of its time which prompted ashoka to embrace buddhism ancient buddhist sites recently excavated are scattered across visakhapatnam reflecting the region s buddhist legacy 44 pavurallakonda yaksha relief at pavurallakonda near bheemunipatnam pavurallakonda pigeon hill is a hillock west of bhimli about 24 km 15 mi from visakhapatnam the buddhist settlement found here is estimated to date back from the first century bce to the second century ce on the hillock which overlooks the coastline are 16 rock cut cisterns for collecting rainwater gopalapatnam on the tandava river is a village surrounded by brick stupas viharas pottery and other buddhist artefacts 45 sankaram stone seated buddha at bojjannakonda near anakapalle in 1907 british archaeologist alexander rea unearthed sankaram a 2 000 year old buddhist site the name śankaram derives from the sangharama temple or monastery located 40 km 25 mi south of visakhapatnam it is known locally as bojjannakonda and is a significant buddhist site in andhra pradesh the three major schools of buddhism hinayana mahayana and vajrayana flourished here the complex is known for its monolithic stupas rock cut caves and brick structures the primary stupa was initially carved out of rock and covered with bricks excavations yielded historic pottery and satavahana coins from the first century ce at lingalakonda there are also rock cut monolithic stupas in rows spread over the hill 46 the vihara a monastery was active for about 1 000 years 46 nearby is another buddhist site bojjannakonda with several images of the buddha carved on the rock face of the caves at ligalametta there are hundreds of rock cut monolithic stupas in rows spread across the hill among other buddhist attractions are a relic casket three chaitya halls votive platforms stupas and vajrayana sculptures 47 bavikonda bavikonda stupas bavikonda is an important buddhist heritage site located on a hill about 15 km 9 3 mi northeast of visakhapatnam city here the buddhist habitation is noticed on a 16 ha flat terraced area the hinayana school of buddhism was practised at the monastery between the 3rd century b c and the 3rd century a d bavikonda has remains of an entire buddhist complex comprising 26 structures belonging to three phases a piece of bone stored in an urn recovered here is believed to belong to the mortal remains of the buddha the word bavikonda in telugu means a hill of wells fitting its name bavikonda is a hill with wells for the collection of rainwater it is located 15 km 9 3 mi from visakhapatnam and is a significant buddhist site excavation carried out from 1982 to 1987 revealed a buddhist establishment including a mahachaitya also referred to as a grand stupa embedded with relic caskets 48 a large vihara monastery complex numerous votive stupas a stone pillared congregation and rectangular halls and a refectory artifacts recovered from the site include roman and satavahana coins and pottery dating from the third century bce to the second century ce a significant finding was a piece of bone with a large quantity of ash in an urn which is believed to be the remains of the buddha the bavikonda site is considered one of the oldest buddhist sites in asia it is a reminder of the buddhist civilisation which once existed in southern india and also reminiscent of borobudur in indonesia 49 thotlakonda third century bce buddhist ruins of totlakonda thotlakonda buddhist complex about 16 km 9 9 mi from visakhapatnam is thotlakonda a buddhist complex situated on top of a hill the buddhist complex on the mangamaripeta hilltop locally known as totlakonda lies about 16 km 9 9 mi from visakhapatnam on visakhapatnam bheemili beach road after its discovery during an aerial survey the government of andhra pradesh declared the 48 ha site as a protected monument in 1978 excavations from 1988 to 1992 exposed structural remains and artefacts classified as religious secular and civil these structures include the stupa chaityagrihas pillared congregation halls bhandagaras refectory bhojanasala drainage and stone pathways the site covers an area of 120 acres 49 hectares and has been declared a protected area by the government of andhra pradesh excavations have revealed three kinds of structural remains religious secular and civil structures include a mahastupa 16 votive stupas a stone pillared congregation hall eleven rock cut cisterns well paved stone pathways an apsidal chaitya griha three round chaitgya grihas two votive platforms ten viharas and a kitchen complex with three halls and a refectory dining hall apart from the structures buddhist treasures excavated include nine satavahana and five roman silver coins terracotta tiles stucco decorative pieces sculptured panels miniature stupa models in stone buddha padas depicted with ashtamangala symbols i e the eight auspicious symbols of swastika shrivasta nandhyavarta vardhamanaka bhadrasana kalasha minyugala and darpan and early pottery 50 later history mor sjanua regimental cemetery near jagadamba junction the territory of visakhapatnam then came under the andhra rulers of vengi and chalukyas and pallavas ruled the land the region was ruled by the eastern ganga king and the gajapati kings from the 10th century to the 16th century ce based on archaeological evidence the prabhakar and the eastern ganga kings built temples in the city in the 11th and 12th centuries in the late 16th century it came under the direct rule of the suryavanshi king maharaja vishwanath dev gajapati of jeypore however from 1571 to 1674 it fell under the control and administration of the qutb shahi kings of golconda who appointed a governor or faujdar to collect taxes in the region this faujdar governed the area from srikakulam or chicacole as it was then known in 1674 the maharaja of jeypore vishwambhar dev defeated the foujdar and claimed sovereignty from the deteriorating qutb shahis 51 vishwambhar is also said to have defeated the dutch east india company who allegedly abducted locals mostly fishermen living by the sea shore later his descendant maharaja raghunath krishna dev defeated the seer lascer appointed by the mughals and maintained his rule over the region therefore visakhapatnam remained a part of the kingdom of jeypore until the death of maharaja ram chandra dev i in 1711 after which it was taken over by the nizam of hyderabad who could only govern it for a few decades before transferring it to the british 52 even in the colonial era the kings of jeypore were referred to as the maharaja or raja of vizagapatnam 53 european merchants from france holland and the east india company used the natural port to export tobacco paddy coal iron ore ivory muslin and other textile products the british developed visakhapatnam as a prominent harbour on the east coast the old port in jalari peta was built and used by the maharaja of jeypore who also owned several ships during the first world war maharaja vikram dev iii sent his fleet of ships to aid the british and later donated the port to the british government of madras 51 it is now a fish market local legend tells that an andhra king on his way to benares rested at visakhapatnam and was so enchanted by its beauty that he ordered a temple to be built in honour of his family deity viśakha archaeological sources however reveal that the temple was probably built between the 11th and 12th centuries by the cholas a shipping merchant sankarayya chetty built one of the mandapams pillared halls of the temple although it no longer exists possibly washed away about 100 years ago by a cyclonic storm elderly residents of visakhapatnam remember visits to the ancient shrine by their grandparents although author ganapatiraju atchuta rama raju denies this 54 during the 18th century visakhapatnam was part of the northern circars a region comprising coastal andhra and southern coastal odisha which was first under french control and later british visakhapatnam became a district in the madras presidency of british india in september 1804 british and french squadrons fought the battle of vizagapatam near the harbour after india s independence it was the largest district in the country and was subsequently divided into the districts of srikakulam vizianagaram and visakhapatnam part of the city is known by its colonial british name waltair during the colonial era the city s hub was the waltair railway station and a part of the city is still called waltair on 7 may 2020 the city suffered an industrial accident when a polymer plant leaked toxic styrene gas as it restarted operations after the coronavirus lockdown this gas leak killed at least eleven people and drew comparisons to the bhopal disaster 55 geography kondakarla ava a bird sanctuary near visakhapatnam the city is situated between the eastern ghats and the bay of bengal 18 56 57 the city s area is 682 km 2 the average elevation is 45 metres 58 visakhapatnam is situated in coastal andhra region 59 the city is surrounded by the simhachalam hill range to the west the yarada hills to the southeast and kambalakonda wildlife sanctuary to the northwest the hills play an important role in visakhapatnam s ecological environment and cover over 621 52 km 2 60 hills in visakhapatnam eastern ghats simhachalam hills yarada hills erra matti dibbalu dolphin s nose hills kailasagiri hills climate the average temperature of visakhapatnam visakhapatnam has a tropical savanna climate köppen aw closely bordering as 57 the annual mean temperatures range between 24 7 30 6 c 76 87 f with the maximum in may and the minimum in january the minimum temperatures ranges between 17 27 c 63 81 f the highest maximum temperature ever recorded was 42 0 c 107 6 f in 1978 and the lowest was 10 5 c 51 f on 6 january 1962 61 62 it receives rainfall from the south west and north east monsoons 57 and the average annual rainfall recorded is 1 118 8 mm 44 05 in 63 in october 2014 cyclone hudhud made landfall near visakhapatnam 64 climate data for visakhapatnam 1991 2020 month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 32 1 89 8 34 0 93 2 36 6 97 9 36 5 97 7 42 0 107 6 41 0 105 8 39 9 103 8 37 4 99 3 37 5 99 5 35 9 96 6 34 9 94 8 33 2 91 8 42 0 107 6 mean daily maximum c f 28 1 82 6 29 6 85 3 31 2 88 2 32 1 89 8 33 3 91 9 32 8 91 0 31 4 88 5 31 5 88 7 31 6 88 9 31 5 88 7 30 3 86 5 28 7 83 7 31 0 87 8 mean daily minimum c f 20 5 68 9 22 1 71 8 24 6 76 3 26 5 79 7 27 8 82 0 27 4 81 3 26 4 79 5 26 2 79 2 26 0 78 8 25 2 77 4 23 2 73 8 21 0 69 8 24 7 76 5 record low c f 14 8 58 6 17 5 63 5 19 4 66 9 19 5 67 1 21 0 69 8 21 4 70 5 21 0 69 8 20 2 68 4 21 3 70 3 20 4 68 7 17 6 63 7 16 0 60 8 14 8 58 6 average rainfall mm inches 10 8 0 43 8 9 0 35 8 9 0 35 28 4 1 12 73 6 2 90 134 5 5 30 133 0 5 24 165 3 6 51 194 9 7 67 239 9 9 44 101 7 4 00 13 2 0 52 1 113 1 43 82 average rainy days 0 6 0 8 0 7 1 4 3 3 6 5 8 5 9 2 10 3 8 4 3 1 0 9 53 7 average relative humidity at 17 30 ist 69 70 74 76 76 76 77 78 80 74 68 65 74 source india meteorological department 65 climate data for visakhapatnam airport 1991 2020 extremes 1901 present month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 34 8 94 6 38 4 101 1 41 0 105 8 40 6 105 1 45 0 113 0 45 4 113 7 41 4 106 5 38 8 101 8 38 2 100 8 37 2 99 0 35 0 95 0 34 0 93 2 45 4 113 7 mean daily maximum c f 29 7 85 5 31 9 89 4 34 6 94 3 35 7 96 3 36 7 98 1 35 4 95 7 33 6 92 5 33 2 91 8 33 2 91 8 32 6 90 7 31 1 88 0 29 9 85 8 33 1 91 6 daily mean c f 24 5 76 1 25 8 78 4 28 0 82 4 29 4 84 9 30 7 87 3 30 2 86 4 29 0 84 2 29 0 84 2 28 9 84 0 28 5 83 3 27 0 80 6 25 1 77 2 28 0 82 4 mean daily minimum c f 18 3 64 9 20 4 68 7 23 7 74 7 26 3 79 3 28 0 82 4 27 8 82 0 26 8 80 2 26 5 79 7 26 1 79 0 25 1 77 2 22 0 71 6 18 7 65 7 24 1 75 4 record low c f 10 5 50 9 12 8 55 0 14 4 57 9 18 3 64 9 20 0 68 0 21 1 70 0 21 3 70 3 21 1 70 0 17 5 63 5 17 6 63 7 12 9 55 2 11 3 52 3 10 5 50 9 average rainfall mm inches 8 3 0 33 9 5 0 37 6 6 0 26 24 7 0 97 67 3 2 65 131 1 5 16 121 6 4 79 148 6 5 85 207 9 8 19 232 2 9 14 87 5 3 44 9 3 0 37 1 054 5 41 52 average rainy days 0 8 0 9 0 6 1 5 3 4 6 5 8 0 8 3 10 6 8 4 3 0 0 7 52 6 average relative humidity at 17 30 ist 64 61 62 66 66 68 71 73 76 73 67 62 67 mean monthly sunshine hours 272 8 271 2 272 8 264 0 251 1 135 0 130 2 133 3 168 0 229 4 228 0 269 7 2 625 5 mean daily sunshine hours 8 8 9 6 8 8 8 8 8 1 4 5 4 2 4 3 5 6 7 4 7 6 8 7 7 2 average ultraviolet index 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 9 8 11 source 1 india meteorological department sun 1971 2000 66 67 68 69 70 source 2 tokyo climate center mean temperatures 1991 2020 71 weather atlas 72 climate data for visakhapatnam dolphin s nose 1981 2010 extremes 1970 2005 month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 30 7 87 3 35 0 95 0 36 2 97 2 36 1 97 0 42 8 109 0 39 8 103 6 39 8 103 6 36 2 97 2 36 6 97 9 34 5 94 1 32 4 90 3 31 4 88 5 42 8 109 0 mean daily maximum c f 27 2 81 0 26 9 80 4 30 6 87 1 31 5 88 7 32 6 90 7 32 2 90 0 30 6 87 1 30 5 86 9 30 6 87 1 30 2 86 4 28 8 83 8 27 4 81 3 30 1 86 2 mean daily minimum c f 19 8 67 6 21 4 70 5 23 5 74 3 25 0 77 0 26 1 79 0 26 0 78 8 25 0 77 0 24 8 76 6 24 8 76 6 23 8 74 8 21 8 71 2 19 8 67 6 23 5 74 3 record low c f 15 6 60 1 17 7 63 9 17 4 63 3 17 9 64 2 18 5 65 3 18 4 65 1 18 4 65 1 19 6 67 3 18 8 65 8 19 4 66 9 16 3 61 3 14 1 57 4 14 1 57 4 average rainfall mm inches 14 3 0 56 28 9 1 14 14 6 0 57 25 0 0 98 66 0 2 60 107 5 4 23 131 8 5 19 132...