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parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia language in yap micronesia woleaian native to federated states of micronesia region woleai native speakers 1 600 cited 1987 census 1 language family austronesian malayo polynesian oceanic micronesian nuclear micronesian chuukic ulithian woleaian woleaian writing system latin formerly woleaian syllabary official status official language in federated states of micronesia language codes iso 639 3 woe glottolog wole1240 elp woleaian woleaian is classified as severely endangered by the unesco atlas of the world s languages in danger this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa woleaian is the main language of the island of woleai and surrounding smaller islands in the state of yap of the federated states of micronesia woleaian is a chuukic language within that family its closest relative is satawalese with which it is largely mutually intelligible woleaian is spoken by approximately 1700 people 2 woleai has a writing system of its own a syllabary based on the latin alphabet introduction edit history edit most woleaian speakers or woleaians as they are more commonly known as are mostly found in the federated states of micronesia and the central and eastern caroline islands more specifically most of the speakers are found in yap state in micronesia where woleaian is considered an official language most woleaian speakers are classified as pacific islanders and micronesian people in country profile the island of yap is broken up into two parts yap proper which is made up of gagil tomil fanif weloy and rull and the yap outer islands which is made up of ulithi faris sorol ngulu woleai eauripik ifalik faraulap elato lamotrek and satawal aside from woleaian many speakers in yap and other nearby places speak other languages like yapese satawalese ulithian english chuukese kosraean pingelapese pohnpeian mwoakilloan and some asian and polynesian languages 3 the woleaian language and culture is very important to the woleaian people as well as their history the woleaian history is passed down from generation to generation by storytelling by doing so this helps to keep their language alive as well as passing down their history they also pass down their music which is important to them an important part of their culture is their clothing their clothing is so important to them that they have strict rules against wearing any type of western clothing they also enjoy using canoes to get around instead of motorboats and simple things like beautiful beaches and going fishing they also enjoy working and spending time with their family and friends 4 population edit in 1987 a yap census was taken and reported that there were about 1 630 people speaking the language 13 years later when the census was taken in 2000 there was an increase of speakers and about 5 000 people were speaking or knew the language of these 5 000 speakers about 4 500 of them spoke woleaian as their first language and 500 of them as their second language 3 classification edit woleaian is classified as an austronesian malayo polynesian central eastern malayo polynesian eastern malayo polynesian oceanic central eastern oceanic remote oceanic micronesian micronesian proper chuukic pohnpeic chuukic language woleaian phonology edit woleaian has geminate long consonants and vowels in the orthography of sohn 1975 5 along with a few approximations in the ipa the inventory is consonants labial alveolar retroflex palatal velar plain labialized plosive plain p p t t tʃ ch geminate pː pp pːʷ bb tː tt kː k fricative plain f f ɸʷ b s s ʂ sh x g geminate fː ff sː ss nasal plain m m mʷ mw n n ŋ ng geminate mː mm mːʷ mmw nː nn rhotic ɾ l ɻ r semivowel w w j y note that both sh and r become ch when long and that l becomes nn vowels front central back high i i iː ī ʉ iu ʉː īū u u uː ū mid e e eː ē ɵː eo o o oː ō low a a aː ā ɔː oa vowels occur long and short except for eo and oa which are only found long all simple vowels except a can occur as voiceless vowels in word final position all simple vowels can also occur as word final voiced vowels though these voiceless vowels are generally not spelled out by native speakers they represent an important change in pronunciation between words which are otherwise spelled the same for example besh beshi̥ hot besh beshe̥ lime yalius yaliusi̥u̥ ghost yalius yaliuse̥ beard lamw lamwu̥ mosquito lamw lamwo̥ lagoon syllable structure edit in the woleaian language words can have anywhere from one to three consonants in a row words may either have cv ccv cccv or vv syllable structures and words can end in consonants 5 grammar edit word formation edit inflectional patterns edit there are four inflectional paradigms in woleaian possessive objective progressive and plural possessive edit these suffixes attached to nouns convey the person and number of a possessor there are seven regular possessive suffixes and one defective possessive suffix regular 5 105 singular plural 1st excl i my mam our excl incl sh our incl 2nd mw your mi your pl 3rd l his her its r their the defective suffix is always followed by a noun unlike regular possessive suffixes it is equivalent to his genitive defective suffix meaning person number l of 3rd singular or plural examples metal his eyes metal john eyes of john metaar their eyes metal john me mary eyes of john and mary object edit these suffixes occur with all transitive verbs and show person number and animateness of the object of that verb 5 107 singular plural 1st excl yai yei wai wei me gemam us excl incl gish us incl 2nd g you gami you pl 3rd animate ɸ y w him her it r them inanimate n them progressive edit progressive action is shown in woleaian through reduplication of initial parts of verbs for example mil to stay becomes mimmil to be staying plural edit plurality of nouns is generally left up to context but the plural marker ka is added when nouns are accompanied by a demonstrative pronoun basic word order edit woleaian has many different sentences types and the type of sentence determines the word order the first types of sentences are major and minor sentences major sentences are expressions that contain a subject and a predicate 5 within a major sentence it can be broken up into two types simple and complex sentences simple major sentences have a subject associated with a predicate in a simple major sentence the subject and predicates are interchangeable so sometimes the subject comes first and sometimes the predicate comes first simple major sentences can then be broken up into either equational or predicative in an equational sentence the subject always follows the predicate whether a question or statement in predicative sentences a subject or noun phrase usually follows a predicate two or more simple sentences together within one sentence produces a complex major sentence complex major sentences can either be coordinative or subordinative minor sentences are without a subject a predicate or both but still express a complete thought 5 just as major sentence can be divided into two types so can minor sentences some refer back to the context and complete it completive and some that appear independently exclamatory 5 the problem with equational and predicative statement and question sentences in woleaian is that you cannot differentiate between the question and statement based on how the words are arranged an example of this equational sentence iiy semal sar skuul which can translate to he is a student or is he a student predicative sentence go weri saw we which can translate to you saw the child or did you see the child 5 reduplication edit many words in woleaian especially verbs use reduplication 6 they use both whole stem and partial reduplications as initial or medial consonant doubling and initial or final reduplication 5 an example of this is the word fiyefiy which means to squeeze and comes from the word fiya which means squeeze it some nouns also use reduplication like ugoug or gallbladder which reduplicates the word ug for net reduplication in woleaian can be found in adjectives like the word yangoyang meaning to be yellow yellowish of ginger color which comes from the word yang which means ginger 7 another type of reduplication in woleaian is reduplication prefixation which is when a neutral verb has both reduplication and the causative prefix 5 an example of this is the woleaian word gareparep which means to get close this word comes from the words garepa meaning approach to it and rep meaning to be near 5 vocabulary edit indigenous vocabulary edit file file means to stir fitiye tiye means to marry maŋi meŋi means to remember masowe sowe means to be strong lewe lewe means to lick perase rase means to scatter gofeti feti means to chip off gare gare means to broil mmwutu means to vomit cago means to hug loanwords edit many loanwords in woleaian come from spanish japanese and english words from spanish 5 baarekow from barco ship filooras from flores flower karebau from carabao carabao in spanish cow in woleaian words from japanese 7 geitei comes from the japanese word heitai soldier koori comes from the japanese word koori ice koomaru comes from the japanese word komaru to be in trouble meeteto comes from the japanese word omedetou congratulations happy holidays in japanese new year in woleaian taiko comes from the japanese word taiko drum words from english 7 felaaki means flag feraipaang means fry pan iinch means inch kolook means clock mariiken means america baibai means papaya endangerment edit materials edit there are many resources on the woleaian language including books websites research papers and even youtube videos two books in particular are helpful in learning about the woleaian language the woleaian reference grammar book by ho min sohn and a woleaian english dictionary by ho min sohn and anthony tawerilmang these two books contain much information about the woleaian language such as the sentence structures types of reduplication vocabulary etc many websites contain useful information the 2000 yap census also provides information about the language and speakers a few research papers are helpful as well one by tsz him tsui from the university of hawaii at manoa describes the woleaian vocabulary and phonemes a paper by robert kennedy from the university of arizona is about woleaian reduplication 6 lastly a youtube channel provides woleaian videos some of the videos are of church services cultural dances similar to the hula and woleaian people singing woleaian songs vitality edit woleaian under the expanded graded intergenerational disruption scale egids which determines the status of a language is level five a developing language this means that it is in vigorous use with literature in a standardized form being used by some people though it is not yet widespread or sustainable 8 from the rapid growth of woleaian in 1987 to 2000 it is pretty safe to say that woleaian is being transmitted and taught to young children there is intergenerational transmission involved in woleaian because of its language status on the egids it is described as a developing language in vigorous use which means that the woleaian speakers must pass it down from generation to generation references edit woleaian at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required woleaian language 1 2 yap census report 2002 sfn error no target citerefyap_census_report2002 help spark team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 sohn 1975 1 2 kennedy 2002 1 2 3 sohn tawerilmang 1976 lewis simons fennig 2013 sfn error no target citereflewissimonsfennig2013 help bibliography edit sohn ho min 1975 woleaian reference grammar university of hawaii press isbn 0 8248 0356 6 sohn ho min tawerilmang anthony f 1975 woleaian reference grammar pdf open access ed honolulu university press of hawaii isbn 9780824882259 retrieved 17 august 2021 kennedy robert 2002 stress and allomorphy in woleaian reduplication pdf sohn ho min tawerilmang anthony f 1976 woleaian english dictionary honolulu the university press of hawaii tsui tsz him japanese loanwords in woleaian pdf honolulu university of hawaii spark team teaching guide the woleai people pdf archived from the original pdf on july 13 2014 external links edit dryer matthew s haspelmath martin eds 2013 woleaian world atlas of language structures online max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology v t e languages of the federated states of micronesia official language english regional languages chuukese kosraean pohnpeian yapese indigenous languages kapingamarangi mokilese mortlockese namonuito ngatikese nukuoro nguluwan pááfang pingelapese puluwatese satawalese ulithian woleaian creoles pidgins micronesian pidgin english ngatikese creole v t e micronesian languages banaban banaban nauruan nauruan nuclear micronesian kosraean gilbertese marshallese chuukic pohnpeic chuukic sonsorol tobian chuukese woleaian ulithian puluwatese namonuito tanapag carolinian satawalese mortlockese pááfang mapia pohnpeic mokilese pingelapese pohnpeian ngatikese indicates proposed status indicates classification dispute indicates extinct status v t e eastern malayo polynesian languages shwng tandia mor waropen warembori yoke halmahera sea ambel biga ambel biga maya matbat ma ya matbat maden maden fiawat as as south halmahera gane taba buli maba patani sawai gebe cenderawasih biakic biak dusner meoswar roon yapen ambai ansus marau wandamen woi munggui papuma pom serui laut kurudu wabo southwest yaur yerisiam umar oceanic admiralty yapese eastern manus baluan pam lenkau lou nauna penchal western northern kaniet southern kaniet seimat wuvulu aua saint matthias mussau emira tenis temotu utupua amba asumbuo tanimbili vanikoro teanu lovono tanema reefs santa cruz äiwoo engdewu nanggu natügu santa cruz nalögo noipx southeast solomonic gela guadalcanal bughotu gela lengo birao ghari malango talise malaita san cristobal longgu saʼa arosi fagani bauro kahua owa marau wawa toʼabaita baelelea baeggu fataleka lau kwaraqae wala gulaʼalaa kwaio doriʼo ꞌareꞌare oroha western oceanic meso melanesian kimbe bola bulu meramera nakanai bali vitu new ireland northwest solomonic tungag nalik kara laxudumau nalik tiang tigak tungag tabar lihir madara notsi madak barok lavatbura lamusong madak st george bilur fanamaket kandas konomala label lungalunga niwer mil patpatar ramoaaina siar sursurunga tolai warwar feni northwest solomonic hahon hakö halia nehan papapana petats saposa solos teop tinputz bannoni piva lawunuia mono alu torau uruava babatana ririo varisi vaghua ghanongga hoava kusaghe lungga marovo nduke roviana simbo ughele vangunu blablanga cheke holo gao kokota laghu zabana zazao tomoip north new guinea sarmi 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