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ser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikispecies wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia species of ape gorilla gorilla redirects here not to be confused with gorilla gorilla gorilla western gorilla 1 male at the san francisco zoo female with infant at the bronx zoo conservation status critically endangered iucn 3 1 2 cites appendix i 3 scientific classification kingdom animalia phylum chordata class mammalia order primates superfamily hominoidea family hominidae genus gorilla species g gorilla binomial name gorilla gorilla savage 1847 subspecies g g gorilla g g diehli western gorilla range each of the two subspecies is confined to two separate regions western lowland gorilla gorilla gorilla gorilla cross river gorilla gorilla gorilla diehli the western gorilla gorilla gorilla is a great ape found in africa one of two species of the hominine genus gorilla large and robust with males weighing around 168 kilograms 370 lb the species is found in a region of midwest africa geographically isolated from the eastern gorilla gorilla beringei the hair of the western species is significantly lighter in colour the western gorilla is the second largest living primate after the eastern gorilla two subspecies are recognised the western lowland gorilla gorilla gorilla gorilla is found in most of west africa while the cross river gorilla gorilla gorilla diehli is limited to a smaller range in the north at the border of cameroon and nigeria both subspecies are critically endangered taxonomy edit a formal description of the species was provided by thomas savage in 1847 allying the new species to an earlier description of the chimpanzee as troglodytes gorilla in a group of eastern simians he referred to as orangs the author selected the specific epithet for the name given by hanno to wild men he had noted on the east coast of africa presumed by savage to be a species of orang 4 the population is recognised as two subspecies gorilla gorilla subspecies image subspecies population distribution western lowland gorilla gorilla gorilla gorilla 276 000 2 angola cameroon central african republic republic of the congo democratic republic of the congo equatorial guinea and gabon cross river gorilla gorilla gorilla diehli 250 to 300 5 6 cameroon nigeria border region western lowland gorilla nearly all of the individuals of this taxon belong to the western lowland gorilla subspecies whose population is approximately 276 000 individuals just 250 to 300 of the only other western gorilla subspecies the cross river gorilla are thought to remain 5 6 description edit comparison with a 1 75 metre 5 7 ft human right western gorillas are generally lighter coloured than eastern gorillas western gorillas have black dark grey or dark brown grey hair with a brownish forehead males average 1 67 m 5 5 ft although reaching a height up to 1 76 m 5 8 ft with males weighing 145 191 kg 320 421 lb and females weighing 58 72 kg 128 159 lb 7 captive western gorillas average 157 kg 346 lb in males and 80 kg 176 lb in females 8 another source which describes the weight of wild male western lowland gorillas as 146 kg 322 lb 9 the cross river gorilla differs from the western lowland gorilla in both skull and tooth dimensions behaviour and ecology edit western gorillas live in groups that vary in size from two to twenty individuals such groups are composed of at least one male several females and their offspring a dominant male silverback heads the group with younger males usually leaving the group when they reach maturity females transfer to another group before breeding which begins at eight to nine years old they care for their young infants for the first three to four years of their lives the interval between births therefore is long which partly explains the slow population growth rates that make the western gorilla so vulnerable to poaching due to the long gestation time long period of parental care and infant mortality a female gorilla will only give birth to an offspring that survives to maturity every six to eight years western gorillas are long lived and may survive for as long as 40 years in the wild a group s home range may be as large as 30 km 2 12 sq mi but is not actively defended wild western gorillas are known to use tools 10 western gorillas diets are high in fiber including leaves stems ferns fruit piths flowers bark invertebrates and soil 11 the frequency of when each of these are consumed depends on the particular western gorilla group and the season furthermore different groups of western gorillas eat differing numbers and species of plants and invertebrates suggesting they have a food culture fruit comprises most of the western lowland gorillas diets when it is abundant directly influencing their foraging and ranging patterns there is a correlation between the amount of time a western gorilla travels and the season in which fruits are available western gorillas spend more time traveling and feeding during the seasons when fruits are abundant compared to when there is less fruits available 12 fruits of the genera tetrapleura chrysophyllum dialium and landolphia are favoured by the western gorillas low quality herbs such as leaves and woody vegetation are only eaten when fruit is scarce in the dry season from january to march when fleshy fruits are few and far between more fibrous vegetation such as the leaves and bark of the low quality herbs palisota and aframomum are consumed of the invertebrates consumed by the western gorillas termites and ants make up the majority caterpillars grubs and larvae are also consumed in rarity some ethnographic and pharmacological studies have suggested a possible medicinal value in particular foods consumed by the western gorilla the fruit and seeds of multiple cola species are consumed given the low protein content the main reason for their consumption may be the stimulating effect of the caffeine in them western gorillas inhabiting gabon have been observed consuming the fruit stems and roots of tabernanthe iboga which due to the compound ibogaine in it acts on the central nervous system producing hallucinogenic effects it also has effects comparable to caffeine 13 there is also evidence for medicinal value for the seed pods of aframomum melegueta in western gorillas diets which seem to have some sort of cardiovascular health benefit for western lowland gorillas and are a known part of the natural diets for many wild populations 14 a study published in 2007 announced the discovery of this species fighting back against possible threats from humans 15 they found several instances of gorillas throwing sticks and clumps of grass 16 this is unusual because western gorillas usually flee and rarely charge when they encounter humans one mirror test in gabon shows that western gorilla silverbacks react aggressively when faced with a mirror although refusing to look fully at their reflection 17 conservation status edit the world conservation union lists the western gorilla as critically endangered the most severe denomination next to global extinction on its 2007 red list of threatened species the ebola virus might be depleting western gorilla populations to a point where their recovery might become impossible and the virus reduced populations in protected areas by 33 from 1992 to 2007 which may be equal to a decline of 45 for a period of just 20 years spanning 1992 to 2011 2 18 poaching commercial logging and civil wars in the countries that compose the western gorillas habitat are also threats 18 furthermore reproductive rates are very low with a maximum intrinsic rate of increase of about 3 and the high levels of decline from hunting and disease induced mortality have caused declines in population of more than 60 over the last 20 to 25 years rather under the optimistic estimate scenarios population recovery would require almost 75 years yet within the next thirty years habitat loss and degradation from agriculture timber extraction mining and climate change will become increasingly larger threats thus a population reduction of more than 80 over three generations i e 66 years from 1980 to 2046 seems likely citation needed in the 1980s a census taken of the gorilla populations in equatorial africa was thought to be 100 000 researchers adjusted the figure in 2008 after years of poaching and deforestation had reduced the population by half to approximately 50 000 19 surveys conducted by the wildlife conservation society in 2006 and 2007 found around 125 000 previously unreported gorillas have been living in the swamp forests of lake tele community reserve and in neighbouring marantaceae dryland forests in the republic of the congo this discovery could more than double the known population of the animals though the effect that the discovery will have on the gorillas conservation status is currently unknown 19 20 with the new discovery the current population of western lowland gorillas could be around 150 000 200 000 however the gorilla remains vulnerable to ebola deforestation and poaching 19 estimates on the number of cross river gorillas remaining is 250 300 in the wild concentrated in approximately 9 11 locations 5 recent genetic research 21 and field surveys suggest that there is occasional migration of individual gorillas between locations the nearest population of western lowland gorilla is some 250 km 160 mi away both loss of habitat and intense hunting for bushmeat have contributed to the decline of this subspecies in 2007 a conservation plan for the cross river gorilla was published outlining the most important actions necessary to preserve this subspecies 22 the government of cameroon has created the takamanda national park on the border with nigeria as an attempt to protect these gorillas 23 the park now forms part of an important trans boundary protected area with nigeria s cross river national park safeguarding an estimated 115 gorillas a third of the cross river gorilla population along with other rare species 24 the hope is that these gorillas will be able to move between the takamanda reserve in cameroon over the border to nigeria s cross river national park individuals edit the names of individuals of the species include citation needed bokito colo harambe jambo koko pattycake snowflake timmy willie b references edit groves c p 2005 wilson d e reeder d m eds mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference 3rd ed baltimore johns hopkins university press pp 181 182 isbn 0 801 88221 4 oclc 62265494 1 2 3 maisels f bergl r a williamson e a 2018 amended version of 2016 assessment gorilla gorilla iucn red list of threatened species 2018 e t9404a136250858 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2018 2 rlts t9404a136250858 en appendices cites cites org retrieved 14 january 2022 savage t s wyman j 1847 august 18 1847 notice of the external characters and habits of troglodytes gorilla a new species of orang from the gaboon river osteology of the same boston journal of natural history 5 4 417 443 1 2 3 bergl r a dunn a fowler a imong i ndeloh d nicholas a oates j f 2016 errata version of 2016 assessment gorilla gorilla ssp diehli iucn red list of threatened species 2016 e t39998a102326240 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2016 2 rlts t39998a17989492 en retrieved 15 december 2025 1 2 animal info gorilla animalinfo org retrieved 12 september 2007 kingdon jonathan 2013 mammals of africa volume ii bloomsbury publishing p 45 isbn 978 1 4081 2257 0 leigh s r shea b t 1995 ontogeny and the evolution of adult body size dimorphism in apes american journal of primatology 36 1 37 60 bibcode 1995amjpr 36 37l doi 10 1002 ajp 1350360104 pmid 31924084 s2cid 85136825 taylor andrea b goldsmith michele l eds 2002 gorilla biology a multidisciplinary perspective cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology vol 34 cambridge university press isbn 1 139 43557 4 retrieved 23 october 2022 breuer t ndoundou hockemba m fishlock v 2005 first observation of tool use in wild gorillas plos biology 3 11 e380 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0030380 pmc 1236726 pmid 16187795 gorilla gorilla western gorilla animal diversity web masi shelly cipolletta chloé robbins martha m february 2009 western lowland gorillas gorilla gorilla gorilla change their activity patterns in response to frugivory american journal of primatology 71 2 91 100 bibcode 2009amjpr 71 91m doi 10 1002 ajp 20629 pmid 19021124 s2cid 4507112 caldecott j miles l eds 2005 world atlas of great apes and their conservation prepared at the world conservation monitoring center berkeley usa university of california press archived from the original on 22 march 2014 gorilla diet protects heart grains of paradise asknature org 20 february 2012 retrieved 18 april 2012 wittiger l sunderland groves j l 2007 tool use during display behaviour in wild cross river gorillas american journal of primatology 69 11 1307 11 doi 10 1002 ajp 20436 pmid 17410549 s2cid 19084217 world s most endangered gorilla fights back science daily 11 december 2007 hubert brierre xavier 2015 silverback always shows aggressiveness towards mirrors le dos argenté agresse toujours son reflet youtube 1 2 planet of no apes experts warn it s close cbs news online 12 september 2007 retrieved 22 march 2008 1 2 3 more than 100 000 rare gorillas found in floral park cnn 5 august 2008 retrieved 5 august 2008 thousands of rare gorillas found in congo cbsnews com 5 august 2008 retrieved 3 july 2009 bergl r a vigilant l 2007 genetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the cross river gorilla gorilla gorilla diehli molecular ecology 16 3 501 16 bibcode 2007molec 16 501b doi 10 1111 j 1365 294x 2006 03159 x pmid 17257109 s2cid 4150462 oates j sunderland groves j bergl r dunn a nicholas a takang e omeni f imong i fotso r nkembi l and williamson e a 2007 regional action plan for the conservation of the cross river gorilla gorilla gorilla diehli pdf arlington va u s iucn ssc primate specialist group and conservation international black richard 28 november 2008 protection boost for rare gorilla bbc news new national park protects world s rarest gorilla newswise 26 november 2008 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to gorilla gorilla category western gorilla silverbackgorillatours com v t e extant species of family hominidae great apes kingdom animalia phylum chordata class mammalia order primates suborder haplorhini hominidae ponginae pongo orangutans sumatran orangutan p abelii bornean orangutan p pygmaeus tapanuli orangutan p tapanuliensis homininae gorilla gorillas eastern gorilla g beringei western gorilla g gorilla hominini pan bonobo p paniscus chimpanzee p troglodytes homo humans human h sapiens category v t e apes extant great ape species homo human pan bonobo chimpanzee gorilla eastern gorilla western gorilla orangutan sumatran orangutan bornean orangutan tapanuli orangutan exta...