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ed the operating system to crash rather than executing and encrypting files however when executed manually wannacry continued to operate on windows xp 45 46 47 defensive response edit edit source experts quickly advised affected users against paying the ransom due to no reports of people getting their data back after payment and as high revenues would encourage more of such campaigns 48 49 50 as of 14 june 2017 after the attack had subsided a total of 327 payments totalling us 130 634 77 51 62396539 btc had been transferred worth approximately us 3 390 765 29 as of 27 february 2026 51 the day after the initial attack in may microsoft released out of band security updates for end of life products windows xp windows server 2003 and windows 8 these patches had been created in february but were previously only available to those who paid for a custom support plan 43 52 organizations were advised to patch windows and plug the vulnerability in order to protect themselves from the cyber attack 53 the head of microsoft s cyber defense operations center adrienne hall said that due to the elevated risk for destructive cyber attacks at this time we made the decision to take this action because applying these updates provides further protection against potential attacks with characteristics similar to wannacrypt alternative name to wannacry 54 55 researcher marcus hutchins 56 57 discovered the kill switch domain hardcoded in the malware 58 59 60 registering a domain name for a dns sinkhole stopped the attack spreading as a worm because the ransomware only encrypted the computer s files if it was unable to connect to that domain which all computers infected with wannacry before the website s registration had been unable to do while this did not help already infected systems it severely slowed the spread of the initial infection and gave time for defensive measures to be deployed worldwide particularly in north america and asia which had not been attacked to the same extent as elsewhere 61 62 63 64 65 on 14 may a first variant of wannacry appeared with a new and second 66 kill switch registered by matt suiche on the same day this was followed by a second variant with the third and last kill switch on 15 may which was registered by check point threat intelligence analysts 67 68 a few days later a new version of wannacry was detected that lacked the kill switch altogether 69 70 71 72 on 19 may it was reported that hackers were trying to use a mirai botnet variant to effect a distributed denial of service attack on wannacry s kill switch domain with the intention of knocking it offline 73 on 22 may hutchins protected the domain by switching to a cached version of the site capable of dealing with much higher traffic loads than the live site 74 separately researchers from university college london and boston university reported that their paybreak system could defeat wannacry and several other families of ransomware by recovering the keys used to encrypt the user s data 75 76 it was discovered that windows encryption apis used by wannacry may not completely clear the prime numbers used to generate the payload s private keys from the memory making it potentially possible to retrieve the required key if they had not yet been overwritten or cleared from resident memory the key is kept in the memory if the wannacry process has not been killed and the computer has not been rebooted after being infected 77 this behaviour was used by a french researcher to develop a tool known as wannakey which automates this process on windows xp systems 78 79 80 this approach was iterated upon by a second tool known as wanakiwi which was tested to work on windows 7 and server 2008 r2 as well 81 within four days of the initial outbreak new infections had slowed to a trickle due to these responses 82 attribution edit edit source linguistic analysis of the ransom notes suggested the authors were likely fluent in chinese and proficient in english as the versions of the notes in those languages appeared to be human written while the rest seemed to be machine translated 83 84 according to an analysis by the fbi s cyber behavioral analysis center the computer that created the ransomware language files had hangul language fonts installed as indicated by the presence of the fcharset129 rich text format tag 15 metadata in the language files also showed that the computers used to create the ransomware were set to utc 09 00 a time zone used in korea 15 a security researcher 85 86 initially posted a tweet 87 referencing code similarities between wannacry and previous malware the cybersecurity companies 88 kaspersky lab and symantec stated that the code shares some similarities with malware previously used by the lazarus group 89 which has been linked to north korea and is believed to have carried out the cyberattack on sony pictures in 2014 and a bangladesh bank heist in 2016 89 however these similarities could result from either code reuse by another group 90 or an attempt to misattribute responsibility as in a cyber false flag operation 89 a leaked internal nsa memo is also alleged to have linked the creation of the worm to north korea 91 brad smith the president of microsoft stated he believed north korea was behind the wannacry attack 92 and the uk s national cyber security centre reached the same conclusion 93 on 18 december 2017 the united states government formally announced that it considers north korea to be the main culprit behind the wannacry attack 94 president donald trump s homeland security advisor tom bossert wrote an op ed in the wall street journal stating we do not make this allegation lightly it is based on evidence 95 in a press conference the following day bossert stated that the evidence indicated that kim jong un had given the order to launch the malware attack 96 bossert stated that canada new zealand and japan agreed with the united states assessment of the evidence linking the attack to north korea 97 while the united kingdom s foreign and commonwealth office expressed support for the united states assertion 98 north korea denied responsibility for the cyberattack 99 100 on 6 september 2018 the u s department of justice doj announced formal charges against park jin hyok for his alleged involvement in the sony pictures hack of 2014 the doj stated that park was a north korean hacker working as part of a team affiliated with the north korean reconnaissance general bureau the department of justice further claimed this team was also involved in the wannacry attack among other activities 101 102 in february 2021 the doj unsealed charges against park and two other north korean hackers jon chang hyok and kim il for conspiracy to commit wire fraud and bank fraud the indictment alleged that the three were part of the reconnaissance general bureau and that their group was responsible for the 2017 wannacry attacks 103 impact edit edit source map of the countries initially affected 104 the ransomware campaign was unprecedented in scale according to europol 39 which estimates that around 200 000 computers were infected across 150 countries according to kaspersky lab the four most affected countries were russia ukraine india and taiwan 105 one of the largest agencies struck by the attack was the national health service hospitals in england and scotland 106 107 and up to 70 000 devices including computers mri scanners blood storage refrigerators and theatre equipment may have been affected 108 a national audit office investigation found that at least 81 of the 236 nhs trusts in england were affected 109 on 12 may some nhs services had to turn away non critical emergencies and some ambulances were diverted 110 111 in 2016 thousands of computers in 42 separate nhs trusts in england were reported to be still running windows xp 42 in 2018 a report by members of parliament concluded that all 200 nhs hospitals or other organisations checked in the wake of the wannacry attack still failed cybersecurity checks 112 113 nhs hospitals in wales and northern ireland were unaffected by the attack 110 114 nissan motor manufacturing uk in tyne and wear england halted production after the ransomware infected some of their systems renault also stopped production at several sites in an attempt to stop the spread of the ransomware 115 116 spain s telefónica fedex and germany s deutsche bahn were hit along with many other countries and companies worldwide 117 118 119 the attack s impact is said to be relatively low compared to other potential attacks of the same type and could have been much worse had hutchins not discovered that a kill switch had been built in by its creators 120 121 or if it had been specifically targeted on highly critical infrastructure like nuclear power plants dams or railway systems 122 123 according to cyber risk modelling firm cyence economic losses from the cyber attack could reach up to us 4 billion with other groups estimating the losses to be in the hundreds of millions 124 affected organisations edit edit source the following is an alphabetical list of organisations confirmed to have been affected andhra pradesh police india 125 aristotle university of thessaloniki greece 126 127 automobile dacia romania 128 boeing commercial airplanes 129 cambrian college canada 130 chinese public security bureau 131 cj cgv a cinema chain 132 dalian maritime university 133 deutsche bahn 134 dharmais hospital indonesia 135 faculty hospital nitra slovakia 136 fedex 137 garena blade and soul 138 guilin university of aerospace technology 133 guilin university of electronic technology 133 harapan kita hospital indonesia 135 hezhou university 133 hitachi 139 honda 140 instituto nacional de salud colombia 141 lakeridge health canada 142 laks netherlands 143 latam airlines group 144 megafon 145 ministry of internal affairs of the russian federation 146 nhs england 110 114 147 nhs scotland 110 114 nissan motor manufacturing uk 147 o2 germany 148 149 petrobrás 150 petrochina 117 131 portugal telecom 151 pulse fm 152 q park 153 renault 154 russian railways 155 sandvik 135 justice court of são paulo 150 sberbank 156 shandong university 133 state governments of india government of gujarat 157 government of kerala 157 government of maharashtra 158 government of west bengal 157 suzhou vehicle administration 133 sun yat sen university china 135 telefónica spain 159 yettel hungary hungary 160 telkom south africa 161 timrå municipality sweden 162 tsmc taiwan 163 universitas jember indonesia 164 university of milano bicocca italy 165 university of montreal canada 166 vivo brazil 150 reactions edit edit source a number of experts highlighted the nsa s non disclosure of the underlying vulnerability and their loss of control over the eternalblue attack tool that exploited it edward snowden said that if the nsa had privately disclosed the flaw used to attack hospitals when they found it not when they lost it the attack may not have happened 111 british cybersecurity expert graham cluley also sees some culpability on the part of the u s intelligence services according to him and others they could have done something ages ago to get this problem fixed and they didn t do it he also said that despite obvious uses for such tools to spy on people of interest they have a duty to protect their countries citizens 167 others have also commented that this attack shows that the practice of intelligence agencies to stockpile exploits for offensive purposes rather than disclosing them for defensive purposes may be problematic 121 microsoft president and chief legal officer brad smith wrote repeatedly exploits in the hands of governments have leaked into the public domain and caused widespread damage an equivalent scenario with conventional weapons would be the u s military having some of its tomahawk missiles stolen 168 169 170 russian president vladimir putin placed the responsibility of the attack on u s intelligence services for having created eternalblue 156 on 17 may 2017 united states bipartisan lawmakers introduced the patch act 171 that aims to have exploits reviewed by an independent board to balance the need to disclose vulnerabilities with other national security interests while increasing transparency and accountability to maintain public trust in the process 172 on 15 june 2017 the united states congress was to hold a hearing on the attack 173 two subpanels of the house science committee were to hear the testimonies from various individuals working in the government and non governmental sector about how the u s can improve its protection mechanisms for its systems against similar attacks in the future 173 marcus hutchins a cybersecurity researcher working in loose collaboration with uk s national cyber security centre 174 175 researched the malware and discovered a kill switch 57 later globally dispersed security researchers collaborated online to develop open source tools 176 177 that allow for decryption without payment under some circumstances 178 snowden states that when nsa enabled ransomware eats the internet help comes from researchers not spy agencies and asks why this is the case 175 179 180 adam segal director of the digital and cyberspace policy program at the council on foreign relations stated that the patching and updating systems are broken basically in the private sector and in government agencies 121 in addition segal said that governments apparent inability to secure vulnerabilities opens a lot of questions about backdoors and access to encryption that the government argues it needs from the private sector for security 121 arne schönbohm president of germany s federal office for information security bsi stated that the current attacks show how vulnerable our digital society is it s a wake up call for companies to finally take it security seriously 181 united kingdom edit edit source the effects of the attack also had political implications in the united kingdom the impact on the national health service quickly became political with claims that the effects were exacerbated by government underfunding of the nhs in particular the nhs ceased its paid custom support arrangement to continue receiving support for unsupported microsoft software used within the organization including windows xp 182 home secretary amber rudd refused to say whether patient data had been backed up and shadow health secretary jon ashworth accused health secretary jeremy hunt of refusing to act on a critical note from microsoft the national cyber security centre ncsc and the national crime agency that had been received two months previously 183 others argued that hardware and software vendors often fail to account for future security flaws selling systems that due to their technical design and market incentives eventually won t be able to properly receive and apply patches 184 the nhs denied that it was still using xp claiming only 4 7 of devices within the organization ran windows xp 45 185 the...