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ernal links toggle the table of contents white sea 109 languages afrikaans ænglisc العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса basa bali bikol central беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা brezhoneg bosanski català нохчийн cebuano čeština чӑвашла cymraeg dansk deutsch dolnoserbski ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français nordfriisk frysk galego gaelg עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski hornjoserbsce magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ilokano ido íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული қазақша 한국어 къарачай малкъар коми кыргызча latina limburgs lietuvių latviešu македонски മലയാളം монгол मराठी bahasa melayu malti مازِرونی plattdüütsch nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan livvinkarjala ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski پنجابی português română русский саха тыла سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe татарча tatarça українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vepsän kel tiếng việt west vlams winaray 吴语 მარგალური 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 65 30 n 37 30 e 65 500 n 37 500 e 65 500 37 500 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia southern inlet of the barents sea in northwest russia this article is about the inlet of the barents sea for other uses see white sea disambiguation you can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in russian august 2019 click show for important translation instructions machine translation like deepl or google translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must follow the llm translation guideline revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the english wikipedia do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality if possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article you must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation a model attribution edit summary is content in this edit is translated from the existing russian wikipedia article at ru белое море see its history for attribution you may also add the template translated ru белое море to the talk page for more guidance see wikipedia translation white sea white sea location within arctic location eastern europe coordinates 65 30 n 37 30 e 65 500 n 37 500 e 65 500 37 500 type sea basin countries russia surface area 90 000 km 2 34 700 sq mi average depth 60 m 197 ft max depth 340 m 1 115 ft references 1 2 the white sea a is a southern inlet of the barents sea located on the northwest coast of russia it is surrounded by karelia to the west the kola peninsula to the north and the kanin peninsula to the northeast the whole of the white sea is under russian sovereignty and considered to be part of the internal waters of russia 3 administratively it is divided between the arkhangelsk and murmansk oblasts and the republic of karelia the major port of arkhangelsk is located on the white sea for much of russia s history this was russia s main centre of international maritime trade conducted by the pomors seaside settlers from kholmogory in the modern era it became an important soviet naval and submarine base the white sea baltic canal connects the white sea with the baltic sea the white sea is one of the four seas named not only in english after common colour terms the others being the black red and yellow seas geography edit see also white sea rift system extent edit the international hydrographic organization defines the northern limit of the white sea as a line joining svyatoy nos murmansk coast 39 47 e and cape kanin 4 topography edit summer day on a beach near severodvinsk on the southeastern shore of the sea kandalaksha gulf shore of onega bay on kiy island there are four main bays or gulfs on the white sea these bays connect with the funnel shaped opening to the barents sea via a narrow strait called gorlo russian горло meaning throat kandalaksha gulf lies in the western part of the white sea it is the deepest part of the sea reaching 340 metres 1 115 feet on the south onega bay receives the onega river to the southeast the dvina bay receives the northern dvina at the major port of arkhangelsk on the east side of the gorlo opposite to the kola peninsula is mezen bay it receives the mezen river and the kuloy river other major rivers flowing into the sea are the vyg niva umba varzuga and ponoy 1 2 the seabed of the central part and dvina bay is covered in silt and sand whereas the bottom of the northern part the kandalaksha gulf and onega bay is a mixture of sand and stones ice age deposits often emerge near the sea shores northwestern coasts are tall and rocky but the slope is much weaker at the southeastern side 1 the white sea contains a large number of islands but most of them are small the main island group is the solovetsky islands located almost in the middle of the sea near the entrance to onega bay kiy island in onega bay is significant due to a historic monastery velikiy island located close to the shore is the largest island in the kandalaksha gulf 2 hydrography and bathymetry edit the white sea is a water filled depression in the block of a continental shelf known as the baltic shield its bottom is very uneven and contains the kandalaksha hollow in the northwest and the solovetsky islands in the south also the onega bay has many small underwater elevations the opening and the gorlo of the sea are rather shallow with depths about 50 metres or less there is an underwater ridge in the northern part of the gorlo resulting in maximum depths of 40 metres in that part this hinders water exchange between the white and barents seas 2 3 the exchange is assisted by the tides which are semidiurnal rising twice a day with the amplitude increasing from 1 metre on the south to 10 metres in mezen bay currents are rather weak in the open seas with the speed below 1 km h but they significantly strengthen in the bays 1 the tidal waves are much faster than the regular currents and reach the speeds of 9 km h in mezen bay 3 6 km h in onega bay and 1 3 km h in the kandalaksha gulf 3 rivers bring annually about 215 km 3 of fresh water on average mostly to the onega mezen and dvina bays the northern dvina alone may contribute up to 171 km 3 in some years with the mezen onega kem and vyg rivers adding up to 38 5 27 0 12 5 and 11 5 km 3 respectively about 40 of this volume is brought during the snow melting in may and the inflow is minimal in february march this inflow raises and lowers the sea level that promotes the water exchange with the barents sea as a result annually about 2 000 km 3 and 2 200 km 3 flow in and out of the white sea respectively the inflow of fresh water in spring decreases the surface salinity in the top 5 10 metre layer to 23 parts per thousand in the eastern and 26 27 in the western parts of the sea reaching 10 12 in dvina bay it also increases the content of silicon and silicates in water which is a characteristic feature of the white sea 3 storms are the strongest in october november shallow sea depths reduce the wave height to the average of 1 metre sometimes reaching 3 5 metres the sea is quiet in july august 3 climate edit two satellite photos of the white sea taken on 23 april 2000 top and 3 may 2001 bottom the climate varies between polar and subarctic with frequent fogs and clouds winds are predominantly southwestern in winter with speeds of 4 8 m s they bring cold air from the south establishing the temperature of about 15 c february over most of the sea the northern part is warmer at about 9 c sometimes reaching 6 c due to the warm air masses from the atlantic arctic anticyclones however change winds to the northeastern ones bringing much colder weather with temperatures of about 25 c summers are cold cloudy and relatively humid with northeastern winds and frequent rains average july temperatures are 8 10 c occasional southeastern winds bring warm air from europe raising the temperature to 17 19 c and sometimes even to 30 c annual precipitations increase from 282 mm in the north 529 in the south 1 3 in winter from october november to april may the sea freezes with the average january water temperatures of 1 9 c in the north between 1 3 and 1 7 с in the centre and between 0 5 and 0 7 с in the bays these variations are due to the distribution of water salinity across the sea which increases from 24 to 26 in the centre to 30 5 in the gorlo reaching 34 0 34 5 toward the barents sea the freezing period varies from year to year as shown in the satellite image to the right 1 the ice is not stationary but 90 of it is floating and is continuously removed to the barents sea ice thickness is usually about 40 cm but may reach 150 cm in cold winters 3 in summer surface water warms up to 15 с in the central part but remains relatively cold in the north at 7 8 с due to the water exchange between the surface and the cold bottom part which is enhanced by the shallow depths in the northern parts deep sea about 100 m or more is characterised by stable temperature 1 4 с and salinity 30 1 3 the depth distribution of water temperature is very inhomogeneous across the sea for example at the exit from dvina bay water temperature drops to 0 c at the depth of only 12 15 m but the same temperature is reached at 65 m at the exit from the kandalaksha gulf 3 history edit a map of the white sea 1635 solovetsky monastery residents of novgorod knew of the white sea from at least the 11th century and rapidly explored its commercial significance for navigation and its coastal forests rich in fur animals one of the earliest settlements near the sea shores grew up in the late 14th century at kholmogory on the northern dvina from there in 1492 a merchant fleet laden with grain and carrying ambassadors of ivan iii of russia sailed to denmark marking the establishment of the first international seaport in russia 5 the first foreign ship to arrive in kholmogory was the english edward bonaventure commanded by richard chancellor in 1553 6 together with two other ships under the command of hugh willoughby his crew had sought a northern route to the indies especially india and china the expedition sponsored by king edward vi of england and a group of about 240 english merchants had london s authorisation to establish trade connections the ships of willoughby were separated and the other two were lost at sea but edward bonaventure managed to pass the white sea and reach kholmogory from where chancellor was escorted to moscow to meet the russian tsar ivan iv returning from russia in 1554 chancellor brought back a detailed description of moscow and the russian north which were largely unknown to europe as well as a letter from the tsar expressing desire to establish trade relations with england in 1555 queen mary issued a charter authorising the muscovy company to trade with russia via the white sea route 7 8 dutch ships soon followed the english and the port of kholmogory became busy with shipments of fur and fish local and foreign shops and factories were established in the city at that time the port was reinforced with a fortress which sustained a siege by the polish lithuanian army in 1613 increasing traffic overloaded the port which relied on shallow river waters and had limited ship capacity however instead of expanding the old port ivan iv established a new one down river in 1584 called new kholmogory which from 1596 began to become known as arkhangelsk 5 9 between the 15th and early 18th centuries the white sea served as the major trade route in and out of russia this role decreased later after the foundation of saint petersburg 1703 which opened a more direct ice free connection between russia and the bulk of western europe via the baltic sea from the 1920s most northern russian sea shipments diverted from the white sea to the new port of murmansk officially founded in 1916 where the waters did not freeze in winter 1 legislative status edit the entire water area of the white sea is the territorial waters of the russian federation any movement of foreign vessels on the white sea is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the russian federation 10 fauna and economy edit see also kandalaksha nature reserve the sea hosts more than 700 species of invertebrates about 60 species of fish and five species of marine mammals including the friendly beluga and the white whale several other dolphin species such as harbour porpoises appear less frequently while larger whales such as bowhead humpback 11 and rorquals northern bottlenose orcas have been considered as rare visitors to the waters 12 while actual frequency of occurrences within white sea basin is not specified 13 the fishing industry is relatively small mostly targeting harp seal ringed seal herring saffron cod european smelt atlantic cod and atlantic salmon there is a developing seaweed industry 1 2 3 the white sea is an important traffic centre of northwestern russia interconnecting various economic regions and providing an outlet to the foreign routes the white sea baltic canal links it through lake onega to the baltic sea and the major city and port of saint petersburg the baltic sea in turn is connected by the volga baltic waterway to the volga river black caspian and azov seas the major ports on the white sea are arkhangelsk belomorsk onega mezen kem kandalaksha and umba despite being frozen in winter the sea remains navigable all year around because of deployment of icebreakers 2 notes edit russian белое море romanized beloye more karelian and finnish vienanmeri lit dvina sea nenets сэрако ямʼ romanized serako yam references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 white sea archived 9 march 2012 at the wayback machine great soviet encyclopedia in russian 1 2 3 4 5 6 white sea archived 30 april 2015 at the wayback machine encyclopædia britannica on line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a d dobrovolskyi and b s zalogin seas of ussr white sea archived 3 march 2016 at the wayback machine moscow university 1982 in russian limits of oceans and seas 3rd edition pdf international hydrographic organization 1953 archived pdf from the original on 8 october 2011 retrieved 28 december 2020 1 2 kholmogory web portal archived 23 june 2010 at the wayback machine in russian compare march g patrick 1996 3 ivan iv and the muscovite drang nach osten eastern destiny russia in asia and the north pacific westport connecticut praeger publishers p 26 isbn 9780275956486 ret...