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s eighty dams with a total capacity of 595 337 million cubic meters the largest of these are the leobardo reynoso in fresnillo miguel aleman in tepechitlan and el chique in tabasco much of the state s water is underground divided into twenty hydraulic zones these are accessed by over 5 800 wells mostly for agricultural use 11 most of the territory has a cool dry climate although areas in the south have more moisture with most rain falling between june and september the driest and coldest areas are in the northeast known as the salado because of its saltwater lakes 10 11 75 of the state is arid or semi arid 14 is arable and 79 is suitable for the grazing of livestock 11 the average annual temperature is 16c with most of the state being temperate the coldest months are from november to january with frost not uncommon the warmest month is june the state gets an average rainfall of 400mm per year mostly in the summer with the warmest and wettest part of the state is along the sierra madre occidental 10 11 yucca decipiens in the state ecosystems vary depending on relief soil and temperature leading to a wide variety of vegetation including forests scrub and grasslands arid areas are dominated by various species of cactus in the far south there are deciduous trees that lose their leaves in winter and spring statewide the most common trees are mesquite ironwood and palo verde parkinsonia in the highest altitude near the jalisco border there are mixed forests of pine and holm oak with the latter dominating along the border with durango and some along the border with san luis potosí 11 one interesting tree that occurs in zacatecas is the elephant tree bursera microphylla 12 in the sierras there are many wild boar white tailed deer and hares in the valleys and plains it is common to find coyote badgers quails and ducks the extreme northern part of the state is the southern fringe of the chihuahuan desert and as such is rich and diverse in biology this desert is home to a large amount of cacti and is one of the most ecologically diverse deserts on earth 13 history edit sierra of organos national park the state name derives from the name of its capital zacatecas this word is derived from nahuatl and means where there is abundant zacate grass 11 14 the state seal depicts the cerro de la bufa a landmark of the capital surrounded by the weapons of the original inhabitants and below is the latin motto labor omnia vincit work conquers all 11 15 before the arrival of the spanish dominant ethnic groups included the caxcans zacatecos and guachichils with a probable rivalry between the guachichils and the caxcans the history of these peoples is unclear and it is not known when the first settlements were founded in the region between the fourth and tenth centuries ce several large settlements developed such as altavista chalchihuites and la quemada considered to be part of greater mesoamerica 15 14 areas in the north of the state without major settlements were part of what is called aridoamerica where inhabitants lived off hunting and gathering 11 the first of the major population centers emerged along the suchil graceros and guadiana rivers the archaeological sites of today are all ceremonial centers and or observatories in the center of metropolises 11 the first spanish settlement in the state s current borders was in what is now nochistlan in 1531 the original guadalajara this settlement was later moved to its current location in jalisco because of water supply problems and indigenous attacks 11 zacatecas city was founded by juan de tolosa with the support of cristobal de oñate and pedro alméndez chirinos in 1546 after the discovery of one of the world s richest silver veins 11 15 16 however shortly afterwards most spanish attention turned back south because of indigenous uprisings the area remained dangerous for spanish settlement because of the fierce opposition of the native peoples in 1541 an indigenous leader named tenamextle also known as francisco tenamaztle and diego the aztec rebelled capturing and executing spanish leader miguel de ibarra the spanish defeated the caxcans during the mixtón war in the 1540s tenamextle escaped the battle and continued to organize rebellions against the spanish however the spanish continued to push into zacatecas because of its silver wealth making it a province of nueva galicia although able to establish mining towns convoys transporting the metal were regularly attacked 15 much of the state s colonial history to the present has been related to its mineral production especially of silver the first boom was from the conquest to the mid 17th century 15 the riches drew settlers from the south and in 1586 phillip ii gave the city the name of noble and loyal city of nuestra señora de los zacatecas in 1588 he authorized its coat of arms most of the state was evangelized by the franciscans who founded a hospice in the city in 1558 and by 1567 had built a large monastery they officially took possession of its religious functions in 1603 later other orders arrived founding monasteries but they did not evangelize the indigenous 11 the next boom was in the early 18th century with the state producing one fifth of the world s silver 15 these riches supported the establishment of new settlements along with the building of elegant churches and mansions as the area became one of the most important of new spain 14 during the mexican war of independence miguel hidalgo s troops marched through zacatecas twice once when they were attacking royalist troops and later when fleeing them the war ended in 1821 and zacatecas formally became a state in 1824 with the city of zacatecas as its capital zacatecas continued to grow 11 15 agriculture in fresnillo zacatecas mexico the state s history during the rest of the 19th century was tumultuous as it was in the rest of the country from independence until the 1860s liberal and conservative elements occupied the capital at one time or another until liberal leader jesús gonzález ortega seized control of the state permanently in 1859 this leader s decrees against conservative sympathizers drove many catholic priests out of the state in 1861 french troops occupied zacatecas but only for two years before being driven out 15 for the rest of the century the state was mostly controlled by local strongmen such as gonzález ortega trinidad garcía de la cadena and genero codina 11 the fighting depressed silver production until near the end of the century but it recovered enough to account for sixty percent of the state s export revenue 15 at the end of the century technological innovations such as the telegraph telephone electricity and rail lines connected the state with the rest of mexico trains provided direct links to ciudad juárez aguascalientes and chihuahua which led to emigration out of the state primarily to the united states in the 20th century 11 15 zacatecas was again a battleground with the outbreak of the mexican revolution in the early 20th century one of the largest and most decisive battles of this conflict took place outside the capital and is called the toma de zacatecas taking of zacatecas this battle pitted the troops of francisco villa against those of victoriano huerta resulting in the deaths of 7 000 soldiers and the wounding of 5 000 civilian casualties were not recorded 15 14 the battle led to the naming of the city as a ciudad heroica heroic city 11 in 1993 unesco named the historic center of zacatecas as a world heritage site 11 from 1998 to 2004 the state undertook a major project to expand the highway system 11 demographics edit largest cities or towns in zacatecas source 17 rank municipality pop 1 guadalupe guadalupe 170 029 2 fresnillo fresnillo 143 281 3 zacatecas zacatecas 138 444 4 jerez de garcía salinas jerez 46 132 5 víctor rosales calera 38 193 6 río grande río grande 35 050 7 loreto loreto 26 287 8 sombrerete sombrerete 25 068 9 ojocaliente ojocaliente 22 295 10 tlaltenango de sánchez román tlaltenango de sánchez román 17 882 huichol woman and child historical population year pop 1895 18 456 241 1900 462 190 1 3 1910 477 556 3 3 1921 379 329 20 6 1930 459 047 21 0 1940 565 437 23 2 1950 665 524 17 7 1960 817 831 22 9 1970 951 462 16 3 1980 1 136 830 19 5 1990 1 276 323 12 3 1995 1 336 496 4 7 2000 1 353 610 1 3 2005 1 367 692 1 0 2010 1 490 668 9 0 2015 1 579 209 5 9 2020 19 1 622 138 2 7 as of 2020 the state had a population of 1 622 138 forty one percent of the population lives in rural areas with a population density of 18 13 per square kilometer 11 20 fifty nine percent of the population lives in urban areas such as fresnillo pop 213 139 guadalupe 159 991 zacatecas 138 176 pinos and sombrerete 8 15 21 94 of the population is roman catholic 22 in the year 2008 zacatecas had the smallest indigenous population percentage wise in mexico 0 3 only the state of aguascalientes has a smaller number of indigenous people 23 24 only four in 1 000 speak an indigenous language compared to the national average of 60 1000 8 indigenous languages spoken in the state include huichol 1000 speakers nahuatl 500 tepehuan just under 500 and tlapanec about 400 22 the population of zacatecas has more than tripled in a century in 1900 its population was 462 190 25 since 1990 the state s population has grown by at least 1 3 per year average life expectancy is slightly above the national average at 74 1 years for men and 78 5 for women principal causes of death are heart problems malignant tumors and diabetes 26 the average number of years of schooling is 7 9 second year of middle school below the national average of 8 6 8 5 9 have had no schooling at all and 66 8 have finished primary school only 12 3 have finished university level studies 6 are illiterate 27 of those who leave the state permanently most go to aguascalientes jalisco and other northern states those who come to live in the state arrive from jalisco aguascalientes and nearby northern states 28 it is estimated that one third of the people from zacatecas do not reside in the state in the 20th century 6 1 of the 9 2 million migrants from mexico to the united states were from the state of zacatecas 29 30 economy edit some minerals that were found in the state s mines clockwise from upper left silver topaz atacamite boleite malachite calcite wikimedia commons has media related to minerals of zacatecas mexico as in the colonial period the state s dominant sector is mining accounting for 13 of the state s gdp 8 31 the state is rich in minerals mainly lead zinc and copper with small quantities of gold and silver along with non metal mineral deposits such as kaolinite wollastonite fluorite and barite the state has fifteen mining districts of which the most important are fresnillo zacatecas concepción del oro sombrerete and chalchihuites along with nora de angeles more recently 11 15 zacatecas accounts for 21 of the country s gold production and 53 2 of its silver 32 two of the largest silver mines in the world currently are operated in zacatecas former peñoles subsidiary fresnillo s mina proaño also known as the fresnillo silver mine and the peñasquito polymetallic mine 33 zacatecas silver mostly accounts for mexico s status as the world s largest producer of silver accounting for 17 of the world s output 15 zacatecas s economy used to be almost completely centered on mining but has since diversified into cattle raising agriculture communications food processing tourism and transportation zacatecas is mexico s main producer of beans chili peppers guavas and nopal along with significant grain sugar cane grape and peach crops it is also a major producer of rum pulque and mezcal and even produces red wine 15 these activities account for just over ten percent of the state s gdp 31 manufacturing accounts for over twelve percent of the state s gdp and has attracted most of the state s foreign investment 31 34 traditional handcrafts include weaving in villa garcia saddles and jewelry in jerez as well as furniture leatherworking miniatures macramé ironwork and pottery in various locations 11 tourism includes the capital along with the designation of pueblos mágicos such as jerez teul de gonzalez ortega and sombrerete along with the shrine of the santo niño de atocha which is visited by thousands every year it also includes archeological sites such as alta vista and la quemada along with thermal springs such as paraíso caxcan 11 commerce and services accounts for over 53 of the gdp mostly small scale operations 31 media edit newspapers of zacatecas include el sol de zacatecas la jornada zacatecas and zacatecas en imagen 35 36 culture festivals and traditions edit zacatecan danza de matachines dance of the matachines most of the state s festivities are in honor of local patron saints and many of the secular festivals have links to religious ones such festivals often focus on recitals of traditional dances such as the mexicapan many of these are derived from waltzes and polkas because of the state s mining history the mexican revolution took a toll on the state s local musical traditions but one that has survived is the tamborazo especially in jerez 11 in the state capital september 8 is dedicated to the virgen del patrocinio on the cerro de la bufa with various cultural and artistic events such as bullfighting concerts horse racing and culinary demonstrations the last week of august is dedicated to the morismas de bracho a theatrical production of the struggle between moors and christians 11 it hosts the international folklore festival in august featuring dance and costumes from around the world it is held during holy week and features music food street performances dancing and parties 15 other major festivals include the festival cultural zacatecas the feria nacional de zacatecas and the internacional festival de teatro de calle feria de primavera de jerez the feria del libro and the cabalgata turistica revolucionaria 37 traditional favorite foods include gorditas and panecillos both made from corn and can be sweet or savory depending on the filling wheat breads include panochas and semitas condoches are gorditas made with fresh corn cooked in corn husks gorditas de cuajada are representative of food on ranches meat is most typically prepared as part of a stew to which vegetables such as corn chickpeas squash rice and more are added one well known meat preparation is asado de boda which is pork in a sauce made with mild red chili peppers traditional beverages include pulque aguamiel aguardiente and mezcal as well as a purely local beverage called colonche made by fermenting a cactus fruit 11 archeological sites edit the salón de las columnas in la quemada altavista is located 229 km northwest of the city of zacatecas it was a ceremonial center part of the chalchihuite culture active between 200 and 1000 ad it is named after a local ranch and was explored for the first time at the beginning of the 20th century by manuel ...