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ions 7 orthography toggle orthography subsection 7 1 romanization 8 literature 9 see also 10 notes 11 references toggle references subsection 11 1 citations 11 2 works cited 12 external links toggle external links subsection 12 1 resources on wu toggle the table of contents wu chinese 77 languages afrikaans አማርኛ العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ مصرى asturianu अवधी башҡортса বাংলা brezhoneg batak mandailing català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ čeština deutsch esperanto español euskara فارسی suomi français 贛語 galego gaelg 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski jaku iban bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa kumoring 한국어 latina lietuvių latviešu മലയാളം монгол मराठी bahasa melayu مازِرونی नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski piemontèis پنجابی português română русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ sardu srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english српски srpski svenska kiswahili ไทย tagalog toki pona türkçe татарча tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو tiếng việt 吴语 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikibooks wikifunctions wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia chinese varieties spoken at and south of the yangtze delta wu 吴语 吳語 region shanghai zhejiang southern jiangsu parts of anhui and jiangxi overseas and migrant communities ethnicity wu native speakers 83 million 2021 1 language family sino tibetan sinitic chinese wu dialects varieties writing system chinese characters latin script language codes iso 639 3 wuu glottolog wuch1236 linguasphere 79 aaa d this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa wu a is a major group of chinese languages spoken primarily in shanghai zhejiang province and parts of jiangsu province especially south of the yangtze river 2 which make up the wu cultural region the wu languages are at times simply called shanghainese especially when introduced to foreigners the suzhounese variety was the prestige dialect of wu as of the 19th century but had been replaced in status by shanghainese by the turn of the 20th century which coincided with a period of rapid language change in the city 3 the languages of northern wu constitute a language family 4 5 and are mutually intelligible while those of southern wu do not form a phylogenetic language family and are not mutually intelligible 2 historical linguists consider wu interesting because of its distinct nature 4 the wu languages typically preserve all voiced initials of medieval chinese as well as the checked tone in the form of a glottal stop 6 wu varieties also have morphological and syntactic innovations 7 as well as vocabulary only found in the wu grouping it is also of note that the influential linguist chao yuen ren was a native speaker of changzhounese a variety of northern wu 8 the wu varieties especially that of suzhou are traditionally perceived as soft in the ears of speakers of both wu and non wu languages leading to the idiom the tender speech of wu 吴侬软语 吳儂軟語 names edit see also varieties of chinese wu chinese wu chinese in traditional left and simplified right chinese characters traditional chinese 吳語 simplified chinese 吴语 wugniu wu 2 gniu 4 transcriptions standard mandarin hanyu pinyin wúyǔ bopomofo ㄨˊ ㄩˇ wade giles wu 2 yü 3 ipa u ̌ y ̀ wu wugniu wu 2 gniu 4 ipa shanghainese ɦu ȵy suzhounese ɦəu ȵy yue cantonese yale romanization ǹgh yúh jyutping ng 4 jyu 5 ipa ŋ jy southern min hokkien poj ngô͘ gú most speakers of wu varieties do not readily identify with or are entirely unaware of the term for their speech since the classificatory imposition of wu used in linguistics today is a relatively recent coinage saying someone speaks wu is therefore akin to saying someone speaks a romance language it is not a particularly defined entity unlike standard mandarin or standard german most speakers are aware of their local variety s affinities only with other similarly classified varieties they generally refer only to their local wu variety rather than to the dialect family as a whole that is done typically by affixing 話 speech to a location s endonym for example 溫州話 wu chinese pronunciation ʔy tɕiɤu ɦo is used for wenzhounese affixing 閒話 is also common and more typical of northern wu as in 嘉興閒話 wugniu ka shin ghae o for the jiaxing variety zh names for the group as a whole include wu language 吴语 吳語 wúyǔ shanghainese ɦu ɲy suzhounese ɦoʊ ɲy wuxinese ŋ nʲy wu language the formal name and standard reference in dialectology literature wu topolect 吴方言 吳方言 wú fāngyán a common name that refers to wu languages that appends 方言 dialect topolect instead of 語 language at times perceived as derogatory 9 wuyue language 吴越语 吳越語 wúyuèyǔ the language of wu yue a poetic and historical name highlighting the roots of the language in antiquity specifically the culture of the wu and yue states during the warring states period goetian derived from the japanese spelling of wuyue 吳越 go etsu is among the alternative names listed by ethnologue 10 derivations of the term 吳越 into english via japanese is associated with radical separatists including auntologists 11 jiang zhe speech 江浙话 江浙話 jiāngzhè huà a non standard name meaning the speech of jiangsu and zhejiang occasionally used to highlight the fact that the language is spoken across two provinces jiangnan speech 江南话 江南話 jiāngnán huà a non standard less common name linking the language to the cultural region of jiangnan this is not to be confused with the jiangnan industrial groups koiné spoken in xiangtan which is classified as a variety of mandarin 12 contrasts with jiāngběihu à 江北話 ie huai chinese history edit migratory routes into or out of the early modern limits of wu chinese it is believed that han chinese peoples first arrived at the area during pre dynastic history after the migrations preceding the upheaval of the five barbarians the vernacular that would later lead to modern wu chinese started taking shape though the court language of jiankang today nanjing was still noticeably different to that of the commonfolk a second migration wave during the southern song dynasty this time to lin an hangzhou led to the formation of the modern literary layer and during the yuan and ming dynasties many operatic traditions and vernacular texts began to appear later during the qing dynasty missionaries began translating the bible into various local varieties and recording the exact pronunciations of many varieties for the first time during that time the economic boom of shanghai also happened which led to its urban variety becoming the prestige variety over that of suzhou the 20th century marked a pivotal moment of wu linguistic change as standard mandarin was promoted nation wide though the 21st century is seeing revival efforts for many wu chinese varieties 13 14 15 ancient and early dynastic wu edit before the migration of the han chinese peoples the jiangnan region was inhabited by kra dai or austroasiatic peoples which were dubbed barbarians by the early chinese according to traditional history taibo of wu settled in the area during the shang dynasty bringing along a large section of the population and chinese administrative practices to form the state of wu 16 the majority population of the state would have been the ancient baiyue peoples who had very different customs and practices compared to the chinese it is said in master lü s spring and autumn annals that the customs and languages of the states of wu and yue were the same 17 this refers not just to the baiyue language of the area but also of that of ancient wu 18 a sinitic language that was likely used only by nobility 19 20 the northern border of this ancient wu language is at the huai river rather than the yangtze like it is today 18 21 and its southern limits may have reached as far as fujian as proto min may have been a daughter language to ancient wu 22 though this is not fully accepted 23 as early as the time of guo pu 275 324 speakers easily perceived differences between dialects in different parts of china including the area where ancient wu was spoken the language slowly receded from the north due to growing pressure from the central plains until its northern limit was set near the yangtze river towards the end of the western jin dynasty 19 however all modern wu varieties work within the qieyun system and so old chinese dialect cannot be the primary origin of wu chinese today non sinitic strata edit a yi vessel from the wu yue state it is known that wu languages inherited a significant number of loanwords of kra dai origin a study of the variety spoken in maqiao a suburb of shanghai found that 126 out of around a thousand lexical items surveyed were of kra dai origin 24 terms such as 落蘇 wugniu 8 loq su 1 aubergine are also shared between other sinitic languages eg teochew peng im lag 8 sou 1 as well as kra dai languages cf standard zhuang lwggwz 25 shared terms with austroasiatic languages have also been suggested though many of them such as vietnamese đầm bèo and kè have also been argued to be areal features chinese words in disguise or long shots 26 kra dai maqiao wu dialect gloss m n become ŋ tam 33 zhuang təŋ 354 step 跺 fa n 31 sui fəŋ 55 du 53 snore to snore 鼾 ɕam 21 zhuang pəʔ 33 ɕhaŋ 435 to have fun 游 玩 final consonant vowel missing va n 31 li 55 zhuang ɑ 31 li 33 still yet 尚 还 tsai 55 zhuang tsɔ 435 to plow 犁 地 thaŋ 55 dai dᴇ 354 hole pit 坑 hai 21 zhuang hɑ 53 filth 污垢 za n 11 bouyei ɕhy 55 zᴇ 53 building room 房子 kăi 13 dai kᴇ 435 to draw close to 靠拢 fɤŋ 13 dai fɛ 435 to sway to swing 摆动 ɕa ŋ 33 bouyei ɕhɑ 55 tsɑ 53 capable competent 能干 tjeu 44 maonan thɛ 435 to crawl 爬 becoming final glottal stop ʔ loŋ 21 zhuang lɔʔ 33 below down 下 雨 kem 55 zhuang tɕiʔ 33 ku 53 cheek 腮 kam 33 zhuang kheʔ 55 to press 按 kau 33 son 213 lingao khəʔ 55 tɕoŋ 55 to doze to nap 瞌睡 tɯ 11 bouyei ʔdəʔ 55 end extremity 端 ka u 11 bouyei kuaʔ 55 to split to crack 裂 peu 55 sui pəʔ 33 ɕaŋ 435 to have fun 游 玩 kra dai maqiao wu dialect gloss m n become ŋ kam 11 dai kaŋ 354 to prop up to brace 撑住 tsam 13 sui tshoŋ 53 to bow the head 低头 final consonant vowel missing ve n 55 zhuang ve 55 to hang to suspend 悬挂 吊 lɒi 55 dai lu 354 mountain hill 山 地名用 xun 55 dai ha k 55 zhuang xɔ 55 lɔ 53 government official official 官 məu 53 dong nɑ 55 mo 53 tadpole 蝌蚪 pai 21 zhuang pɛ 435 fu 53 classifier for times 趟 次 la m 33 zhuang lɛ 435 to tie up 拴 牛 tsam 33 sui tsɿ 55 to bow the head 低头 ɣa i 42 ɕa i 42 zhuang ɕɑ 354 very quite much 很 becoming final glottal stop ʔ sa ŋ 33 səu 53 dong seʔ 33 zo 55 ɦɯ 11 wizard magician 巫师 tɕe 31 bouyei tɕiʔ 55 ɕhiŋ 55 market bazaar 集市 pleu 55 zhuang pəʔ 33 to move 搬 wen 55 dong veʔ 33 to pour 倒 水 thăi 55 dai theʔ 55 to weed 耘 ta 55 jɯ 55 dai teʔ 55 to narrow one s eyes 眯 lom 24 zhuang lɔʔ 33 nɒn 35 pitfall to sink 陷 ɣa i 42 ɕa i 42 zhuang ʔɔʔ 55 very quite much 很 tom 13 dai thoʔ 55 to cook to boil 煮 肉 though sino tibetan kra dai austronesian and austroasiatic are mostly considered to be unrelated to one another laurent sagart has proposed some possible phylogenetic affinities specifically tai kadai and sino tibetan could possibly both belong to the sino austronesian language family not to be confused with austroasiatic because of a scattering of cognates between their ancestral forms 27 and there is also some albeit much more tenuous evidence to suggest that austroasiatic should also be included however his views are but one among competing hypotheses about the phylogeny of these languages and is not widely accepted 28 see the sino austronesian languages article for some further detail it does appear that wu varieties have had non sinitic influences and many contain words cognate with those of other languages in various strata these words however are few and far between and wu on the whole is most strongly influenced by other chinese languages rather than any other linguistic influence medieval wu edit this period is bookended by two major migration waves into the wu speaking area the first was in the 4th century ce from primarily the mountains of shandong whereas the second happened during the 12th century ce and originated from the heluo region early medieval edit migration routes into southern china during the upheaval of the five barbarians events such as the wu hu uprising and the disaster of yongjia during the western jin dynasty collectively known as the upheaval of the five barbarians caused the imperial court to move from the heluo region along with a large migration wave from the north that lasted 150 years 29 primarily northern jiangsu and much of shandong entered the jiangnan region establishing a new capital at jiankang modern day nanjing 30 migrants went as far south as central zhejiang 29 though many settled in the geographically less challenging areas in the north that is to say the yangtze delta and the hangjiahu plain 31 early stages of this period of change was likely marked by diglossia with the commonfolk typically speaking ancient wu or their native shandong or northern jiangsu chinese and the nobility both new migrants and old aristocracy typically speaking a variety not dissimilar to that of early medieval luoyang 20 this linguistic situation eventually led to the formation of modern wu with many early coincidental strata that are hard to differentiate today it is unclear as to when exactly the language of the baiyue became extinct though during the eastern han dynasty kra dai words were recorded in the everyday vernacular of people in the region 32 and by the end of the western jin the common language of the region was sinitic 33 as will be explained below the kentōshi route the sea route from japan to china as early as the eastern wu dynasty commentators criticized the speech of the southern aristocracy ie that of the wu speaking areas noting that it is neither wu sounding nor northern 34 however evidence suggests that the primary language among the populace was in fact sinitic although not one that was perceived as civilized 35 this possible civilian language would be a common jiangdong sinitic language 古江東方言 as is seen in the book of wei which unflatteringly compares the speech of jiangdong to the calls of wild animals 32 the court language of jiankang at this time would not have been the same as the civilian wu language though it would have been closely related 33 this would also mark the time where japanese go on 呉音 hepburn go on pinyin wúyīn readings were loaned and it is accepted that these readings would have been loaned from the language variety of medieval jiankang 36 37 late medieval edit ...