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the zealots instigated a civil war at which point all hope of resisting the romans was deemed impossible 15 the zealots are further blamed for having contributed to the demise of jerusalem and the herod s temple and of ensuring rome s retribution and stranglehold on judea according to the babylonian talmud gittin 56b the biryonim destroyed decades worth of food and firewood in besieged jerusalem to force the jews to fight the romans out of desperation this event precipitated the escape of johanan ben zakai and his meeting with vespasian which led to the foundation of the council of jamnia and the composition of the mishnah ensuring the survival of rabbinical judaism 16 17 ideology edit further information kanai judaism phinehas who in the torah killed an israelite man and a midianite woman for engaging in immoral acts is seen as a central model for ancient jewish zealotry at the core of zealotry was the jewish concept of zeal a total commitment to god s will and law 1 this concept drew on earlier figures associated with zealotry found in the hebrew bible perhaps the most authoritative role model for zealotry was phinehas the grandson of aaron and the son of eleazar whose story is found in the torah 18 19 his act of zeal is described in numbers 25 1 15 where he impales an israelite man zimri and a midianite woman cozbi who were engaged in a sexual act thereby halting the divine plague brought upon israel for its sins 19 18 his enforcement of god s covenant through military means made him a central figure in the ideological framework of zealotry 18 his role as a priest amplified his influence within priestly circles his zeal was used to justify the legitimacy of the hasmonean dynasty which invoked phinehas zeal to support their usurpation of the high priesthood from the descendants of zadok 18 other figures associated with zealotry include the biblical prophet elijah and hasmonean priest mattathias 2 3 elijah in 1 kings 19 refers to himself as zealous when speaking to god after killing the worshippers of ba al mattathias the hasmonean patriarch who helped spark the maccabean revolt in the 2nd century bce 19 is celebrated for killing a jew who agreed to make a pagan sacrifice as well as the greek official who ordered it he is portrayed in 1 maccabees as a latter day phinehas 20 according to the text he had burned with zeal for the law just as phineas did against zimri the son of salu 21 19 zealotry was also driven by a belief in israel s election by god 1 while zeal of the torah does not necessarily imply resistance to roman rule as noted by new testament scholar richard horsley 22 zealot ideas can nonetheless be seen as a key driver of the first jewish revolt 2 3 judaic scholar philip alexander sees the common goal connecting all zealot factions as freeing israel from roman rule by force 23 sicarii edit the sicarii were a splinter group of the jewish zealots who in the decades preceding jerusalem s destruction in 70 ce strongly opposed the roman occupation of judea and attempted to expel them and their sympathizers from the area 24 their leader in the early stages of the revolt was menahem ben judah a descendant of judah of galilee 25 26 the sicarii carried sicae or small daggers concealed in their cloaks 27 at public gatherings they pulled out these daggers to attack romans and alleged roman sympathizers alike blending into the crowd after the deed to escape detection according to historian hayim hillel ben sasson the sicarii originally based in galilee were fighting for a social revolution while the jerusalem zealots placed less stress on the social aspect and the sicarii never attached themselves to one particular family and never proclaimed any of their leaders king both groups objected to the way the priestly families were running the temple 14 historian jonathan price argues that the zealots were initially part of the broader sicarii movement which may have been known by a different name in its earlier stages he suggests that the zealots along with possibly other splinter factions broke away from the sicarii in a hostile manner as tensions escalated with the onset of the first jewish revolt according to price both groups likely believed they were fulfilling the true intentions of the movement s founders despite the sicarii having dynastic legitimacy 28 the murder of menahem and the expulsion of many of his followers in 66 ce price argues was part of a broader struggle for control over the revolution in jerusalem 28 judaic scholar philip alexander describes the sicarii as a loose coalition of jewish nationalists united by the goal of expelling roman rule through force 23 aftermath edit zealotry did not fade away immediately after the first jewish revolt but instead found new expressions in later uprisings 29 23 in the early 70s the zealot mindset continued to drive jewish resistance first in egypt and later in cyrenaica in alexandria sicarii activists sought to incite rebellion but their efforts were quickly quelled by local jewish leadership who acted to prevent further conflict with rome a similar sicarii attempt to stir unrest occurred in cyrenaica where a figure named jonathan led a group into the desert promising signs of divine intervention but was likewise suppressed by roman forces after the leadership alerted them to the threat 29 philip alexander writes that the persistence of zealot ideas laid the groundwork for later jewish revolts including the diaspora uprisings in 115 ce and the bar kokhba revolt in 132 ce 30 affiliation with paul the apostle edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed august 2020 learn how and when to remove this message while most english translations of the bible render the greek word zelotes in acts 22 3 and galatians 1 13 14 and philippians 3 5 6 of the new testament as the adjective zealous an article by mark r fairchild 31 takes it to mean a zealot and suggests that paul the apostle may have been a zealot which might have been the driving force behind his persecution of the christians see the stoning of saint stephen before his conversion to christianity and the incident at antioch even after his conversion while paul was not formally part of the zealot movement focused on violent resistance to roman rule his pre conversion actions reflect a similar fervor for preserving jewish purity and traditions this zeal may also explain his later confrontations such as the incident at antioch even after his conversion 32 33 34 in the two cited verses paul literally declares himself as one who is loyal to god or an ardent observer of the law according to the douay rheims of acts 22 3 but the relationship of paul the apostle and jewish christianity is still debated this does not necessarily prove paul was revealing himself as a zealot the modern king james version of jay p green renders it as a zealous one two modern translations the jewish new testament and alternate literal translation render it as a zealot the unvarnished new testament 1991 renders galatians 1 14 as being an absolute zealot for the traditions see also edit s g f brandon eifert knanaya sicarii 1989 a modern group inspired by the sicarii sikrikim a modern group inspired by the sicarii simon the zealot zealot the life and times of jesus of nazareth a book about the life of jesus by reza aslan zealots of piety zealots of thessalonica zeal of the convert notes edit 1 2 3 4 hengel 1989 pp 72 145 224 227 1 2 3 4 hengel 1989 p 224 1 2 3 4 goodblatt 2006 pp 100 101 104 goodblatt 2006 p 100 price 1992 p 18 goodblatt 2006 p 88 zealot online etymology dictionary zelotes henry george liddell robert scott a greek english lexicon at perseus josephus antiquities book xviii earlyjewishwritings com jewish encyclopedia 2nd ed vol 21 p 472 richard horsley s bandits prophets and messiahs and tom wright s the new testament and the people of god luke 6 15 acts 1 13 1 2 h h ben sasson a history of the jewish people harvard university press 1976 isbn 0 674 39731 2 p 275 neusner jacob 1962 6 a life of rabban yohanan ben zakkai ca i 80 c e e j brill isbn 978 9004021389 cite book isbn date incompatibility help solomon schechter wilhelm bacher johanan b zakkai jewish encyclopedia bavli gittin 56b 1 2 3 4 goodblatt 2006 p 101 1 2 3 4 rogers 2022 p 269 goodblatt 2006 pp 101 102 1 maccabees 2 24 27 horsley 1987 pp 127 8 1 2 3 alexander 2024 p 212 one of the striking features of the post 70 period is the continuing vitality of zealotry zealotry received a heavy blow at masada but masada was not its last stand by zealots here i mean loosely that wing of jewish nationalism josephus s fourth philosophy which was prepared to take up arms against rome it was a loose coalition of different groups which by their very nature were prone to fall out with each other but they were united by one aim to free israel from roman rule by force in bellum 7 409 19 composed around 75 josephus records continuing zealot activity in alexandria the trouble was fomented specifically by sicarii the group who had made the famous stand at masada goodman martin 2008 rome and jerusalem the clash of ancient civilizations new york city vintage books p 407 isbn 978 0375726132 hengel 1989 p 358 smallwood 1976 p 292 paul christian who were the sicarii meridian magazine june 7 2004 1 2 price 1992 p 24 my assumption is that the zealots were originally part of the larger movement the sicarii which was less narrowly defined in judas day than under the last procurators when the sicarii may indeed have developed their particular form of terrorism involving the sica and thus earned their name what they were called before that cannot be known the zealots and perhaps other splinter groups not identified by josephus broke away more likely in a hostile than in a friendly manner as war seemed about to break out mutual hostilities intensified control of an increasingly substantial revolution was at stake although the zealots did not have dynastic legitimacy each side might have claimed to be carrying out the true intentions of the founders or the zealots the priestly contingent might have made a clean break over some issue such as the use of violence while retaining some of the central elements of the philosophy the murder of menahem and expulsion of many of his followers from jerusalem in 66 was nothing more than one episode in a struggle for control over all the revolutionary movements in the city 1 2 alexander 2024 p 212 alexander 2024 p 213 one would readily get the impression that that was the end of the matter but it was not because it was in precisely the area of cyrenaica and alexandria that a jewish rebellion against rome broke out under trajan in 115 and there were similar uprisings in cyprus and mesopotamia there may have been trouble in palestine as well but full scale rebellion did not erupt there until 132 led by bar kokhba it is reasonable to see zealotry as lying behind these later outbreaks and to postulate some sort of continuity with the earlier events it is surely remarkable that zealot ideas were still active so long after the end of the war fairchild m r paul s pre christian zealot associations a re examination of gal 1 14 and acts 22 3 new testament studies 45 4 pp 514 532 paul the zealot the archives near emmaus 2013 04 26 retrieved 2025 01 18 simon the zealot st paul anglican church retrieved 2025 01 18 griffin thomas 2021 01 25 the consuming zeal of st paul s conversion catholic exchange retrieved 2025 01 18 references edit alexander philip 2024 a tale of two cities rome and jerusalem in jewish eschatology between 70 ce and 135 ce in czajkowski kimberley friedman david a eds looking in looking out jews and non jews in mutual contemplation supplements to the journal for the study of judaism vol 212 brill pp 203 222 doi 10 1163 89004685055 inactive 1 july 2025 isbn 978 9 004 68503 1 archived from the original on 14 december 2024 retrieved 29 december 2024 cite book cs1 maint doi inactive as of july 2025 link goodblatt david m 2006 elements of ancient jewish nationalism cambridge university press isbn 9780511499067 hengel martin 1989 the zealots investigation into the jewish freedom movement in the period from herod until 70 ad translated by smith david 2nd translated from german ed t t clark isbn 0 567 09372 7 horsley richard a 1987 the ideal of zeal modern reconstruction vs historical reality jesus and the spiral of violence popular jewish resistance in roman palestine san francisco harper row pp 121 129 price jonathan j 1992 jerusalem under siege the collapse of the jewish state 66 70 c e brill s series in jewish studies vol 3 brill isbn 978 9 004 09471 0 rogers guy maclean 2022 for the freedom of zion the great revolt of jews against romans 66 74 ce yale university press isbn 978 0 300 24813 5 archived from the original on 7 december 2024 retrieved 5 december 2024 smallwood e mary 1976 the jews under roman rule from pompey to diocletian sbl press isbn 978 90 04 50204 8 archived from the original on 22 april 2024 retrieved 4 january 2025 external links edit look up zealot in wiktionary the free dictionary look up zealotry in wiktionary the free dictionary look up zealot in wiktionary the free dictionary wikiquote has quotations related to zealots smith sydney f 1913 zeal catholic encyclopedia zealot new international encyclopedia 1905 portals ancient rome history judaism christianity v t e first jewish roman war part of the jewish roman wars origins siege of jerusalem 63 bc judas uprising 6 ad alexandrian riots 38 jacob and simon uprising military engagements early engagements jerusalem riots alexandria riots gallus s campaign 1st sepphoris 1st jaffa geva beth horon ein gedi galilee campaign 2nd sepphoris gabara yodfat tarichaea gamla mount tabor gischala judea coast and highlands zealot coup jerusalem last strongholds herodium machaerus jardes masada belligerents and leaders roman empire gessius florus cestius gallus vespasian titus lucilius bassus flavius silva herod agrippa ii provisional government ananus ben ananus joseph ben gurion joshua ben gamla eleazar ben hanania niger the perean josephus peasantry faction simon bar giora zealots john of gischala eleazar ben simon sicarii menahem ben yehuda eleazar ben ya ir aftermath emergence of rabbinic judaism yohanan ben zakkai fiscus judaicus sicaricon diaspora revolt kitos war bar kokhba revolt history of the jews in the roman empire commemoration tisha b av arch of titus arch at circus maximus colosseum judaea capta coinage temple of peace rome related topics judaea campaign history of the roman military burnt house herodian quarter corinth canal first jewish revolt coinage flavian dynasty legends of the destruction the jewish war lamentations rabbah legend of destruction siege of jerusalem board game siege of jerusalem poem the dovekeepers tv adaptation masada flight to pella josephus problem temple ...