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y acquired the higher education that led to better compensated longer term careers rather than lower skilled shorter term jobs mothers are less likely to be employed unlike men and women without children 3 the increasing rates of women contributing in the work force has led to a more equal disbursement of hours worked across the regions of the world 4 failed verification however in western european countries the nature of women s employment participation remains markedly different from that of men female labor force participation for persons aged 15 percent 2022 in select countries 5 according to the united nations data the female labor force participation rate for persons aged 15 and older was 53 percent in 2022 the highest was in the oceania region excluding tuvalu at approximately 65 percent while the lowest was in central and southern asia at 40 percent among individual countries iran had the lowest rate at 14 percent whereas nigeria had the highest at 77 percent an increase of nearly 20 percentage points since 2019 see the graphical representation female labor force participation for persons aged 15 in select countries 5 comparison of the proportion of women in senior and middle management positions by region in 2010 vs 2020 6 worldwide the proportion of women in senior and middle management positions has minimally increased between 2010 and 2020 staying around 34 percent on average developing countries as well as emerging market economies experienced a greater increase than developed countries see the graphical representation comparison of the proportion of women in senior and middle management positions by region in 2010 vs 2020 6 increasing women s equality in banking and the workplace might boost the global economy by up to 28 trillion by 2025 7 8 9 areas of study edit the examples and perspectives in this section deal primarily with western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject you may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate june 2020 learn how and when to remove this message part of a series on women in society society women s history legal rights woman animal advocacy business female entrepreneurs gender representation on corporate boards of directors combat diversity politics diversity equity and inclusion economic development explorers and travelers education feminism womyn government conservatives in the us heads of state or government legislators queen regnant list health journalism law law enforcement military mother nobel prize laureates piracy positions of power reproductive rights sex segregation feminist in islam vegetarianism and veganism advocacy venture capital violence and abuse voting rights workforce exchange of women science technology computing engineering geology medicine dentistry in the united states organizations science science technology engineering and mathematics space telegraphy arts humanities architecture art art history field women s cinema dance film chick flicks fine arts literature science fiction philosophy feminist philosophy photographers music jazz punk rock in shakespeare s works religion theological figures baháʼí faith bible buddhism christianity catholicism mormonism opus dei hinduism islam imams mahr segregation women s testimony judaism sikhism taoism zoroastrianism popular culture comics portrayal in american comics film industry graffiti music fictional pirates speculative fiction video games gender representation in video games women in the video game industry sports auto racing baseball basketball boxing cricket curling cycling fastpitch softball football soccer golf gymnastics ice hockey lacrosse mixed martial arts netball paralympic games rodeo roller derby rowing surfing swimming tennis track and field volleyball winter sports see also list of sports by country afghanistan albania algeria andorra angola argentina armenia australia azerbaijan bahrain bangladesh belgium benin bhutan bolivia bosnia brazil brunei bulgaria cambodia chad chile china colombia comoros croatia cuba cyprus north denmark dr congo dominican republic ecuador egypt el salvador estonia ethiopia fs micronesia fiji finland france french guiana georgia germany ghana greece guatemala guyana haiti honduras iceland italy india indonesia iran iraq israel ivory coast japan jordan kazakhstan kenya kiribati kuwait kyrgyzstan laos lebanon libya madagascar malaysia maldives mali marshall islands mauritania mauritius mexico mongolia morocco myanmar nepal new zealand niger nigeria north korea oman pakistan palau palestine panama paraguay peru philippines poland portugal puerto rico qatar russia saudi arabia senegal seychelles sierra leone singapore spain somalia south africa south korea south sudan sudan suriname sri lanka sweden syria taiwan tajikistan thailand timor leste tonga tunisia turkey turkmenistan tuvalu trinidad and tobago uganda ukraine united arab emirates united kingdom united states uruguay uzbekistan vanuatu vatican city venezuela vietnam yemen v t e as the civil war raged in the u s virginia penny of louisville kentucky finished her research project and published the ground breaking 1862 book how women can make money married or single in all branches of the arts and sciences professions trades agricultural and mechanical pursuits 10 hoping to offer hard facts about what women in the workforce would encounter penny had interviewed thousands of employers using both a survey via the postal mail and in person when she would also interview workers many of her site visits were in philadelphia new york and boston she distilled her research to list over 500 jobs that were open to women as well as the information about the jobs and potential availability for women she also indicated when employers offered their reasons for wage differentials based on gender she dedicated her book to worthy and industrious women in the united states striving to earn a livelihood and the book garnered much attention from reviewers and scholars across the country she sold her rights to the book to another publisher who put it out as an encyclopedia the employments of women a cyclopaedia of woman s work 11 in 1863 it sold better once it was re titled again in 1870 as how women can make money married or single 12 in its several different versions 36 editions were published between 1862 and 2006 and six editions of the adaptation in german first published in 1867 13 in the twentieth century division of labor by gender has been studied most systematically in women s studies especially women s history which has frequently examined the history and biography of women s participation in particular fields and gender studies more broadly occupational studies such as the history of medicine or studies of professionalization also examine questions of gender and the roles of women in the history of particular fields women dominate as accountants auditors and psychologists 14 15 16 in addition modern civil rights law has frequently examined gender restrictions of access to a field of occupation gender discrimination within a field and gender harassment in particular workplaces this body of law is called employment discrimination law and gender and race discrimination are the largest sub sections within the area laws specifically aimed at preventing discrimination against women have been passed in many countries see e g the pregnancy discrimination act in the united states women and economic development edit women in informal employment as share of female employment in 2017 17 global research clearly delineates the correlation between women s role in the economy and an increase in the standard of living in the 2001 world bank report entitled engendering development the connection between women s involvement in the economy and growth is more clearly stated 18 while disparities in basic rights in schooling credit and jobs or in the ability to participate in public life take their most direct toll on women and girls the full costs of gender inequality ultimately harm everyone ignoring gender disparities comes at a great cost to people s well being and to countries abilities to grow sustainably to govern effectively and thus reduce poverty society s intrinsic value is often associated with contribution and production as a whole thus women s inability to participate in economy further solidifies a subordinate role in society the fact that women have fewer opportunities in labor market may contribute to their unequal treatment in the household increased opportunities for women in the labor market do indeed translate into better outcomes for women for the same increase in total household income an increase in female income of 7 u s dollars per month translates into a 1 percentage point increase in the survival rate for girls 19 women are treated as less than men because their role in the home does not perpetuate survival of the family directly in terms of income a stark realization of women s economic value in the eyes of under developed countries is sex selective abortion rights and the alarming phenomenon of missing women 19 what many societies fail to realize is that the trade off to helping a woman instead of a man does not exist when a woman is empowered with education and involvement in the economy everyone is better off women s economic involvement will drive up gross domestic product gdp which is a foundational standard for higher living james wolfensohn of the world bank states education for girls has a catalytic effect on every dimension of development lower child and maternal mortality rates increased educational attainment by daughters and sons higher productivity and improved environmental management together these can mean faster economic growth and equally important wider distribution of the fruits of growth more education for girls will also enable more and more women to attain leadership positions at all levels of society from health clinics in the villages to parliaments in the capitals this in turn will change the way societies will deal with problems and raise the quality of global decision making 18 women carpenters in france during world war i june 1918 paid employment globally edit this chart depicts the change in the percentage of women in three professional occupations dentist physician lawyer from 1970 to 2007 women still contribute to their communities in many regions mainly through agricultural work in southern asia western asia and africa only 20 of women work at paid non agricultural jobs worldwide women s rate of paid employment outside of agriculture grew to 41 by 2008 20 one of the main forms of paid employment for women worldwide is actually a traditional one that of the market hawker women have worked outside the home as vendors at markets since ancient times in many parts of the world such as central america south asia and africa during the 20th century the most significant global shift in women s paid employment came from the spread of global travel and the development of a large migrant workforce of women domestic workers seeking jobs outside of their native country the philippines is a major source of female domestic workers before the 1990s the majority of filipinos working outside the philippines were male but by 2012 an estimated 63 of filipinos working overseas were female 21 estimates of filipino women working overseas are in the millions over 138 000 new domestic workers gained permission to work overseas in 2012 a number that grew 12 from the previous year 21 overseas employment often results in the women leaving their own children behind in the philippines to be cared for by relatives domestic employees from the philippines and other countries have also been subject to exploitation and sex and money extreme abuse for example in several countries in the middle east where they are often employed it is estimated that remittances from overseas workers both male and female bring 1 billion usd per month to the philippines 22 33 of the drivers and station controllers in the bangalore metro are female in an effort to create a more welcoming and diverse workplace children of employees have access to childcare facilities while women drivers can work at stations near to their homes and have access to a separate recreation area if women are unable to perform night shifts they work in the mornings or evenings 23 workforce participation by sector edit attendees at a computer business networking event for potential entrepreneurs united states a woman press photographer covers a music festival poland 2008 women and men often participate in economic sectors in sharply different proportions a result of gender clustering in occupations reasons for this may include a traditional association of certain types of work with a particular gender there is a wide range of other possible economic social and cultural variables that impact the gender distribution in different occupations including within a region or country an averaging of statistics gathered by the united nations for 2004 through 2007 reflects these differences totals may not add up to 100 due to rounding sectoral distribution of employed persons by sector and sex 2004 through 2007 24 region agriculture industry services africa 43 women 42 men 11 women 20 men 46 women 39 men asia excluding china 32 women 26 men 12 women 25 men 56 women 49 men latin america and the caribbean 7 women 22 men 13 women 27 men 80 women 51 men europe and other more developed regions 6 women 8 men 15 women 36 men 79 women 55 men more detailed statistics show large differences even within these regions for example 11 of employed women in east asia are employed in agriculture a number that rises to 55 in south asia 70 of women in southern africa are employed in the service sector while in eastern middle and western africa this number is 26 24 according to the international labour organization women s involvement in the labor force declines by 16 5 in developing nations as a result of unsafe public transportation 25 26 occupational dissimilarity index edit choice of occupation is considered to be one of the key factors contributing to the male female wage differential in other words careers with a majority of female employees tend to pay less than careers that employ a majority of males this is different from direct wage discrimination within occupations as males in the female dominated professions will also make lower than average wages and women in the male dominated occupations usually make higher than average wages the occupational dissimilarity index is a measure from 0 to 100 it measures the percent of laborers that would need to be rearranged into a job typically done by the opposite sex for the wage differential to disappear in 1960 the dissimilarity index for the united states was measured at 62 it has dropped since then but at 47 in 2000 is still one of the highest of any developed natio...