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erman officials like ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a euro asian bloc against the british empire by inviting the soviet union into the tripartite pact 138 in november 1940 negotiations took place to determine if the soviet union would join the pact the soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from finland bulgaria turkey and japan that germany considered unacceptable on 18 december 1940 hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the soviet union 139 on 22 june 1941 germany supported by italy and romania invaded the soviet union in operation barbarossa with germany accusing the soviets of plotting against them they were joined shortly by finland and hungary 140 the primary targets of this surprise offensive 141 were the baltic region moscow and ukraine with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the arkhangelsk astrakhan line from the caspian to the white seas hitler s objectives were to eliminate the soviet union as a military power exterminate communism generate lebensraum living space 142 by dispossessing the native population 143 and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat germany s remaining rivals 144 members of the einsatzgruppen prepares to shoot a jewish mother holding her child ivangorod ukraine although the red army was preparing for strategic counter offensives before the war 145 operation barbarossa forced the soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence during the summer the axis made significant gains into soviet territory inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel mainly in massive encirclements around minsk smolensk and uman nazi policy entailed that wehrmacht subject soviet pows to murderous treatment executing all jewish and communist pows immediately per the commissar order and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open air concentration camps where they were to be deliberately starved to death by the end of the winter of 1941 2 8 million soviet pows had died in german captivity some 3 3 million soviet pows would die in german captivity by the war s end in total a nearly 60 mortality rate 146 by mid august however the german army high command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted army group centre and to divert the 2nd panzer group to reinforce troops advancing towards central ukraine and leningrad 147 the kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful resulting in encirclement and elimination of four soviet armies and made possible further advance into crimea and industrially developed eastern ukraine the first battle of kharkov 148 the diversion of three quarters of the axis troops and the majority of their air forces from france and the central mediterranean to the eastern front 149 prompted the united kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy 150 in july the uk and the soviet union formed a military alliance against germany 151 and in august the united kingdom and the united states jointly issued the atlantic charter which outlined british and american goals for the post war world 152 in late august the british and soviets invaded neutral iran to secure the persian corridor iran s oil fields and preempt any axis advances through iran toward the baku oil fields or india 153 russian civilians leaving destroyed houses after a german bombardment during the siege of leningrad saint petersburg 10 december 1942 by october axis powers had achieved operational objectives in ukraine and the baltic region with only the sieges of leningrad 154 and sevastopol continuing 155 a major offensive against moscow was renewed after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the german army almost reached the outer suburbs of moscow where the exhausted troops 156 were forced to suspend the offensive 157 large territorial gains were made by axis forces but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives two key cities remained in soviet hands the soviet capability to resist was not broken and the soviet union retained a considerable part of its military potential the blitzkrieg phase of the war in europe had ended 158 by early december freshly mobilised reserves 159 allowed the soviets to achieve numerical parity with axis troops 160 this as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of soviet troops in the east would be sufficient to deter any attack by the japanese kwantung army 161 allowed the soviets to begin a massive counter offensive that started on 5 december all along the front and pushed german troops 100 250 kilometres 62 155 mi west 162 war breaks out in the pacific 1941 main article pacific war japanese soldiers entering hong kong 8 december 1941 following the japanese false flag mukden incident in 1931 the japanese shelling of the american gunboat uss panay in 1937 and the 1937 1938 nanjing massacre japanese american relations deteriorated in 1939 the united states notified japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and american public opinion opposing japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions the export control acts which banned us exports of chemicals minerals and military parts to japan and increased economic pressure on the japanese regime 116 163 164 during 1939 japan launched its first attack against changsha but was repulsed by late september 165 despite several offensives by both sides by 1940 the war between china and japan was at a stalemate to increase pressure on china by blocking supply routes and to better position japanese forces in the event of a war with the western powers japan invaded and occupied northern indochina in september 1940 166 chinese nationalist forces launched a large scale counter offensive in early 1940 in august chinese communists launched an offensive in central china 167 in retaliation japanese armies in north china implemented the three alls policy a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to japanese occupation 168 169 continued antipathy between chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in january 1941 effectively ending their co operation 170 in march the japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the battle of shanggao 171 in september japan attempted to take the city of changsha again and clashed with chinese nationalist forces 172 german successes in europe prompted japan to increase pressure on european governments in southeast asia the dutch government agreed to provide japan with oil supplies from the dutch east indies but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in june 1941 173 in july 1941 japan sent troops to southern indochina threatening british and dutch possessions in the far east the united states the united kingdom and other western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on japanese assets and a total oil embargo 174 175 at the same time japan was planning an invasion of the soviet far east intending to take advantage of the german invasion in the west but abandoned the operation after the sanctions 176 since early 1941 the united states and japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in china japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the americans as inadequate 177 at the same time the united states the united kingdom and the netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories in the event of a japanese attack against any of them 178 roosevelt reinforced the philippines an american protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 and warned japan that the united states would react to japanese attacks against any neighboring countries 178 frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by american british dutch sanctions especially in oil japan prepared for war emperor hirohito after initial hesitation about japan s chances of victory 179 began to favour japan s entry into the war 180 as a result prime minister fumimaro konoe resigned 181 182 hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint prince naruhiko higashikuni in his place choosing war minister hideki tojo instead 183 on 3 november osami nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on pearl harbor to the emperor 184 on 5 november hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war 185 on 20 november the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer it called for the end of american aid to china and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to japan in exchange japan promised not to launch any attacks in southeast asia and to withdraw its forces from southern indochina 177 the american counter proposal of 26 november required that japan evacuate all of china without conditions and conclude non aggression pacts with all pacific powers 186 that meant japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in china or seizing the natural resources it needed in the dutch east indies by force 187 188 the japanese military did not consider the former an option and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war 189 the uss arizona was a total loss in the japanese surprise air attack on the united states pacific fleet at pearl harbor sunday 7 december 1941 japan planned to seize european colonies in asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the central pacific the japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of southeast asia while exhausting the over stretched allies by fighting a defensive war 190 to prevent american intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the united states pacific fleet and the american military presence in the philippines from the outset 191 on 7 december 1941 8 december in asian time zones japan attacked british and american holdings with near simultaneous offensives against southeast asia and the central pacific 192 these included an attack on the american fleets at pearl harbor and the philippines as well as invasions of guam wake island malaya 192 thailand and hong kong 193 these attacks led the united states united kingdom china australia and several other states to formally declare war on japan whereas the soviet union being heavily involved in large scale hostilities with european axis countries maintained its neutrality agreement with japan 194 germany followed by the other axis states declared war on the united states 195 in solidarity with japan citing as justification the american attacks on german war vessels that had been ordered by roosevelt 140 196 axis advance stalls 1942 1943 on 1 january 1942 the allied big four 197 the soviet union china the united kingdom and the united states and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the declaration by united nations thereby affirming the atlantic charter 198 and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the axis powers 199 during 1942 allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue all agreed that defeating germany was the primary objective the americans favoured a straightforward large scale attack on germany through france the soviets demanded a second front the british argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out german strength leading to increasing demoralisation and bolstering resistance forces germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign an offensive against germany would then be launched primarily by allied armour without using large scale armies 200 eventually the british persuaded the americans that a landing in france was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the axis out of north africa 201 at the casablanca conference in early 1943 the allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies the british and americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the mediterranean by invading sicily to fully secure the mediterranean supply routes 202 although the british argued for further operations in the balkans to bring turkey into the war in may 1943 the americans extracted a british commitment to limit allied operations in the mediterranean to an invasion of the italian mainland and to invade france in 1944 203 pacific 1942 1943 map of japanese military advances through mid 1942 japanese forces achieved naval victories in the south china sea java sea and indian ocean 204 and bombed the allied naval base at darwin australia on 16 april 7 000 british soldiers were encircled by the japanese 33rd division during the battle of yenangyaung in burma and rescued by the chinese 38th division 205 despite stubborn resistance by filipino and us forces the philippine commonwealth was eventually captured in may forcing its government into exile following the capture of bataan japanese armies forced some 75 000 filipino and american prisoners on a 42km death march resulting in thousands of deaths 206 by the end of april japan and its ally thailand had conquered malaya the dutch east indies singapore rabaul and most of burma inflicting severe losses on allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities including the sook ching massacre in singapore 207 the only allied success against japan was a chinese victory at changsha 208 the japanese victories left it overconfident and overextended 209 japanese torpedo bombers fly past the uss yorktown during the battle of midway 4 june 1942 in early may 1942 japan initiated operations to capture port moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the united states and australia the planned invasion was thwarted when an allied task force centred on two american fleet carriers fought japanese naval forces to a draw in the battle of the coral sea 210 japan s next plan motivated by the earlier doolittle raid was to seize midway atoll and lure american carriers into battle to be eliminated as a diversion japan would also send forces to occupy the aleutian islands in alaska 211 in mid may japan started the zhejiang jiangxi campaign in china with the goal of inflicting retribution on the chinese who aided the surviving american airmen in the doolittle raid by destroying chinese air bases and fighting against the chinese 23rd and 32nd army groups 212 213 in early june japan put its operations into action but the americans had broken japanese naval codes in late may and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at midway over the imperial japanese navy 214 with its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the midway battle japan attempted to capture port moresby by an overland campaign in the territory of papua 215 the america...