Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

walter, hilton, contents, life, works, later, influence, veneration, modern, editions, references, sources, further, reading, external, links,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (154), and (52), hilton (50), #walter (28), english (26), from (21), scale (21), john (20), perfection (20), was (15), with (15), century (15), his (13), edit (13), text (12), catholic (12), about (11), articles (11), church (11), latin (9), thomas (9), works (9), life (9), spiritual (9), wikipedia (8), this (8), 1396 (8), middle (8), new (8), which (8), translation (8), that (8), book (8), links (7), history (7), 14th (6), christian (6), jean (6), peter (6), von (6), joseph (6), mary (6), catherine (6), richard (6), gregory (6), first (6), series (6), march (6), england (6), work (6), mixed (6), love (6), also (6), page (5), encyclopedia (5), written (5), writers (5), reformation (5), augustinian (5), texts (5), 1340 (5), pope (5), francis (5), rolle (5), epistle (5), theology (5), edition (5), york (5), translated (5), mystic (5), london (5), underhill (5), 1923 (5), main (5), later (5), epistola (5), contents (4), search (4), citation (4), unsourced (4), statements (4), january (4), university (4), cambridge (4), maria (4), paul (4), henri (4), bernard (4), jacques (4), pierre (4), henry (4), francisco (4), robert (4), ávila (4), early (4), canon (4), teams (4), ladder (4), und (4), article (4), clark (4), editions (4), chapters (4), modern (4), were (4), 15th (4), some (4), manuscripts (4), but (4), soul (4), who (4), franciscan (4), meditation (4), 1345 (4), fatima (4), divine (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), may (3), use (3), edited (3), 1913 (3), all (3), saints (3), people (3), religious (3), retrieved (3), title (3), other (3), states (3), benedict (3), johann (3), 19th (3), clement (3), louis (3), jesus (3), luis (3), cross (3), ignatius (3), more (3), mysticism (3), bonaventure (3), beatrice (3), nazareth (3), anthony (3), original (3), spirituality (3), public (3), domain (3), further (3), reading (3), charles (3), december (3), 2021 (3), press (3), angels (3), song (3), based (3), eight (3), two (3), salzburg (3), institut (3), für (3), anglistik (3), amerikanistik (3), most (3), only (3), version (3), after (3), lady (3), margaret (3), needed (3), influence (3), wrote (3), perhaps (3), its (3), image (3), second (3), time (3), probably (3), letter (3), had (3), between (3), 1386 (3), not (3), community (3), law (3), great (3), asceticism (3), tools (3), languages (2), toggle (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), available (2), under (2), terms (2), non (2), inc (2), attribution (2), categories (2), librivox (2), internet (2), archive (2), incorporating (2), wikisource (2), reference (2), july (2), source (2), british (2), 2012 (2), short (2), description (2), wikidata (2), anglican (2), nottinghamshire (2), literature (2), mystics (2), roman (2), united (2), national (2), portal (2), hildebrand (2), hans (2), rené (2), merton (2), alfred (2), delp (2), marcel (2), emmanuel (2), edith (2), stein (2), marie (2), lagrange (2), 20th (2), thérèse (2), lisieux (2), tommaso (2), giovanni (2), montfort (2), olier (2), ágreda (2), bérulle (2), french (2), period (2), sales (2), teresa (2), osuna (2), loyola (2), julian (2), norwich (2), devotio (2), moderna (2), cloud (2), unknowing (2), johannes (2), tauler (2), meister (2), eckhart (2), bridget (2), sweden (2), siena (2), scotus (2), padua (2), assisi (2), dominic (2), guzmán (2), saint (2), victor (2), hildegard (2), bingen (2), anselm (2), clairvaux (2), ages (2), dispute (2), pseudo (2), dionysius (2), leo (2), cyril (2), alexandria (2), cassian (2), augustine (2), chrysostom (2), nyssa (2), jerusalem (2), athanasius (2), origen (2), papal (2), general (2), bestul (2), wikiquote (2), has (2), related (2), external (2), herder (2), zur (2), der (2), appleton (2), company (2), incorporates (2), now (2), sources (2), oxford (2), rosemary (2), dorward (2), paulist (2), 1991 (2), britannica (2), author (2), references (2), vols (2), father (2), evelyn (2), faber (2), attributed (2), goad (2), stimulus (2), amoris (2), qui (2), habitat (2), bonum (2), est (2), presented (2), takamiya (2), prickynge (2), writings (2), recent (2), november (2), margery (2), kempe (2), episcopal (2), veneration (2), mystical (2), they (2), contemporary (2), ely (2), became (2), originally (2), printed (2), 1494 (2), before (2), worde (2), three (2), canticle (2), firmissime (2), crede (2), quemdam (2), seculo (2), renunciare (2), volentem (2), leccione (2), intencione (2), oracione (2), meditacione (2), allis (2), half (2), one (2), addressed (2), sin (2), holy (2), tradition (2), former (2), seems (2), content (2), faith (2), contemplation (2), 1390 (2), brief (2), produced (2), lluis (2), font (2), regency (2), 1393 (2), manuscript (2), died (2), thurgarton (2), priory (2), regular (2), world (2), treatise (2), him (2), give (2), active (2), major (2), same (2), 1380s (2), 13th (2), james (2), prayer (2), horsley (2), carthusian (2), date (2), bachelor (2), 1371 (2), born (2), 16th (2), lancashire (2), purgatorio (2), sister (2), philosophy (2), fátima (2), ascent (2), heart (2), others (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, additional, apply, using, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, wikimedia, foundation, creative, commons, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, june, 2026, utc, hidden, 2024, 2013, 2017, containing, language, dmy, dates, 2022, different, theologians, pre, monastic, fiction, canons, alumni, priests, deaths, births, https, org, index, php, walter_hilton, oldid, 1361817824, yale, lux, snac, idref, ddb, deutsche, biographie, trove, cinii, academics, belgium, israel, vatican, poland, korea, netherlands, spain, czech, republic, italy, bnf, data, france, worldcat, fast, gnd, viaf, isni, international, authority, control, databases, catholicism, scott, hahn, aidan, nichols, tomáš, halík, luc, marion, kreeft, michał, heller, raniero, cantalamessa, kasper, alasdair, macintyre, gustavo, gutiérrez, xvi, carlo, martini, alice, 21st, nouwen, vanier, baptist, metz, küng, girard, edward, schillebeeckx, frederick, copleston, lefebvre, urs, balthasar, daniélou, mounier, lonergan, yves, congar, karl, rahner, nouvelle, théologie, josemaría, escrivá, guitton, daniel, rops, dorothy, day, lubac, fulton, sheen, romano, guardini, dominique, chenu, gabriel, dietrich, georges, bernanos, ronald, knox, étienne, gilson, maritain, teilhard, chardin, maréchal, reginald, garrigou, chesterton, maurice, blondel, george, tyrrell, vladimir, solovyov, friedrich, hügel, désiré, mercier, léon, bloy, neo, scholasticism, modernism, émile, boutroux, matthias, scheeben, zigliara, hergenröther, giuseppe, pecci, wilhelm, freiherr, ketteler, cornoldi, gaetano, sanseverino, jaime, balmes, lacordaire, newman, ignaz, döllinger, antonio, rosmini, luigi, taparelli, félicité, mennais, görres, bruno, lanteri, hofbauer, michael, sailer, alfonso, muzzarelli, gaetana, agnesi, alphonsus, liguori, giambattista, vico, nicolas, malebranche, blaise, pascal, jansenism, cornelius, jansen, françois, fénelon, bénigne, bossuet, thomassin, antónio, vieira, descartes, gassendi, campanella, revolution, baroque, lawrence, brindisi, suárez, bellarmine, molinism, molina, canisius, león, xavier, villanova, vitoria, eck, fisher, cajetan, erasmus, counter, pico, della, mirandola, girolamo, savonarola, marsilio, ficino, nicholas, cusa, kempis, geert, groote, heinrich, seuse, ruusbroec, william, ockham, dante, alighieri, duns, ramon, llull, reforms, roger, bacon, thomism, siger, brabant, aquinas, ghent, boetius, dacia, albertus, magnus, grosseteste, hugh, laon, lombard, decretum, gratiani, abelard, joachim, fiore, canterbury, damian, berengar, tours, narek, roscellinus, high, eriugena, paschasius, radbertus, rabanus, maurus, nursia, aniane, alcuin, paulinus, aquileia, predestination, disputes, transubstantiation, iconoclasm, damascus, bede, ecthesis, monothelitism, maximus, confessor, climacus, isidore, seville, areopagite, boethius, chrysologus, orosius, hippo, jerome, ambrose, nazianzus, basil, caesarea, hilary, poitiers, ephrem, syrian, monophysitism, nestorianism, pelagianism, arianism, eusebius, constantine, cyprian, novatian, tertullian, montanism, irenaeus, diognetus, justin, martyr, aristides, athens, shepherd, hermas, barnabas, polycarp, antioch, didache, rome, biblical, vulgate, bible, ecumenical, councils, primacy, papacy, timeline, key, figures, rochester, rossell, hope, robbins, library, introduction, essay, treatment, pastoral, approach, contribution, theological, approaches, online, audiobooks, quotations, mcginn, varieties, vernacular, margarethe, hopf, göttingen, vandenhoeck, ruprecht, 2009, forschungen, kirchen, dogmengeschichte, weg, christlichen, vollkommenheit, eine, studie, auf, dem, hintergrund, romanischen, mystik, herbermann, publication, publishing, 2019, 978, 64065, 235, isbn, lesser, feasts, fasts, 2018, calendar, vol, 1910, gardner, edmund, 1343, 2004, believes, dictionary, biography, encyclopædia, horstman, sonnenschein, 1895, 1896, includes, 175, 264, yorkshire, hampole, followers, watkins, clare, kirchberger, 1952, previously, unpublished, formerly, bonaventura, björn, wallner, lund, gleerup, 1954, exposition, introduced, penguin, classics, 1957, sherley, price, abridged, geoffrey, chapman, 1975, illtyd, trethowan, fumio, kuriyagawa, tokyo, 1980, toshiyuki, minor, harold, kane, 1983, ogilvie, thomson, 1986, lambeth, palace, 472, taylor, 1987, halcyon, backhouse, hodder, stoughton, 1992, kalamazoo, michigan, medieval, institute, publications, 2000, while, never, canonized, along, american, commemoration, honoured, revival, modernised, 1659, issued, dalgairns, 1870, published, system, simplification, influential, applied, extensively, shortly, death, famous, survives, including, made, 1400, friar, fishlake, fyslake, circulate, european, continent, westminster, request, five, times, 1530s, wynkyn, carmelite, liber, nobilitate, anime, speculum, spiritualium, letters, guidance, scholastic, defending, images, churches, practice, criticised, lollards, commentaries, psalm, psalms, luke, benedictus, quodlibet, occasionally, appears, third, possibly, desire, mother, occurs, surviving, copies, printing, printings, included, king, vii, beaufort, countess, richmond, derby, editorial, appearing, woman, recently, enclosed, offering, her, appropriate, exercises, deal, extirpation, foul, perversion, trinity, powers, mind, reason, will, reflecting, son, spirit, drawn, through, meditations, addresses, itself, reader, says, questions, style, rather, address, larger, sophisticated, audience, theme, alone, both, feeling, latter, extended, metaphor, journey, perfect, god, apparently, circulated, separately, seven, deadly, sins, anchoress, final, years, piece, scruples, entitled, translates, lost, fontibus, aragonese, either, 1391, 1394, according, however, concerned, much, than, reports, contains, several, historical, mistakes, someone, wanting, renounce, start, criticizes, aspect, instructs, devout, layman, wealth, household, responsibility, advising, become, contemplative, mix, strong, echoes, books, suggest, late, have, expansion, milan, then, passing, name, although, remains, matter, intention, turned, away, solitary, tells, earliest, extant, long, 1384, counsel, usefulness, prerogatives, religion, known, friend, adam, officer, exchequer, enter, order, himself, open, idea, joining, still, uncertain, vocation, since, entered, likely, joined, around, often, suggested, entry, into, beauvale, charterhouse, aurea, utilitate, prerogativis, religionis, imagine, peccati, there, presumptive, evidence, attended, 1360, 1382, civil, clerk, lincoln, diocese, granted, reservation, canonry, prebend, carmarthen, attached, diocesan, court, describe, completed, studies, examinations, for, mastership, undertaken, would, inceptor, decretorum, commensor, abergwili, writing, centuries, grenehalgh, referred, coming, region, whose, gained, wales, commemorated, can, reg, paradiso, inferno, comedy, vision, adamnán, tractatus, sancti, patricii, mirror, simple, souls, consolation, sol, miracle, our, calls, message, lucia, own, words, theologia, germanica, story, revelations, philokalia, imitation, christ, glories, willow, creek, sacred, dialogue, comfort, against, tribulation, abbey, ghost, interior, castle, monks, way, dark, night, mount, carmel, scivias, ordo, virtutum, lingua, ignota, media, 2003, reflection, age, aspects, 1989, orationis, formas, views, elena, aiello, edvige, carboni, foucauld, simone, weil, edgar, cayce, lúcia, faustina, kowalska, alexandrina, balazar, marthe, robin, therese, neumann, padre, pio, gemma, galgani, luisa, piccarreta, conchita, armida, bernadette, soubirous, maximin, giraud, mélanie, calvat, labouré, dina, bélanger, veronica, giuliani, anne, emmerich, samson, eudes, condren, alacoque, 17th, 18th, genoa, spanish, marguerite, porete, mechthild, magdeburg, gertrude, female, suso, german, van, ruysbroeck, hadewijch, lutgardis, flemish, angela, foligno, jacopone, todi, dominican, sava, serbia, symeon, theologian, guigo, 11th, 12th, hilarion, syncletica, moses, black, macarius, egypt, poemen, arsenius, thebes, desert, fathers, thomasines, ancient, african, antiquity, era, martinism, charismatic, esoteric, abstinence, passive, ecstasy, dryness, kenosis, theosis, catharsis, divinization, hesychia, stages, quietism, hesychasm, invoking, lectio, divina, direction, silence, eastern, stylite, mendicant, monasticism, practices, henosis, neoplatonic, hellenistic, cataphatic, ascetical, apophatic, part, list, feast, free, item, projects, printable, download, pdf, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, information, permanent, link, what, here, actions, talk, svenska, polski, nederlands, français, български, top, personal, special, pages, learn, help, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump,

Text of the page (random words):
as merton charles de foucauld edvige carboni elena aiello edith stein contemporary papal views aspects of meditation orationis formas 1989 reflection on the new age 2003 literature and media lingua ignota ordo virtutum scivias ascent of mount carmel dark night of the soul spiritual canticle way of perfection book of the first monks the interior castle abbey of the holy ghost a dialogue of comfort against tribulation from willow creek to sacred heart the glories of mary the imitation of christ the ladder of divine ascent philokalia revelations of divine love the story of a soul theologia germanica devotio moderna fatima in lucia s own words calls from the message of fatima the miracle of our lady of fatima sol de fátima the cloud of unknowing on the consolation of philosophy the mirror of simple souls sister catherine treatise tractatus de purgatorio sancti patricii the vision of adamnán divine comedy inferno purgatorio paradiso fatima v t e walter hilton can reg c 1340 1345 24 march 1396 1 was an english augustinian mystic whose works gained influence in 15th century england and wales he is commemorated by the church of england and by the episcopal church in the united states life edit walter hilton was born about 1340 1345 writing centuries later an early 16th century carthusian james grenehalgh of lancashire referred to hilton as a mystic coming from the same region 2 there is presumptive evidence that hilton attended the university of cambridge some time between about 1360 and 1382 2 walter de hilton bachelor of civil law clerk of lincoln diocese was granted the reservation of a canonry and prebend of abergwili carmarthen in january 1371 2 in january 1371 hilton was a bachelor of law attached to the diocesan court of ely 2 some manuscripts describe hilton as a commensor or inceptor decretorum i e one who had completed the studies and examinations for a mastership of canon law but had not undertaken the regency that would give him the title in the early 1380s hilton turned away from the world and became a solitary as he tells in his earliest extant work a latin letter de imagine peccati on the image of sin not long after perhaps in 1384 hilton states in a latin epistle of spiritual counsel de utilitate et prerogativis religionis on the usefulness and prerogatives of religion also known as epistola aurea addressed to his friend adam horsley a former officer of the exchequer who was about to enter the carthusian order that he is himself open to the idea of joining a religious community but still uncertain of his vocation 2 since horsley entered the beauvale charterhouse in 1386 it seems likely that hilton also joined a community around that date 1386 is often suggested as his date of entry into thurgarton priory nottinghamshire as an augustinian canon regular 2 between 1386 and 1390 hilton was probably the author of epistola de leccione intencione oracione meditacione et allis letter on reading intention prayer and meditation of a brief treatise in english of angels song which criticizes an aspect of richard rolle s spirituality and of the epistle on the mixed life which instructs a devout layman about wealth and household responsibility advising him not to give up his active life to become a contemplative but to mix the two strong echoes between the mixed life and the first of the two books of hilton s major work the scale of perfection suggest they were probably written about the same time in the late 1380s hilton may also have translated the prickynge of love stimulus amoris an expansion of a book originally by the 13th century franciscan james of milan which by then was passing under the name of bonaventure although this remains a matter of dispute 3 start of hilton s translation of lluis de font s eight chapters on perfection in his final years from about 1390 to about 1396 hilton probably wrote his latin letter epistola ad quemdam seculo renunciare volentem to someone wanting to renounce the world and a brief piece on scruples entitled firmissime crede he also produced an english version of eight chapters on perfection which translates a now lost latin work by the franciscan lluis de font or luis de fontibus an aragonese franciscan who had a regency in theology at cambridge in either 1391 1393 or 1393 1394 2 also in that period hilton produced the second book of the scale of perfection according to manuscript tradition citation needed hilton died on 24 march 1396 as an augustinian canon regular at thurgarton priory however the manuscript concerned was written much later than the history it reports and contains several historical mistakes citation needed works edit the first book of the scale of perfection the title is editorial appearing only on half the manuscripts of book one 4 is addressed to a woman recently enclosed as an anchoress offering her appropriate spiritual exercises most of its 93 chapters deal with extirpation of the foul image of sin in the soul perversion of the image of the trinity in the three spiritual powers of mind reason and will reflecting the father son and holy spirit after a tradition drawn from st augustine through a series of meditations on the seven deadly sins the second book which addresses itself to hilton s former reader who he says has further questions seems from its style and content rather to address a larger perhaps more sophisticated audience its main theme is reformation of the soul in faith alone and in both faith and feeling the latter is presented in an extended metaphor as a spiritual journey to jerusalem which is contemplation in perfect love of god 5 the first book of the scale was apparently written some time before the second and circulated separately the mixed life occasionally appears with the scale in 15th century manuscripts and was printed by de worde in 1494 as a third book of the scale possibly at the desire of lady margaret beaufort countess of richmond and derby mother of king henry vii it occurs in only half the surviving copies of that printing but all later printings of the scale included it hilton wrote three other latin letters of spiritual guidance the epistola de leccione intencione oracione meditacione et allis the epistola ad quemdam seculo renunciare volentem and firmissime crede and a scholastic quodlibet defending images in churches a practice criticised by lollards he also wrote commentaries on the psalm texts qui habitat and bonum est psalms 90 1 and 91 2 and perhaps on the canticle benedictus luke 1 68 later influence edit hilton s mystical system is in the main a simplification of that of richard of saint victor citation needed his spiritual writings were influential in 15th century england 5 they were applied extensively shortly after his death in the speculum spiritualium the most famous was the scale of perfection which survives in some 62 manuscripts including 14 of a latin translation the liber de nobilitate anime made about 1400 by hilton s contemporary at cambridge and ely the carmelite friar thomas fishlake or fyslake 5 this translation became the first work written originally in english to circulate on the european continent the scale and mixed life were printed by wynkyn de worde in westminster in 1494 at the request of lady margaret and five more times before the english reformation of the 1530s with the revival of the roman catholic church in england in the 19th century a modernised version of a 1659 edition was issued by j b dalgairns in 1870 evelyn underhill published an edition of the scale in 1923 6 veneration edit while never canonized by the catholic church hilton was honoured with a commemoration in the church of england on 24 march 7 and in the american episcopal church on 9 november along with richard rolle and margery kempe 8 modern editions edit walter hilton the scale of perfection ed thomas h bestul teams middle english texts series kalamazoo michigan medieval institute publications 2000 the only modern edition of the original middle english text the scale of perfection ed halcyon backhouse london hodder and stoughton 1992 a translation based on underhill s 1923 text walter hilton the scale of perfection translated by john p h clark and rosemary dorward new york paulist press 1991 the most recent modern translation walter hilton s latin writings ed j p h clark and c taylor salzburg institut für anglistik und amerikanistik 1987 walter hilton s mixed life edited from lambeth palace ms 472 ed s j ogilvie thomson salzburg institut für anglistik und amerikanistik 1986 the prickynge of love ed harold kane 2 vols salzburg institut für anglistik und amerikanistik 1983 middle english edition of the goad of love two minor works of walter hilton ed fumio kuriyagawa and toshiyuki takamiya tokyo t takamiya 1980 editions of of angels song and eight chapters on perfection the scale of perfection abridged and presented by illtyd trethowan london geoffrey chapman 1975 a translation based on underhill s 1923 text the ladder of perfection translated and introduced by leo sherley price penguin classics 1957 a translation based on underhill s 1923 text an exposition of qui habitat and bonum est in english ed björn wallner lund c w k gleerup 1954 the goad of love an unpublished translation by walter hilton of the stimulus amoris formerly attributed to st bonaventura edited and translated by clare kirchberger london faber and faber 1952 a work previously attributed to hilton the scale of perfection ed evelyn underhill london j m watkins 1923 c horstman ed yorkshire writers richard rolle of hampole an english father of the church and his followers 2 vols london s sonnenschein co 1895 1896 includes editions of hilton s of angels song 1 175 82 and on the mixed life 1 264 92 references edit walter hilton english mystic and author britannica encyclopædia britannica retrieved 11 december 2021 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 walter hilton the scale of perfection translated by john p h clark and rosemary dorward new york paulist press 1991 pp 13 ff j p h clark hilton walter c 1343 1396 oxford dictionary of national biography oxford university press 2004 believes the work to be by hilton walter hilton the scale of perfection p 19 1 2 3 gardner edmund walter hilton the catholic encyclopedia vol 7 new york robert appleton company 1910 15 december 2021 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain walter hilton the scale of perfection p 34 the calendar the church of england retrieved 27 march 2021 lesser feasts and fasts 2018 church publishing inc 17 december 2019 isbn 978 1 64065 235 4 sources edit this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain herbermann charles ed 1913 walter hilton catholic encyclopedia new york robert appleton company further reading edit margarethe hopf der weg zur christlichen vollkommenheit eine studie zu walter hilton auf dem hintergrund der romanischen mystik göttingen vandenhoeck ruprecht 2009 forschungen zur kirchen und dogmengeschichte 95 bernard mcginn the varieties of vernacular mysticism new york herder herder 2012 external links edit wikiquote has quotations related to walter hilton works by or about walter hilton at the internet archive works by walter hilton at librivox public domain audiobooks the ladder of perfection walter hilton his ladder of perfection essay on hilton s spirituality treatment of his pastoral approach and contribution to english theological approaches links to his works available online introduction to the bestul edition of the scale teams middle english texts series university of rochester rossell hope robbins library scale i text in the original middle english teams me texts series scale ii text in the original middle english teams me text series v t e history of catholic theology key figures general history of the catholic church timeline history of the papacy papal primacy ecumenical councils catholic bible vulgate biblical canon history of christian theology early church paul clement of rome first epistle of clement didache ignatius of antioch polycarp epistle of barnabas the shepherd of hermas aristides of athens justin martyr epistle to diognetus irenaeus montanism tertullian origen novatian cyprian constantine to pope gregory i eusebius athanasius of alexandria arianism pelagianism nestorianism monophysitism ephrem the syrian hilary of poitiers cyril of jerusalem basil of caesarea gregory of nazianzus gregory of nyssa ambrose john chrysostom jerome augustine of hippo john cassian orosius cyril of alexandria peter chrysologus pope leo i boethius pseudo dionysius the areopagite pope gregory i early middle ages isidore of seville john climacus maximus the confessor monothelitism ecthesis bede john of damascus iconoclasm transubstantiation dispute predestination disputes paulinus ii of aquileia alcuin benedict of aniane benedict of nursia rabanus maurus paschasius radbertus john scotus eriugena high middle ages roscellinus gregory of narek berengar of tours peter damian anselm of canterbury joachim of fiore peter abelard decretum gratiani bernard of clairvaux peter lombard anselm of laon hildegard of bingen hugh of saint victor dominic de guzmán robert grosseteste francis of assisi anthony of padua beatrice of nazareth bonaventure albertus magnus boetius of dacia henry of ghent thomas aquinas siger of brabant thomism roger bacon mysticism and reforms ramon llull duns scotus dante alighieri william of ockham richard rolle john of ruusbroec catherine of siena bridget of sweden meister eckhart johannes tauler walter hilton the cloud of unknowing heinrich seuse geert groote devotio moderna julian of norwich thomas à kempis nicholas of cusa marsilio ficino girolamo savonarola giovanni pico della mirandola reformation counter reformation erasmus thomas cajetan thomas more john fisher johann eck francisco de vitoria thomas of villanova ignatius of loyola francisco de osuna john of ávila francis xavier teresa of ávila luis de león john of the cross peter canisius luis de molina molinism robert bellarmine francisco suárez lawrence of brindisi francis de sales baroque period to french revolution tommaso campanella pierre de bérulle pierre gassendi rené descartes mary of jesus of ágreda antónio vieira jean jacques olier louis thomassin jacques bénigne bossuet françois fénelon cornelius jansen jansenism blaise pascal nicolas malebranche giambattista vico alphonsus liguori louis de montfort maria gaetana agnesi alfonso muzzarelli johann michael sailer clement mary hofbauer bruno lanteri 19th century joseph görres félicité de la mennais luigi taparelli antonio rosmini ignaz von döllinger john henry newman henri lacordaire jaime balmes gaetano sanseverino giovanni maria cornoldi wilhelm emmanuel freiherr von ketteler giuseppe pecci joseph hergenröther tommaso maria zigliara matthias joseph scheeben émile boutroux modernism neo scholasticism léon bloy désiré joseph mercier friedrich von hügel vladimir solovyov marie joseph lagrange george tyrrell maurice b...