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ents random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 classification 2 phonology toggle phonology subsection 2 1 consonants 2 2 vowels 3 morphology toggle morphology subsection 3 1 nominals 3 1 1 inflection 3 1 2 derivational endings 3 2 pronouns 3 2 1 free pronouns 3 2 2 bound pronouns 3 3 clitic complex 3 4 verbs 4 syntax toggle syntax subsection 4 1 word order 4 2 subordinate clauses 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents yukulta language 4 languages igbo piemontèis svenska kiswahili edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia extinct australian aboriginal language not to be confused with yakut language or nyanga language yukulta ganggalida region queensland ethnicity yukulta nguburinji native speakers 1 full speaker 2007 1 51 250 2018 19 2 language family macro pama nyungan tangkic yukulta dialects yukulta nguburindi language codes iso 639 3 either gcd ganggalida nny nyangga yangkaal two different languages covered by nny glottolog gang1267 ganggalida aiatsis 2 g34 ganggalida g19 nguburinji elp ganggalida ganggalidda is classified as critically endangered by the unesco atlas of the world s languages in danger traditional lands of the yukulta people this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa the yukulta language also spelt yugulda yokula yukala jugula and jakula and also known as ganggalidda kangkalita ganggalida is a tangkic language spoken in queensland and northern territory australia it was spoken by the yukulta people whose traditional lands lie on the southern coast of the gulf of carpentaria 3 nguburinji ngubirindi is regarded as a dialect of the same language spoken by the nguburinji people it is now extinct classification edit yukulta is a member of the tangkic language group along with kayardild lardil and yangkaal all from the north wellesley islands and adjoining mainland the languages are mutually intelligible and tangka means person in all four languages 4 these languages were classified as tangkic by geoffrey o grady with carl and flo voegelin 1966 5 nicholas evans and gavan breen see yukulta and nguburinji as dialects of the same language 4 nguburinji is known only through a word list by walter roth 1897 6 which shares 90 per cent of its vocabulary with present day yukulta 4 phonology edit consonants edit peripheral laminal apical bilabial velar palatal dental alveolar retroflex plosive p k c t̪ t ʈ nasal m ŋ ɲ n̪ n ɳ rhotic r ɽ lateral l ɭ approximant ɰ j it is not clear if the two rhotics are trill and flap or flap and approximant vowels edit front central back high i iː u uː low a aː yukulta has three vowels each with a long and short variant a i and u morphology edit there are many different rules governing what happens to each yukulta phoneme in any given environment so most morphemes have at least two allomorphs nominals edit inflection edit all yukulta nouns and adjectives consist of a root and an inflectional ending nouns and the adjectives that go along with them have to agree in their endings yukulta nominals can take five case endings absolutive ergative locative dative ablative and allative as in kayardild each morphological ending can be realized as various allomorphs depending on the phonological environment there can be many versions of any given morpheme the absolutive marker for instance can be realized as any of eight allomorphs the canonical absolutive marker is ta the subject of an intransitive verb or the direct object of a transitive verb takes this ending the canonical ergative locative marker is iya the subject of a transitive verb or the place where something takes place takes this ending the canonical dative marker is iɲca indirect objects and the objects of semi transitive verbs take this ending the canonical ablative marker is inapa an item away from which motion is happening takes this ending the canonical allative marker is iɭu an item toward or to which motion is happening takes this ending derivational endings edit in addition to the inflectional endings that yukulta nominals can take there are a few important derivational affixes that occur between the root and the inflectional ending like the inflectional endings each has a few different allomorphs wan and wakaran the genitive markers denote possession wuɭu the comitative marker denotes association wari the privative marker denotes the absence of association or possession pronouns edit free pronouns edit a yukulta free pronoun consists of a root case suffix and possibly an inclusivity marker and or a marker to distinguish between dual and plural singular and exclusive are unmarked characteristics free pronouns have a different case system than nominals with intransitive and transitive subjects and transitive objects taking the nominative ending semi transitive objects taking the objective ending as well as benefactive locative allative and ablative endings bound pronouns edit yukulta also has another sort of pronoun bound pronouns which occur as part of the clitic complex unlike free pronouns bound pronouns do not consist of a stem and inflectional endings each case form is separate the form depends on a number of considerations including the number of the subject of a verb and the number person and exclusivity of the subject clitic complex edit the clitic complex attaches to the first constituent of every yukulta sentence that does not emphasize a permanent timeless state of affairs 7 it consists of bound pronouns corresponding to each party involved in the action a transitivity marker and a tense aspect marker verbs edit all yukulta verbs are either transitive or intransitive with each group having a different conjugation pattern the intransitive groups can be split into purely intransitive verbs and semi transitive verbs which take a dative object and an absolutive subject there are three moods indicative imperative and desiderative there is a further distinction within the imperative mood between imperative and hortatory and within the desiderative mood between intent and desire syntax edit word order edit yukulta word order is very free in large part due to its relatively high level of inflection subordinate clauses edit some types of subordinate clauses in yukulta such as conditional clauses if and reason clauses because are simply marked by a clitic attaching to the first constituent for clauses of time and relative clauses yukulta uses the clitic ŋala along with the rest of the clitic complex references edit ganggalida at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required nyangga yangkaal two different languages covered by nny at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required 1 2 g34 ganggalida at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies see the info box for additional links crump des 21 september 2020 language of the week week seventeen yukulta state library of queensland retrieved 14 december 2023 1 2 3 g19 nguburinji at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies o grady geoffrey n voegelin carl f vogelin florence m 1966 languages of the world indo pacific fascicle six anthropological linguistics 8 2 1 197 roth walter e 1897 ethnological studies among the north west central queensland aborigines brisbane e gregory government printer keen sandra 1983 yukulta p 221 keen sandra yukulta 1983 external links edit bibliography of yukulta people and language resources archived 29 may 2015 at the wayback machine at the australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies lila pigliafiori baker digital story state library of queensland digital story discussing the ganggalida language v t e pama nyungan languages paman languages north adithinngithigh andjingith anguthimri alngith linnithigh mpakwithi ndra ngith arritinngithigh awngthim luthigh mpalitjanh mbiywom ndrangith ndwa ngith ngkoth unjadi uradhi atampaya yinwum wudhadhi yadhaykenu angkamuthi northeast umpila wik ayabadhu kugu muminh pakanha wik me nh wik mungkan wik ngathan wik ompom lamalamic lamalama morrobolam yalanjic barrow point gugu yalandyi kuku nyungkal guugu yimidhirr southwest koko bera kok thawa kunjen ogh undjan kuuk thaayorre kuuk yak yir yoront norman kurtjar kuthant thaypan alungul angkula aghu tharrnggala ikarranggal takalak thaypan southern mbara yanga mbabaram walangama wamin other djabugay flinders island gugadj kok narr mbariman gudhinma umbindhamu eastern pama nyungan dyirbalic dyirbal nyawaygi warrgamay wulguru yuru maric badjiri bidjara biri biri proper kingkel bayali darumbal warrongo yanda guwa yirandhali waka kabic barunggam gabi gabi gureng gureng tulua wakawaka wuliwuli durubalic guwar pimpama janday nunukul turrbal gumbaynggiric kumbainggar yaygir wiradhuric gamilaraay ngiyambaa wiradjuri yuin kuric darkinjung dharug dhanggati ngarigo ngunnawal gundungurra tharawal dharawal dhurga dyirringany thawa yugambal marbal worimi awabakal gathang gippsland dhudhuroa gunaikurnai bidhawal pallanganmiddang yugambeh bandjalang waalubal yugambeh githabul bundjalung other anewan kalaw lagaw ya yidiny bigambul guyambal lower burdekin bindal southern pama nyungan yotayotic yabula yabula yorta yorta kulinic kolakngat kulin dja dja wurrung wathaurong western victoria wemba wemba barababaraba ledji ledji madhi madhi nari nari wadi wadi wergaia woiwurrung taungurung bunurong bindjali drual bungandidj dhauwurd wurrung kuurn kopan noot lower murray keramin ngayawung yaralde yitha yitha yuyu thura yura adnyamathanha barngarla kaurna kuyani narungga nauo ngadjuri nukunu wirangu mirniny mirning ngadjunmaya nyungic galaagu kalaamaya natingero nyungar western pama nyungan kartu badimaya malgana thaagurda nhanda nhanhagardi wajarri yinggarda kanyara mantharta kanyara burduna bayungu thalanyji pinikura mantharta tharrgari warriyangka thiin jiwarli ngayarta jurruru kurrama martuthunira ngarla ngarluma kariyarra nhuwala nyamal nyiyaparli panyjima yindjibarndi yinhawangka marrngu karajarri mangala nyangumarta northern pama nyungan ngumpin yapa ngarrga warlmanpa warlpiri ngumpin walmajarri djaru gurindji bilinarra mudburra warumungu warumungu warluwaric wagaya bularnu yindjilandji warluwarra yanyuwa kalkatungic kalkatungu yalarnnga mayi mayi kulan mayi kutuna ngawun yolŋu dhaŋu dhuwal djaŋu djinba djinaŋ ritharrŋu nhaŋu central pama nyungan wati ngardi wanman western desert arandic arrernte kaytetye lower arrernte pertame karnic arabana diyari pirlatapa mithaka ngamini yarluyandi ngura pitta pitta wanggamala wangka yutjurru wilson river bundhamara new wangkumara garlali yandruwandha other baagandji bulloo river old wangkumara garlali muruwari barranbinja yarli macro pama nyungan macro gunwinyguan maningrida burarra ndjébbana gurr goni nakkara mangarrayi marran alawa mangarrayi marra warndarrang yugul gunwinyguan anindilyakwa dalabon gunbarlang jawoyn kunwinjku ngalakgan ngandi nunggubuyu rembarrnga uwinymil waray other gaagudju kungarakany wardaman wagiman tangkic kayardild lardil minkin gangalidda yukulta yangkaal garrwan garrwa gunindiri waanyi italics indicate extinct languages v t e australian aboriginal and tasmanian languages pama nyungan subgroups southeastern victorian p n lower murray yotayotic gippsland kulin bungandidj new south wales p n yuin kuric dhanggati anewan nganyaywana central new south wales wiradhuric barranbinja muruwari north coast durubalic bandjalangic gumbaynggiric waka kabic northern western torres strait kalaw lagaw ya paman northern paman uradhi wik middle paman umpilaic umbindhamuic lamalamic umbuygamu mbarrumbathama southwest paman kuuk thayorre southern paman mbabaram flinders island maric northern warrongo eastern biri southern bidyara gungabula margany gunya bindal guwa yanda guwa yanda kingkel dharumbal bayali lower burdekin dyirbalic dyirbal warrgamay nyawaygi lower burdekin yimidhirr yalanji yidinic guugu yimidihirr kuku yalanji yidiny gulf kalkatungic kalkatungu yalarnnga mayi central arandic thura yura arandic arrernte kaytetye thura yura wirangu kaurna adnyamathanha karnic northern palku pitta pitta western arabana wangkangurru central diyari yandruwandha eastern wilson river wangkumara bulloo river galali yarli paakantyi western yolŋu dhaŋu djaŋu ritharrŋu nhaŋu dhuwal dhuwala djambarrpuyŋu gupapuyŋu djinaŋ djinba ganhalpuyŋu ngarna warluwarric yanyuwa southern ngarru thawa desert nyungic marrngu ngumpin yapa ngumpin yapa warumungu wati south west p n pilbara ngayarda kanyara mantharta kartu nhanda yinggarda mirning nyunga tangkic lardil register damin kayardild yukulta ganggalida nyangga minkin mingginda garrwan garawa garrwa north waanyi wanji south gunindiri kurnindirri southwest macro gunwinyguan maningrida burarra gurr goni ndjébbana nakkara marran marra warndarang yugul alawa mangarrayi gunwinyguan proper western jawoyn djauan waray uwinymil central bininj kunwok kunwinjku gunwinggu kunbarlang dalabon ngalkbun eastern rembarrnga ngalakgan ngandi nunggubuyu wubuy anindilyakwa enindhilyagwa yangmanic wagiman wardaman wagiman other isolates kungarakany koongurrukuñ gaagudju iwaidjan central warrkbi iwaidja garig ilgar garig ilgar eastern goulburn island maung manangkari southern amurdag marrku wurrugu wurrugu marrgu darwin region gulumoerrgin larrakia limilngan wulna limilngan wulna umbugarlic umbugarla ngurmbur bugurnidja daly river sprachbund wagaydyic anson bay batjamalh wadjiginy pungu pungu kandjerramalh giyug northern daly malak malak nguluk wanggar tyerraty western daly marri ngarr magati ke merranunggu marrithiyel marramaninjsji eastern daly matngele werret dakayu kamu southern daly murrinh patha ngan gityemerri mirndi jingulu yirram nungali jaminjung ngurlun ngarnka wambaya jarrakan kija miriwoong gajirrawoong bunuban bunuba gooniyandi worrorran wunambal northern ngarinyin eastern worrorra western nyulnyulan western nyulnyulic nyulnyul bardi jawi djabirr djabirr nimanburru eastern dyukun yawuru djukun warrwa nyigina ngumbarl others language isolates giimbiyu tiwi papuan meriam tasmanian family level groups western northwestern tasmanian peerapper southwestern tasmanian toogee northern northern tasmanian tommeginne port sorell northeastern pyemmairre northeastern tyerrernotepanner north midland lhot...