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eaport the port of xiamen is a well developed first class trunk line port in the asia pacific region it is ranked the 7th largest container port in china and ranks 15th in the world it is the 4th port in china with the capacity to handle 6th generation large container ships on 31 august 2010 xiamen port incorporated the neighboring port of zhangzhou to form the largest port of china s southeast ever since the 12th century xiamen was also an important origin for many migrants to singapore malaysia indonesia and the philippines the overseas chinese used to support xiamen s educational and cultural institutions 5 xiamen is one of the top 40 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the nature index 6 the city is home to several major universities including xiamen university one of china s most prestigious universities as a member of the double first class universities huaqiao jimei xiamen university of technology and xiamen medical college 7 name edit xiamen had always been known as tong an county since antiquity until republic of china era of the 20th century followed by administrative zoning restructures and naming changes tong an county first appeared in han dynasty records xiamen island was described as jiahe islet of tong an county during the song dynasty 960 1279 it received its present name from the xiamen defense castle erected on the island by zhou dexing in 1387 during the ming dynasty to meet the needs of coastal defense 8 the name was formerly written using chinese 下門 lit lower gate and then changed into chinese 廈門 lit mansion gate or gate of china after the fall of the ming dynasty zheng chenggong or koxinga a ming loyalist and general occupied xiamen island as an anti qing base in 1650 the seventh year of emperor shunzhi of the qing dynasty zheng set a military base in xiamen island and changed its name into chinese 思明州 pinyin sīmíng zhōu pe̍h ōe jī su bêng chiu lit think ming dynasty prefecture meaning remembering the ming 9 when its port prospered under the qing especially during the reign of emperor kangxi the island s name was changed to chinese 廈門 pinyin xiàmén pe̍h ōe jī ē mn̂g ē͘ mûi tâi lô ē mn̂g again the island s name of 思明 was in return restored after the xinhai revolution that inaugurated the republic in 1912 citation needed the island s name of 廈門 was restored in 1933 along with xiamen being administratively planned as a city the first of its kind in fujian province 思明 continues to be used as the name of one of its districts citation needed xiamen is the atonal pinyin romanization of the characters pronunciation in mandarin it has also been romanized as hiamen 10 the older english name amoy was based on the same name s pronunciation in the zhangzhou dialect of hokkien ē͘ mûi 11 geography edit main articles xiamen island and xiamen bay aerial view of xiamen island looking south the gaoji causeway lies at the bottom and the old yundang harbor now an inclosed lake lies to the right the kinmen islands republic of china taiwan can be seen in the upper half of the photograph xiamen is a sub provincial city in southeastern fujian whose urban core grew up from the port of xiamen on southern xiamen island now located within siming district it now also includes gulangyu island and the rugged coast of the mainland from the northeast bank of the jiulong river in the west to the islands of xiang an in the east xiamen island lies about one degree north of the tropic of cancer 12 it is divided between huli district in the north and siming district in the south siming also includes gulangyu its mainland territory is divided among haicang jimei tong an and xiang an districts in the 19th century xiamen s harbor on yundang bay was considered one of the world s great natural harbors citation needed land reclamation has since been used to fill in the mouth of this inlet turning it into siming district s yundang lake the municipal government is located on other reclaimed land beside it the nearest point of liehyu in the kinmen islands republic of china taiwan lies only 6 kilometers 4 mi off xiamen island 13 xiamen island is the fourth largest island in fujian province it became a peninsula after the completion of the seawall in 1955 xiamen waters include xiamen port outer harbor area maluan bay tongan bay jiulong river s estuary area and the waterway on the east side outside the xiamen port big kinmen little kinmen dadan erdan and other island are arranged in a horizontal line inside it has xiamen island gulangyu island and other island barriers making it a good natural port protected from storms climate edit xiamen has a monsoonal humid subtropical climate köppen cfa characterised by long hot and humid summers but moderate compared to much of the rest of the province and short mild and dry winters the warmest month is july with a 24 hour average of 28 3 c 82 9 f and the coolest month is january averaging 13 1 c 55 6 f the annual mean is 21 1 c 70 0 f extremes since 1951 have ranged from 0 1 c 32 f on 24 january 2016 to 39 6 c 103 f on 9 august 2019 14 15 spring both by humidity and percentage of sunshine is the dampest season but typhoons in late summer and early autumn can make the latter period wetter overall summer and autumn are marked by comparatively sunny conditions while autumn is warm and dry the annual rainfall is 1 301 millimeters 51 in with monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 29 in march to 58 in july the city receives 1 893 hours of bright sunshine annually frost occurs very rarely and the last snowfall in the city took place in january 1893 when snow also fell at guangzhou macau in the inland parts of hong kong and in the hills of taipei the area is known within china for its relatively low pollution 16 climate data for xiamen elevation 139 m 456 ft 1991 2020 normals extremes 1951 present month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 28 4 83 1 28 4 83 1 29 6 85 3 33 6 92 5 35 4 95 7 36 1 97 0 39 2 102 6 39 6 103 3 35 4 95 7 36 0 96 8 32 8 91 0 27 9 82 2 39 6 103 3 mean daily maximum c f 17 5 63 5 17 9 64 2 20 2 68 4 24 3 75 7 27 6 81 7 30 1 86 2 32 5 90 5 32 2 90 0 30 8 87 4 27 7 81 9 24 1 75 4 19 5 67 1 25 4 77 7 daily mean c f 13 1 55 6 13 5 56 3 15 6 60 1 19 8 67 6 23 4 74 1 26 4 79 5 28 3 82 9 28 0 82 4 26 7 80 1 23 5 74 3 19 8 67 6 15 3 59 5 21 1 70 0 mean daily minimum c f 10 5 50 9 10 8 51 4 12 8 55 0 16 8 62 2 20 8 69 4 24 0 75 2 25 6 78 1 25 3 77 5 24 1 75 4 20 9 69 6 17 1 62 8 12 6 54 7 18 4 65 2 record low c f 0 1 32 2 2 6 36 7 2 5 36 5 6 4 43 5 12 2 54 0 16 3 61 3 20 7 69 3 21 4 70 5 16 7 62 1 13 3 55 9 7 5 45 5 1 5 34 7 0 1 32 2 average precipitation mm inches 42 0 1 65 70 2 2 76 98 5 3 88 120 1 4 73 171 0 6 73 203 2 8 00 130 5 5 14 215 6 8 49 121 7 4 79 49 0 1 93 36 7 1 44 42 7 1 68 1 301 2 51 22 average rainy days 0 1 mm 7 1 9 3 12 8 12 2 14 5 14 7 9 5 11 5 8 7 3 2 4 6 5 7 121 0 average relative humidity 73 77 78 79 82 85 80 80 75 67 70 70 76 mean monthly sunshine hours 131 0 106 5 109 0 126 6 137 1 160 8 241 9 205 9 182 1 189 3 157 3 145 5 1 893 percentage possible sunshine 39 33 29 33 33 39 58 52 50 53 48 44 43 source china meteorological administration 17 18 19 all time extreme temperature 20 history edit the area of xiamen was largely bypassed by the qin and han conquests and colonization of guangdong which passed west of fujian down the lingqu canal between the xiang and li rivers it was first organized as tong an county in ad 282 under the jin but it lost this status soon afterwards tong an county was again established in 933 under the later tang the settlement on the southeastern shore of xiamen island 21 now part of siming district developed as a seaport under the song although legal foreign trade was restricted to nearby quanzhou which administered the area in 1387 attacks by the japanese or dwarf pirates many of them actually disaffected chinese prompted the ming to protect the harbor with the fortress that gave xiamen its name the portuguese first reached xiamen in 1541 after the fall of the ming to the qing in 1644 southern ming loyalists including koxinga used xiamen as a base from which to launch attacks against the invading qing aligned han bannermen from 1650 to 1660 22 in 1661 koxinga drove the dutch from taiwan and moved his operations there his base on xiamen fell to a combined qing and dutch invasion in 1663 23 the east india company traded extensively with the port constructing a factory there in 1678 23 d it was raised to the status of a subprefecture in 1680 citation needed but the taxes and other restrictions placed on traders compelled the british to relocate to canton and fuzhou the next year 23 trade resumed in 1685 24 and continued until the imposition of the canton system however despite the canton system which restricted western trade to the port of guangzhou the spanish were still allowed to trade in xiamen however the spanish rarely used this privilege as chinese traders would ship their goods from xiamen to manila and vice versa which was more profitable for both sides 25 by the 19th century the city walls had a circumference of around 9 miles 14 km with an inner and outer city divided by an inner wall and a ridge of hills surmounted by a well built fort 21 the inner harbor on yundang bay was also well fortified 21 and these defenses were further strengthened upon the outbreak of the first opium war 24 nonetheless xiamen was captured in 1841 between guangzhou and zhoushan rear adm parker bombarded the qing position to little effect but the assault by the men under lt gen gough caused the chinese to flee their positions without a fight 24 26 the city was abandoned during the night 27 and fell the next day on 27 august 28 the chinese had spirited out the entire treasury of sycee bullion under the nose of the british by disguising it inside hollow logs 27 xiamen being too large to garrison a small force was left to hold gulangyu 29 the next year the treaty of nanjing made xiamen one of the first five ports opened to british trade which had previously been legally restricted to guangzhou subsequent treaties opened the port to other international powers citation needed as the primary international port for fujian particularly zhangzhou and its hinterland 21 xiamen became a center of china s tea trade with hundreds of thousands of tons shipped yearly to europe and the americas 30 its local dialect influenced a variety of translations of chinese terms its principal exports during the period were tea porcelain and paper e it imported sugar rice cotton and opium as well as some manufactured goods 21 f xiamen was also a center of protestant missionaries in china 31 32 the missions operated the city s two hospitals 33 the merchants of xiamen were thought among the richest and most entrepreneurial 21 and industrious 34 in china but the city was widely accounted the dirtiest city in china 21 10 33 owing to local belief in feng shui the streets were as crooked as ram s horns 33 and averaged about 4 feet 1 m in width to keep out sunlight and control public disturbances 35 its population was estimated at 250 000 in the 1870s 21 g by that point the island was largely barren and full of roughly 140 villages with a total population around 400 000 36 european settlement in the port was concentrated on gulangyu island off xiamen proper it remains known for its colonial architecture citation needed the first flag in the second row was a flag of amoy as recorded in a map published in 1787 amoy xiamen and kolang soo gulangyu in 1844 27 amoy xiamen town and harbor from kalangsu gulangyu in 1874 lai afong s c 1870 photograph of amoy xiamen from koolansoo gulangyu a krupp gun at the hulishan battery installed to protect xiamen during the late qing era hsia men xiamen and ku lang hsü gulangyu in a 1945 american map large characters saying one country two systems and reunify china on xiamen island s east coast facing the nearby kinmen islands republic of china taiwan similar propaganda on kinmen face xiamen reading three principles of the people unite china gulangyu foreground and xiamen background a scene in amoy painted by a passing traveler in 1899 xiamen s paifang c 1843 37 an 1869 stereogram of laborers in xiamen the first coolies left xiamen for havana in 1847 plan of the country around amoy 1870 38 a stereogram of houses in xiamen c 1870 nanputuo temple c 1870 39 a 1915 map of the environs of amoy 40 showing the city and island before the massive land reclamation projects of the 20th century siming district looking north from the southern shore of yundang lake by the 20th century the local export economy had collapsed due to the success of british tea plantations in india 10 during the qing and the early 20th century many southern fujianese emigrated to taiwan and southeast asia such as in the philippines indonesia brunei malaysia singapore thailand myanmar etc spreading hokkien language and culture overseas some 350 000 overseas chinese currently trace their ancestry to xiamen 41 some of this diaspora later returned an estimated 220 000 xiamen residents are returning overseas chinese and their kin 41 others continue to help fund universities and cultural institutions in xiamen at the time of the xinhai revolution the native population of the city was estimated at 300 000 and the foreign settlement at 280 10 after the establishment of the republic of china the area around xiamen was renamed siming county xiamen s trade during the period was largely conducted through taiwan 10 which had been seized by japan during the first sino japanese war the japanese subsequently claimed fujian as their sphere of influence during the colonial squabbling over china 10 japan occupied xiamen island from may 1938 to september 1945 during world war ii during the japanese occupation the city provided some shipments of rice to the portuguese colony of macau 42 in the late phases of the chinese civil war that followed the communists captured xiamen and gulangyu in october 1949 but failed to capture kinmen the same year xiamen became a provincially administered city 省辖市 in 1955 and 1958 mainland china escalated cold war political tensions by shelling nearby islands from xiamen in what became known as the first and second taiwan strait crisis the nationalists responded by reinforcing kinmen and shelling xiamen the gaoji causeway built from 1955 to 1957 notionally transformed xiamen island into a peninsula and so it was termed in the heady propaganda of the time citation needed due to political tensions the eastern half of xiamen island and much of the fujian coast facing the offshore islands remained undeveloped in the 1960s and 1970s citation needed the water police and post office were situated directly across the water from the american embassy when deng xiaoping initiated his opening up policy xiamen was made one of the first four special economic zones in 1980 with special investment and trade regulations attracting foreign investmen...